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USB
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard, developed by USB
USB
Implementers Forum (USB-IF), that allows data exchange and delivery of
Universal Serial Bus
power between many types of electronics. It specifies its architecture, in
particular its physical interface, and communication protocols for data
transfer and power delivery to and from hosts, such as personal computers, to
and from peripheral devices, e.g. displays, keyboards, and mass storage
devices, and to and from intermediate hubs, which multiply the number of a
host's ports.[2]

Introduced in 1996, USB was originally designed to standardize the

connection of peripherals to computers, replacing various interfaces such as
serial ports, parallel ports, game ports, and ADB ports.[3] Early versions of
USB became commonplace on a wide range of devices, such as keyboards,
The current connector for USB, Thunderbolt,
mice, cameras, printers, scanners, flash drives, smartphones, game consoles,
and other protocols, USB-C (plug and
and power banks.[4] USB has since evolved into a standard to replace virtually
receptacle shown)
all common ports on computers, mobile devices, peripherals, power supplies,
and manifold other small electronics. Type Bus
Production history
In the current standard, the USB-C connector replaces the many various
Designer Compaq
connectors for power (up to 240 W), displays (e.g. DisplayPort, HDMI), and
many other uses, as well as all previous USB connectors. DEC
IBM
As of 2024, USB consists of four generations of specifications: USB 1.x, USB Intel
2.0, USB 3.x, and USB4. USB4 enhances the data transfer and power delivery
Microsoft
functionality with
NEC
... a connection-oriented, tunneling architecture designed to combine Nortel
multiple protocols onto a single physical interface so that the total Designed January 1996
speed and performance of the USB4 Fabric can be dynamically
Produced Since May 1996[1]
shared.[2]
Superseded Serial port, parallel port, game
port, Apple Desktop Bus, PS/2
USB4 particularly supports the tunneling of the Thunderbolt 3 protocols, port, and FireWire (IEEE 1394)
namely PCI Express (PCIe, load/store interface) and DisplayPort (display
interface). USB4 also adds host-to-host interfaces.[2]

Each specification sub-version supports different signaling rates from 1.5 and 12 Mbit/s half-duplex in USB 1.0/1.1 to
80 Gbit/s full-duplex in USB4 2.0.[5][6][7][2] USB also provides power to peripheral devices; the latest versions of the
standard extend the power delivery limits for battery charging and devices requiring up to 240 watts as defined in USB
Power Delivery (USB-PD) Rev. V3.1.[8] Over the years, USB(-PD) has been adopted as the standard power supply and
charging format for many mobile devices, such as mobile phones, reducing the need for proprietary chargers.[9]

Overview
USB was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to personal computers, both to exchange data and to supply
electric power. It has largely replaced interfaces such as serial ports and parallel ports and has become commonplace on
various devices. Peripherals connected via USB include computer keyboards and mice, video cameras, printers, portable
media players, mobile (portable) digital telephones, disk drives, and network adapters.

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USB connectors have been increasingly replacing other types of charging cables for portable devices.

USB connector interfaces are classified into three types: the many various legacy Type-A (upstream) and Type-B
(downstream) connectors found on hosts, hubs, and peripheral devices, and the modern Type-C (USB-C) connector, which
replaces the many legacy connectors as the only applicable connector for USB4.

The Type-A and Type-B connectors came in Standard, Mini, and Micro sizes. The standard format was the largest and was
mainly used for desktop and larger peripheral equipment. The Mini-USB connectors (Mini-A, Mini-B, Mini-AB) were
introduced for mobile devices. Still, they were quickly replaced by the thinner Micro-USB connectors (Micro-A, Micro-B,
Micro-AB). The Type-C connector, also known as USB-C, is not exclusive to USB, is the only current standard for USB, is
required for USB4, and is required by other standards, including modern DisplayPort and Thunderbolt. It is reversible and
can support various functionalities and protocols, including USB; some are mandatory, and many are optional, depending
on the type of hardware: host, peripheral device, or hub.[10][11]

USB specifications provide backward compatibility, usually resulting in decreased signaling rates, maximal power offered,
and other capabilities. The USB 1.1 specification replaces USB 1.0. The USB 2.0 specification is backward-compatible with
USB 1.0/1.1. The USB 3.2 specification replaces USB 3.1 (and USB 3.0) while including the USB 2.0 specification. USB4
"functionally replaces" USB 3.2 while retaining the USB 2.0 bus operating in parallel.[5][6][7][2]

The USB 3.0 specification defined a new architecture and protocol named SuperSpeed (aka SuperSpeed USB, marketed as
SS), which included a new lane for a new signal coding scheme (8b/10b symbols, 5 Gbit/s; later also known as Gen 1)
providing full-duplex data transfers that physically required five additional wires and pins, while preserving the USB 2.0
architecture and protocols and therefore keeping the original four pins/wires for the USB 2.0 backward-compatibility
resulting in 9 wires (with 9 or 10 pins at connector interfaces; ID-pin is not wired) in total.

The USB 3.1 specification introduced an Enhanced SuperSpeed System – while preserving the SuperSpeed architecture and
protocol (SuperSpeed USB) – with an additional SuperSpeedPlus architecture and protocol (aka SuperSpeedPlus USB)
adding a new coding schema (128b/132b symbols, 10 Gbit/s; also known as Gen 2); for some time marketed as SuperSpeed+
(SS+).

The USB 3.2 specification[7] added a second lane to the Enhanced SuperSpeed System besides other enhancements so that
the SuperSpeedPlus USB system part implements the Gen 1×2, Gen 2×1, and Gen 2×2 operation modes. However, the
SuperSpeed USB part of the system still implements the one-lane Gen 1×1 operation mode. Therefore, two-lane operations,
namely USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 (10 Gbit/s) and Gen 2×2 (20 Gbit/s), are only possible with Full-Featured USB-C. As of 2023, they
are somewhat rarely implemented; Intel, however, started to include them in its 11th-generation SoC processor models, but
Apple never provided them. On the other hand, USB 3.2 Gen 1(×1) (5 Gbit/s) and Gen 2(×1) (10 Gbit/s) have been quite
common for some years.

Connector type quick reference

Each USB connection is made using two connectors: a receptacle and a plug. Pictures show only receptacles:

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Available connectors by USB standard

USB USB USB USB4
USB 2.0 USB 3.0 USB 3.1 USB 3.2 USB4
Standard 1.0 1.1 2.0 2.0
Revised 2008 2013 2017 2019
1996 1998 2000 2022

Current marketing USB

Basic-Speed USB 5Gbps USB 10Gbps
name 20Gbps
USB USB
SuperSpeed 40Gbps 80Gbps
SuperSpeed, SuperSpeed+,
Original label High-Speed USB
Max Low-Speed or SS or SS+
20Gbps
Speed & Full-Speed
USB 3.2 USB 3.2 USB 3.2 USB4 USB4
Operation mode
Gen 1×1 Gen 2×1 Gen 2×2 Gen 3×2 Gen 4×2

1.5 Mbit/s & 40 80

Signaling rate 480 Mbit/s 5 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s 20 Gbit/s
12 Mbit/s Gbit/s Gbit/s

Standard-A
[rem 1]

Standard-B

[rem 1]

Mini-A

Mini-AB[rem 3][rem 4] [rem 2] —

Connector
Mini-B

Micro-A[rem 5]
[rem 1]

Micro-AB[rem 3][rem 7] [rem 2][rem 6] —

[rem 1]

Micro-B
[rem 1]

Type-C (USB-C) [rem 6]

(Enlarged to show detail)

1. Limited to max speed at 10 Gbit/s, since only one-lane (×1) operation mode is possible.
2. Backward compatibility given.
3. Only as receptacle.
Remarks: 4. Accepts both Mini-A and Mini-B plugs.
5. Only as plug.
6. Backward compatibility given by USB 2.0 implementation.
7. Accepts both Micro-A and Micro-B plugs.

Objectives
The Universal Serial Bus was developed to simplify and improve the interface between personal computers and peripheral
devices, such as cell phones, computer accessories, and monitors, when compared with previously existing standard or ad
hoc proprietary interfaces.[12]

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From the computer user's perspective, the USB interface improves ease of use in several ways:

The USB interface is self-configuring, eliminating the need for the user to adjust the device's settings for speed or data
format, or configure interrupts, input/output addresses, or direct memory access channels.[13]
USB connectors are standardized at the host, so any peripheral can use most available receptacles.
USB takes full advantage of the additional processing power that can be economically put into peripheral devices so that
they can manage themselves. As such, USB devices often do not have user-adjustable interface settings.
The USB interface is hot-swappable (devices can be exchanged without shutting the host computer down).
Small devices can be powered directly from the USB interface, eliminating the need for additional power supply cables.
Because the use of the USB logo is only permitted after compliance testing, the user can have confidence that a USB
device will work as expected without extensive interaction with settings and configuration.
The USB interface defines protocols for recovery from common errors, improving reliability over previous interfaces.[12]
Installing a device that relies on the USB standard requires minimal operator action. When a user plugs a device into a
port on a running computer, it either entirely automatically configures using existing device drivers, or the system
prompts the user to locate a driver, which it then installs and configures automatically.
The USB standard also provides multiple benefits for hardware manufacturers and software developers, specifically in the
relative ease of implementation:

The USB standard eliminates the requirement to develop proprietary interfaces to new peripherals.
The wide range of transfer speeds available from a USB interface suits devices ranging from keyboards and mice up to
streaming video interfaces.
A USB interface can be designed to provide the best available latency for time-critical functions or can be set up to do
background transfers of bulk data with little impact on system resources.
The USB interface is generalized with no signal lines dedicated to only one function of one device.[12]

Limitations
As with all standards, USB possesses multiple limitations to its design:

USB cables are limited in length, as the standard was intended for peripherals on the same tabletop, not between rooms
or buildings. However, a USB port can be connected to a gateway that accesses distant devices.
USB data transfer rates are slower than those of other interconnects such as 100 Gigabit Ethernet.
USB has a strict tree network topology and master/slave protocol for addressing peripheral devices; slave devices
cannot interact with one another except via the host, and two hosts cannot communicate over their USB ports directly.
Some extension to this limitation is possible through USB On-The-Go, Dual-Role-Devices[14] and protocol bridge.
A host cannot broadcast signals to all peripherals at once; each must be addressed individually.
While converters exist between certain legacy interfaces and USB, they might not provide a full implementation of the
legacy hardware. For example, a USB-to-parallel-port converter might work well with a printer, but not with a scanner
that requires bidirectional use of the data pins.
For a product developer, using USB requires the implementation of a complex protocol and implies an "intelligent"
controller in the peripheral device. Developers of USB devices intended for public sale generally must obtain a USB ID,
which requires that they pay a fee to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). Developers of products that use the USB
specification must sign an agreement with the USB-IF. Use of the USB logos on the product requires annual fees and
membership in the organization.[12]

History
A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1995:[16] Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel,
Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to
PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of
existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as The basic USB
permitting greater data transfer rates for external devices and plug and play features.[17] Concepts of the trident logo[15]
1979 Atari SIO serial bus, of the 8-bit Atari commuters, and the 1980 IEEE-488 derived Commodore
bus, and Hewlett Packard's HP-IL bus pioneered this approach.[18][19] A consortium lead by Apple, and
containing Sony, Panasonic (Matsushita), LG, Toshiba, Hitachi, Cannon, Philips Electronics, Compaq, Thomson and Texas
Instruments, would develop the concept further, from 1986, as the IEEE 1394 firewire standard and patent pool.[20] Joseph
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C. Decuir, originally of Atari, then Commodore, and a designer of the Atari SIO common bus, would work on the USB
project, for Microsoft, obtaining one of the related US patents.[21] Ajay Bhatt and his team worked on the standard at
Intel;[22][23] the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995.[24]

USB 1.x
Released in January 1996, USB 1.0 specified signaling rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low Bandwidth or Low
Speed) and 12 Mbit/s (Full Speed).[25] It did not allow for extension cables, due to timing and power
limitations. Few USB devices made it to the market until USB 1.1 was released in August 1998. USB 1.1 The Basic-Speed
was the earliest revision that was widely adopted and led to what Microsoft designated the "Legacy-free USB logo
PC".[26][27][28]

Neither USB 1.0 nor 1.1 specified a design for any connector smaller than the standard type A or type B. Though many
designs for a miniaturized type B connector appeared on many peripherals, conformity to the USB 1.x standard was
hampered by treating peripherals that had miniature connectors as though they had a tethered connection (that is: no plug
or receptacle at the peripheral end). There was no known miniature type A connector until USB 2.0 (revision 1.01)
introduced one.

USB 2.0
USB 2.0 was released in April 2000, adding a higher maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbit/s (maximum
theoretical data throughput 53 MByte/s[29]) named High Speed or High Bandwidth, in addition to the
USB 1.x Full Speed signaling rate of 12 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 1.2 MByte/s).[30]
The Hi-Speed
Modifications to the USB specification have been made via engineering change notices (ECNs). The USB logo
most important of these ECNs are included into the USB 2.0 specification package available from
USB.org:[31]

Mini-A and Mini-B Connector

Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification 1.01
InterChip USB Supplement
On-The-Go Supplement 1.3 USB On-The-Go makes it possible for two USB devices to communicate with each other
without requiring a separate USB host
Battery Charging Specification 1.1 Added support for dedicated chargers, host chargers behavior for devices with dead
batteries
Battery Charging Specification 1.2:[32] with increased current of 1.5 A on charging ports for unconfigured devices,
allowing high-speed communication while having a current up to 1.5 A
Link Power Management Addendum ECN, which adds a sleep power state

USB 3.x
The USB 3.0 specification was released on 12 November 2008, with its management transferring from
USB 3.0 Promoter Group to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) and announced on 17 November
2008 at the SuperSpeed USB Developers Conference.[33]
Deprecated
USB 3.0 adds a new architecture and protocol named SuperSpeed, with associated backward-compatible SuperSpeed USB
plugs, receptacles, and cables. SuperSpeed plugs and receptacles are identified with a distinct logo and logo
blue inserts in standard format receptacles.

The SuperSpeed architecture provides for an operation mode at a rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the three existing
operation modes. Its efficiency is dependent on a number of factors including physical symbol encoding and link-level
overhead. At a 5 Gbit/s signaling rate with 8b/10b encoding, each byte needs 10 bits to transmit, so the raw throughput is
500 MB/s. When flow control, packet framing and protocol overhead are considered, it is realistic for about two-thirds of
the raw throughput, or 330 MB/s to transmit to an application.[34]: 4–19 SuperSpeed's architecture is full-duplex; all earlier
implementations, USB 1.0-2.0, are all half-duplex, arbitrated by the host.[35]

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Low-power and high-power devices remain operational with this standard, but devices implementing SuperSpeed can
provide an increased current of between 150 mA and 900 mA, by discrete steps of 150 mA.[34]: 9–9

USB 3.0 also introduced the USB Attached SCSI Protocol (UASP), which provides generally faster transfer speeds than the
BOT (Bulk-Only-Transfer) protocol.

USB 3.1, released in July 2013 has two variants. The first one preserves USB 3.0's SuperSpeed architecture and protocol and
its operation mode is newly named USB 3.1 Gen 1,[36][37] and the second version introduces a distinctively new
SuperSpeedPlus architecture and protocol with a second operation mode named as USB 3.1 Gen 2 (marketed as
SuperSpeed+ USB). SuperSpeed+ doubles the maximum signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s (later marketed as SuperSpeed USB
10 Gbps by the USB 3.2 specification), while reducing line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to
128b/132b.[36][38]

USB 3.2, released in September 2017,[39] preserves existing USB 3.1 SuperSpeed and SuperSpeedPlus architectures and
protocols and their respective operation modes, but introduces two additional SuperSpeedPlus operation modes (USB 3.2
Gen 1×2 and USB 3.2 Gen 2×2) with the new USB-C Fabric with signaling rates of 10 and 20 Gbit/s (raw data rates of 1212
and 2424 MB/s). The increase in bandwidth is a result of two-lane operation over existing wires that were originally
intended for flip-flop capabilities of the USB-C connector.[40]

Naming scheme
Starting with the USB 3.2 specification, USB-IF introduced a new naming scheme.[41] To help companies with the branding
of the different operation modes, USB-IF recommended branding the 5, 10, and 20 Gbit/s capabilities as SuperSpeed USB
5Gbps, SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps, and SuperSpeed USB 20 Gbps, respectively.[42]

In 2023, they were replaced again,[43] removing "SuperSpeed", with USB 5Gbps, USB 10Gbps, and USB 20Gbps. With new
Packaging and Port logos.[44]

USB4
The USB4 specification was released on 29 August 2019 by the USB Implementers Forum.[45]

The USB4 2.0 specification was released on 1 September 2022 by the USB Implementers Forum.[46]
Deprecated
USB4 is based on the Thunderbolt 3 protocol.[47] It supports 40 Gbit/s throughput, is compatible with Certified USB4
Thunderbolt 3, and backward compatible with USB 3.2 and USB 2.0.[48][49] The architecture defines a logo
method to share a single high-speed link with multiple end device types dynamically that best serves the
transfer of data by type and application.

During CES 2020, USB-IF and Intel stated their intention to allow USB4 products that support all the optional functionality
as Thunderbolt 4 products.

USB4 2.0 with 80 Gbit/s speeds was to be revealed in November 2022.[50][51] Further technical details were to be released
at two USB developer days scheduled for November 2022.[52]

The USB4 specification states that the following technologies shall be supported by USB4:[45]

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Mandatory for
Connection Remarks
host hub device

Contrary to other functions – which use the multiplexing of high-

USB 2.0 (480 Mbit/s) Yes Yes Yes speed links – USB 2.0 over USB-C utilizes its own differential pair of
wires.
Tunneled USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 (10 Gbit/s) Yes Yes No

Tunneled USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 (20 Gbit/s) No No No

A type of USB 3 Tunneling architecture where the Enhanced

Tunneled USB 3 Gen T (5–80 Gbit/s) No No No SuperSpeed System is extended to allow operation at the maximum
bandwidth available on the USB4 Link.
USB4 Gen 2 (10 or 20 Gbit/s) Yes Yes Yes
Either one or two lanes
USB4 Gen 3 (20 or 40 Gbit/s) No Yes No

The specification requires that hosts and hubs support the

Tunneled DisplayPort 1.4a Yes Yes No
DisplayPort Alternate Mode.
The PCI Express function of USB4 replicates the functionality of
Tunneled PCI Express 3.0 No Yes No
previous versions of the Thunderbolt specification.

Host-to-Host communications Yes Yes — A LAN-like connection between two peers.

Thunderbolt 3 uses USB-C cables; the USB4 specification allows

hosts and devices and requires hubs to support interoperability with
Thunderbolt 3 Alternate Mode No Yes No
the standard using the Thunderbolt 3 Alternate Mode (namely
DisplayPort and PCIe).
USB4 products may optionally offer interoperability with the HDMI,
Other Alternate Modes No No No
MHL, and VirtualLink Alternate Modes.

September 2022 naming scheme

Because of the previous
confusing naming schemes,
USB-IF decided to change it
once again. As of 2 September
2022, marketing names follow
the syntax "USB xGbps", where An overview of USB naming scheme that was put in place in September 2022
x is the speed of transfer in (A mix of USB specifications and their marketing names are being displayed
Gbit/s.[53] Overview of the because specifications are sometimes wrongly used as marketing names.)
updated names and logos can
be seen in the adjacent table.

The operation modes USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 and USB4 Gen 2×2 – or: USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 and USB4 Gen 2×1 – are not
interchangeable or compatible; all participating controllers must operate with the same mode.

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Version history

Release versions

Name Release date Maximum signaling rate Note

USB 0.7 November 1994 ?

USB 0.8 December 1994 ?

Pre-release.
USB 0.9 April 1995 12 Mbit/s: Full Speed (FS)
USB 0.99 August 1995 ?

USB 1.0-RC November 1995 ? Release Candidate.

USB 1.0 January 1996 1.5 Mbit/s: Low Speed (LS)

Renamed to Basic-Speed.
USB 1.1 September 1998 12 Mbit/s: Full Speed (FS)

USB 2.0 April 2000 480 Mbit/s: High Speed (HS)

USB 3.0 November 2008 5 Gbit/s: SuperSpeed (SS) Renamed to USB 3.1 Gen 1,[36] and later to USB 3.2 Gen 1×1.

USB 3.1 July 2013 10 Gbit/s: SuperSpeed+ (SS+) Renamed to USB 3.1 Gen 2,[36] and later to USB 3.2 Gen 2×1.

USB 3.2 August 2017 20 Gbit/s: SuperSpeed+ two-lane Includes new USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 and Gen 2×2 two-lane modes.[54]
Requires Full-Featured USB-C.

Includes new USB4 Gen 2×2 (64b/66b encoding) and Gen 3×2
(128b/132b encoding) modes and introduces USB4 routing for tunneling of
USB4 August 2019 40 Gbit/s: two-lane
USB 3.2, DisplayPort 1.4a and PCI Express traffic and host-to-host
transfers, based on the Thunderbolt 3 protocol; requires USB4 Fabric.

Includes new USB4 Gen 4×2 (PAM-3 encoding) mode to get 80 and
USB4 2.0 September 2022 120 ⇄ 40 Gbit/s: asymmetric
120 Gbit/s over Type-C connector.[55] Requires USB4 Fabric.

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Power-related standards

Release
Release name Max. power Note
date

USB Battery Charging Rev. 1.0 2007-03-08 7.5 W (5 V, 1.5 A)

Page 28, Table 5–2, but with limitation on paragraph 3.5. In
USB Battery Charging Rev. 1.1 2009-04-15 7.5 W (5 V, 1.5 A)
ordinary USB 2.0's standard-A port, 1.5 A only.[56]

USB Battery Charging Rev. 1.2 2010-12-07 7.5 W (5 V, 1.5 A) [57]

USB Power Delivery Rev. 1.0 (V. 1.0) 2012-07-05 100 W (20 V, 5 A) Using FSK protocol over bus power (VBUS)

USB Power Delivery Rev. 1.0 (V. 1.3) 2014-03-11 100 W (20 V, 5 A)

USB Type-C Rev. 1.0 2014-08-11 15 W (5 V, 3 A) New connector and cable specification

Using BMC protocol over communication channel (CC) on USB-

USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 1.0) 2014-08-11 100 W (20 V, 5 A)
C cables.
USB Type-C Rev. 1.1 2015-04-03 15 W (5 V, 3 A)

USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 1.1) 2015-05-07 100 W (20 V, 5 A)

USB Type-C Rev. 1.2 2016-03-25 15 W (5 V, 3 A)

USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 1.2) 2016-03-25 100 W (20 V, 5 A)

USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 1.3) 2017-01-12 100 W (20 V, 5 A)

USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.0 (V. 1.1) 2017-01-12 100 W (20 V, 5 A)
USB Type-C Rev. 1.3 2017-07-14 15 W (5 V, 3 A)

USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.0 (V. 1.2) 2018-06-21 100 W (20 V, 5 A)

USB Type-C Rev. 1.4 2019-03-29 15 W (5 V, 3 A)

USB Type-C Rev. 2.0 2019-08-29 15 W (5 V, 3 A) Enabling USB4 over USB Type-C connectors and cables.

USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.0 (V. 2.0) 2019-08-29 100 W (20 V, 5 A) [58]

USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.1 (V. 1.0) 2021-05-24 240 W (48 V, 5 A)

USB Type-C Rev. 2.1 2021-05-25 15 W (5 V, 3 A) [59]

USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.1 (V. 1.1) 2021-07-06 240 W (48 V, 5 A) [60]

Including errata through October 2021[60]

This version incorporates the following ECNs:

Clarify use of Retries

USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.1 (V. 1.2) 2021-10-26 240 W (48 V, 5 A)
Battery Capabilities
FRS timing problem
PPS power rule clarifications
Peak current support for EPR AVS APDO

System design
A USB system consists of a host with one or more downstream facing ports (DFP),[61] and multiple peripherals, forming a
tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included, allowing up to five tiers. A USB host may have multiple
controllers, each with one or more ports. Up to 127 devices may be connected to a single host controller.[62][34]: 8–29 USB
devices are linked in series through hubs. The hub built into the host controller is called the root hub.

A USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A composite device may
provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device
function). An alternative to this is a compound device, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinct address and all
logical devices connect to a built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable.

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USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe connects the host
controller to a logical entity within a device, called an endpoint. Because pipes
correspond to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Each USB
device can have up to 32 endpoints (16 in and 16 out), though it is rare to have so many.
Endpoints are defined and numbered by the device during initialization (the period after
physical connection called "enumeration") and so are relatively permanent, whereas
pipes may be opened and closed.

There are two types of pipe: stream and message.

USB endpoints reside on the
A message pipe is bi-directional and is used for control transfers. Message pipes are
typically used for short, simple commands to the device, and for status responses connected device: the channels to
from the device, used, for example, by the bus control pipe number 0. the host are referred to as pipes.

A stream pipe is a uni-directional pipe connected to a uni-directional endpoint that

transfers data using an isochronous,[63] interrupt, or bulk transfer:

Isochronous transfers
At some guaranteed data rate (for fixed-bandwidth streaming data) but with possible data loss (e.g., realtime audio
or video)
Interrupt transfers
Devices that need guaranteed quick responses (bounded latency) such as pointing devices, mice, and keyboards
Bulk transfers
Large sporadic transfers using all remaining available bandwidth, but with no guarantees on bandwidth or latency
(e.g., file transfers)

When a host starts a data transfer, it sends a TOKEN packet containing an endpoint specified with a tuple of
(device_address, endpoint_number). If the transfer is from the host to the endpoint, the host sends an OUT packet (a
specialization of a TOKEN packet) with the desired device address and endpoint number. If the data transfer is from the
device to the host, the host sends an IN packet instead. If the destination endpoint is a uni-directional endpoint whose
manufacturer's designated direction does not match the TOKEN packet (e.g. the manufacturer's designated direction is IN
while the TOKEN packet is an OUT packet), the TOKEN packet is ignored. Otherwise, it is accepted and the data transaction
can start. A bi-directional endpoint, on the other hand, accepts both IN and OUT packets.

Endpoints are grouped into interfaces and each interface is associated with a single
device function. An exception to this is endpoint zero, which is used for device
configuration and is not associated with any interface. A single device function
composed of independently controlled interfaces is called a composite device. A
composite device only has a single device address because the host only assigns a device
address to a function. Two USB 3.0 Standard-A
receptacles (left) and two USB 2.0
When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration
Standard-A receptacles (right) on a
process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. computer's front panel
The signaling rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset,
the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit
address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and
the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected
devices.

The host controller directs traffic flow to devices, so no USB device can transfer any data on the bus without an explicit
request from the host controller. In USB 2.0, the host controller polls the bus for traffic, usually in a round-robin fashion.
The throughput of each USB port is determined by the slower speed of either the USB port or the USB device connected to
the port.

High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and
full and low speed buses. There may be one translator per hub or per port.

Because there are two separate controllers in each USB 3.0 host, USB 3.0 devices transmit and receive at USB 3.0 signaling
rates regardless of USB 2.0 or earlier devices connected to that host. Operating signaling rates for earlier devices are set in
the legacy manner.
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Device classes
The functionality of a USB device is defined by a class code sent to a USB host. This allows the host to load software modules
for the device and to support new devices from different manufacturers.

Device classes include:[64]

Class
Usage Description Examples, or exception
(hexadecimal)
Device class is unspecified, interface descriptors are used to determine needed
00 Device Unspecified[65] drivers

01 Interface Audio Speaker, microphone, sound card, MIDI

Communications and CDC UART and RS-232 serial adapter, modem, Wi-Fi adapter, Ethernet adapter. Used
02 Both
control together with class 0Ah (CDC-Data) below
03 Interface Human interface device (HID) Keyboard, mouse, joystick

05 Interface Physical interface device (PID) Force feedback joystick

06 Interface Media (PTP/MTP) Scanner, Camera

07 Interface Printer Laser printer, inkjet printer, CNC machine

USB mass storage, USB USB flash drive, memory card reader, digital audio player, digital camera,
08 Interface
Attached SCSI external drive
09 Device USB hub High speed USB hub

0A Interface CDC-Data Used together with class 02h (Communications and CDC Control) above

0B Interface Smart card USB smart card reader

0D Interface Content security Fingerprint reader

0E Interface Video Webcam

Personal healthcare device

0F Interface Pulse monitor (watch)
class (PHDC)
10 Interface Audio/Video (AV) Webcam, TV

11 Device Billboard Describes USB-C alternate modes supported by device

DC Both Diagnostic device USB compliance testing device

E0 Interface Wireless Controller Bluetooth adapter

EF Both Miscellaneous ActiveSync device

IrDA Bridge, RNDIS, Test & Measurement Class (USBTMC),[66] USB DFU
FE Interface Application-specific
(Device Firmware Upgrade)[67]
FFh Both Vendor-specific Indicates that a device needs vendor-specific drivers

USB mass storage / USB drive

The USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS) standardizes connections to storage
devices. At first intended for magnetic and optical drives, it has been extended to support
flash drives and SD card readers. The ability to boot a write-locked SD card with a USB
adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible,
pristine state of the booting medium.

Though most personal computers since early 2005 can boot from USB mass storage
A flash drive, a typical USB mass-
devices, USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage.
storage device
However, USB has the advantage of allowing hot-swapping, making it useful for mobile
peripherals, including drives of various kinds.

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Several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives, or empty enclosures
for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the
number and types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface.
Other competing standards for external drive connectivity include eSATA, ExpressCard,
FireWire (IEEE 1394), and most recently Thunderbolt.
An M.2 (2242) solid-state-drive
Another use for USB mass storage devices is the portable execution of software (SSD) connected into USB 3.0
applications (such as web browsers and VoIP clients) with no need to install them on the adapter and connected to computer
host computer.[68][69]

Media Transfer Protocol

Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass
storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with
portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating
system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol—
an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the
way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a
computer. The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems.

Human interface devices

A USB mouse or keyboard can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 ports with the aid of a small USB-to-
PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, a passive adapter that contains no logic circuitry may be
used: the USB hardware in the keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port, and
communicate using the appropriate protocol. Active converters that connect USB keyboards and mice (usually one of each)
to PS/2 ports also exist.[70]

Device Firmware Upgrade mechanism

Device Firmware Upgrade (DFU) is a generic mechanism for upgrading the firmware of USB devices with improved
versions provided by their manufacturers, offering (for example) a way to deploy firmware bug fixes. During the firmware
upgrade operation, USB devices change their operating mode effectively becoming a PROM programmer. Any class of USB
device can implement this capability by following the official DFU specifications. Doing so allows use of DFU-compatible
host tools to update the device.[67][71][72]

DFU is sometimes used as a flash memory programming protocol in microcontrollers with built-in USB bootloader
functionality. [73]

Audio streaming
The USB Device Working Group has laid out specifications for audio streaming, and specific standards have been developed
and implemented for audio class uses, such as microphones, speakers, headsets, telephones, musical instruments, etc. The
working group has published three versions of audio device specifications:[74][75] USB Audio 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, referred to as
"UAC"[76] or "ADC".[77]

UAC 3.0 primarily introduces improvements for portable devices, such as reduced power usage by bursting the data and
staying in low power mode more often, and power domains for different components of the device, allowing them to be shut
down when not in use.[78]

UAC 2.0 introduced support for High Speed USB (in addition to Full Speed), allowing greater bandwidth for multi-channel
interfaces, higher sample rates,[79] lower inherent latency,[80][76] and 8× improvement in timing resolution in synchronous
and adaptive modes.[76] UAC2 also introduced the concept of clock domains, which provides information to the host about
which input and output terminals derive their clocks from the same source, as well as improved support for audio encodings
like DSD, audio effects, channel clustering, user controls, and device descriptions.[76][81]

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UAC 1.0 devices are still common, however, due to their cross-platform driverless compatibility,[79] and also partly due to
Microsoft's failure to implement UAC 2.0 for over a decade after its publication, having finally added support to Windows 10
through the Creators Update on 20 March 2017.[82][83][81] UAC 2.0 is also supported by macOS, iOS, and Linux,[76] however
Android only implements a subset of the UAC 1.0 specification.[84]

USB provides three isochronous (fixed-bandwidth) synchronization types,[85] all of which are used by audio devices:[86]

Asynchronous — The ADC or DAC are not synced to the host computer's clock at all, operating off a free-running clock
local to the device.
Synchronous — The device's clock is synced to the USB start-of-frame (SOF) or Bus Interval signals. For instance, this
can require syncing an 11.2896 MHz clock to a 1 kHz SOF signal, a large frequency multiplication.[87][88]
Adaptive — The device's clock is synced to the amount of data sent per frame by the host[89]
While the USB spec originally described asynchronous mode being used in "low cost speakers" and adaptive mode in "high-
end digital speakers",[90] the opposite perception exists in the hi-fi world, where asynchronous mode is advertised as a
feature, and adaptive/synchronous modes have a bad reputation.[91][92][84] In reality, all types can be high-quality or low-
quality, depending on the quality of their engineering and the application.[88][76][93] Asynchronous has the benefit of being
untied from the computer's clock, but the disadvantage of requiring sample rate conversion when combining multiple
sources.

Connectors
The connectors the USB committee specifies support a number of USB's underlying goals, and reflect lessons learned from
the many connectors the computer industry has used. The female connector mounted on the host or device is called the
receptacle, and the male connector attached to the cable is called the plug.[34]: 2-5–2-6 The official USB specification
documents also periodically define the term male to represent the plug, and female to represent the receptacle.[94]

The design is intended to make it difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle
incorrectly. The USB specification requires that the cable plug and receptacle be marked
so the user can recognize the proper orientation.[34] The USB-C plug however is
reversible. USB cables and small USB devices are held in place by the gripping force
from the receptacle, with no screws, clips, or thumb-turns as some connectors use.

The different A and B plugs prevent accidentally connecting two power sources.
However, some of this directed topology is lost with the advent of multi-purpose USB The legacy USB Type-A plug. This is
connections (such as USB On-The-Go in smartphones, and USB-powered Wi-Fi routers), one of many legacy types of USB
which require A-to-A, B-to-B, and sometimes Y/splitter cables. connector.

USB connector types multiplied as the specification progressed. The original USB
specification detailed standard-A and standard-B plugs and receptacles. The connectors were different so that users could
not connect one computer receptacle to another. The data pins in the standard plugs are recessed compared to the power
pins, so that the device can power up before establishing a data connection. Some devices operate in different modes
depending on whether the data connection is made. Charging docks supply power, and do not include a host device or data
pins, allowing any capable USB device to charge or operate from a standard USB cable. Charging cables provide power
connections but not data. In a charge-only cable, the data wires are shorted at the device end; otherwise, the device may
reject the charger as unsuitable.

Cabling
The USB 1.1 standard specifies that a standard cable can have a maximum length of 5 meters (16 ft 5 in) with devices
operating at full speed (12 Mbit/s), and a maximum length of 3 meters (9 ft 10 in) with devices operating at low speed
(1.5 Mbit/s).[95][96][97]

USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters (16 ft 5 in) for devices running at high speed (480 Mbit/s).[97]

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The USB 3.0 standard does not directly specify a maximum cable length, requiring only
that all cables meet an electrical specification: for copper cabling with AWG 26 wires the
maximum practical length is 3 meters (9 ft 10 in).[98]

USB bridge cables

USB bridge cables, or data transfer cables can be found within the market, offering direct
PC to PC connections. A bridge cable is a special cable with a chip and active electronics
A variety of USB cables for sale in
in the middle of the cable. The chip in the middle of the cable acts as a peripheral to both
Hong Kong
computers and allows for peer-to-peer communication between the computers. The USB
bridge cables are used to transfer files between two computers via their USB ports.

Popularized by Microsoft as Windows Easy Transfer, the Microsoft utility used a special USB bridge cable to transfer
personal files and settings from a computer running an earlier version of Windows to a computer running a newer version.
In the context of the use of Windows Easy Transfer software, the bridge cable can sometimes be referenced as Easy
Transfer cable.

Many USB bridge / data transfer cables are still USB 2.0, but there are also a number of USB 3.0 transfer cables. Despite
USB 3.0 being 10 times faster than USB 2.0, USB 3.0 transfer cables are only 2 to 3 times faster given their design.

The USB 3.0 specification introduced an A-to-A cross-over cable without power for connecting two PCs. These are not
meant for data transfer but are aimed at diagnostic uses.

Dual-role USB connections

USB bridge cables have become less important with USB dual-role-device capabilities introduced with the USB 3.1
specification. Under the most recent specifications, USB supports most scenarios connecting systems directly with a Type-C
cable. For the capability to work, however, connected systems must support role-switching. Dual-role capabilities requires
there be two controllers within the system, as well as a role controller. While this can be expected in a mobile platform such
as a tablet or a phone, desktop PCs and laptops often will not support dual roles.[99]

Power
Upstream USB connectors supply power at a nominal 5 V DC via the V_BUS pin to downstream USB devices.

Low-power and high-power devices

This section describes the power distribution model of USB that existed before Power-Delivery (USB-PD). On devices that
do not use PD, USB provides up to 4.5 W through Type-A and Type-B connectors, and up to 15 W through USB-C. All pre-
PD USB power is provided at 5 V.

For a host providing power to devices, USB has a concept of the unit load. Any device may draw power of one unit, and
devices may request more power in these discrete steps. It is not required that the host provide requested power, and a
device may not draw more power than negotiated.

Devices that draw no more than one unit are said to be low-power devices. All devices must act as low-power devices when
starting out as unconfigured. For USB devices up to USB 2.0 a unit load is 100 mA (or 500 mW), while USB 3.0 defines a
unit load as 150 mA (750 mW). Full-featured USB-C can support low-power devices with a unit load of 250 mA (or
1250 mW).

Devices that draw more than one unit are high-power devices (such as typical 2.5-inch hard disk drives). USB up to 2.0
allows a host or hub to provide up to 2.5 W to each device, in five discrete steps of 100 mA, and SuperSpeed devices (USB
3.x) allows a host or a hub to provide up to 4.5 W in six steps of 150 mA. USB-C allows for dual-lane operation of USB 3.x
with larger unit load (250 mA; up to 7.5 W).[100] USB-C also allows for Type-C Current as a replacement for USB BC,
signaling power availability in a simple way, without needing any data connection.[101]

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USB power standards

Specification max current Voltage max power

Low-power device 100 mA [a] 5V 0.50 W

Low-power SuperSpeed / USB 3.x device 150 mA [a] 5V 0.75 W

High-power device [b] 500 mA 5V 2.5 W

High-power SuperSpeed / USB 3.x single-lane device [c] 900 mA 5V 4.5 W

High-power SuperSpeed / USB 3.x dual-lane device[d] [e] 1.5 A 5V 7.5 W

Battery Charging (BC) 1.5 A 5V 7.5 W

USB4[f] 1.5 A 5V 7.5 W

Type-C current 1.5 A[g] 1.5 A 5V 7.5 W

Type-C current 3 A[h] 3A 5V 15 W

Power Delivery SPR[d] [i] 5A up to 20 V 100 W

Power Delivery EPR[d] [i] 5A [j] up to 48 V 240 W

a. The VBUS supply from a low-powered hub port may drop to 4.40 V.
b. Up to five unit loads; with non-SuperSpeed devices, one unit load is 100 mA.
c. Up to six unit loads; with SuperSpeed devices, one unit load is 150 mA.
d. for USB-C only
e. Up to six unit loads; with multi-lane devices, one unit load is 250 mA.
f. Not Type-C current, only available after starting USB4 connection. Can be combined with Type-C current.
g. optional for every USB-C host port. Mandatory for USB-C ports with USB-BC or for even higher PD output.
h. optional for every USB-C host port. Mandatory for ports with even higher PD output.
i. >3 A (>60 W) operation requires an electronically marked cable rated at 5 A.
j. >20 V (>100 W) operation requires an electronically marked Extended Power Range (EPR) cable.

To recognize Battery Charging mode, a dedicated charging port places a resistance not exceeding 200 Ω across the D+ and
D− terminals. Shorted or near-shorted data lanes with less than 200 Ω of resistance across the D+ and D− terminals signify
a dedicated charging port (DCP) with indefinite charging rates.[102][103]

In addition to standard USB, there is a proprietary high-powered system known as PoweredUSB, developed in the 1990s,
and mainly used in point-of-sale terminals such as cash registers.

Signaling
USB signals are transmitted using differential signaling on twisted-pair data wires with 90 Ω ± 15% characteristic
impedance.[104] USB 2.0 and earlier specifications define a single pair in half-duplex (HDx). USB 3.0 and later specifications
define one dedicated pair for USB 2.0 compatibility and two or four pairs for data transfer: two data wire pairs realising full-
duplex (FDx) for single lane (×1) variants require at least SuperSpeed (SS) connectors; four pairs realising full-duplex for
two lane (×2) variants require USB-C connectors.

USB4 Gen 4 requires the use of all four pairs but allow for asymmetrical pairs configuration.[105] In this case one data wire
pair is used for the upstream data and the other three for the downstream data or vice-versa. USB4 Gen 4 use pulse
amplitude modulation on 3 levels, providing a trit of information every baud transmitted, the transmission frequency of
12.8 GHz translate to a transmission rate of 25.6 GBd[106] and the 11-bit–to–7-trit translation provides a theoretical
maximum transmission speed just over 40.2 Gbit/s.[107]

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Operation mode name # Nominal USB-IF current[108]

Introduced Original
Lanes Encoding data signaling
in label marketing
current old wires rate logo
name

Low- 1.5 Mbit/s Low-Speed

Speed half-duplex USB (LS) Basic-Speed
USB 1.0
Full- 12 Mbit/s Full-Speed USB
1 HDx NRZI 2
Speed half-duplex USB (FS)
High- 480 Mbit/s
USB 2.0 Hi-Speed USB (HS)
Speed half-duplex

USB 3.2 USB 3.0, 5 Gbit/s SuperSpeed

USB 3.0 8b/10b USB 5Gbps
Gen 1×1 USB 3.1 Gen 1 1 FDx (+ 1 symmetric USB (SS)
6
USB 3.2 HDx)[a] 10 Gbit/s SuperSpeed+
USB 3.1 Gen 2 USB 3.1 128b/132b
Gen 2×1 symmetric (SS+) USB
USB 3.2 10 Gbit/s 10Gbps
8b/10b —
Gen 1×2 2 FDx (+ 1 symmetric
USB 3.2 10
USB 3.2 HDx)[a] 20 Gbit/s SuperSpeed USB
128b/132b
Gen 2×2 symmetric USB 20Gbps 20Gbps

USB4 1 FDx (+ 1 6 (used 10 Gbit/s

USB 10Gbps
Gen 2×1 HDx)[a] of 10) symmetric
[b]
64b/66b
USB4 2 FDx (+ 1 20 Gbit/s
10
Gen 2×2 HDx)[a] symmetric
USB4 USB 20Gbps
USB4 1 FDx (+ 1 6 (used 20 Gbit/s
Gen 3×1 HDx)[a] of 10) symmetric
128b/132b[b]
USB4 2 FDx (+ 1 40 Gbit/s
10 USB 40Gbps
Gen 3×2 HDx)[a] symmetric

2 FDx (+ 1 80 Gbit/s
USB 80Gbps
HDx)[a] symmetric

40 Gbit/s up
USB4 PAM-3 120 Gbit/s
USB4 2.0 asymmetric 10
Gen 4×2 11b/7t down
(+ 1 —
HDx)[a] 120 Gbit/s up
40 Gbit/s
down

a. USB 2.0 implementation

b. USB4 can use optional Reed–Solomon forward error correction (RS FEC). In this mode, 12 × 16 B (128 bit) symbols are
assembled together with 2 B (12 bit + 4 bit reserved) synchronization bits indicating the respective symbol types and 4 B
of RS FEC to allow to correct up to 1 B of errors anywhere in the total 198 B block.
Low-speed (LS) and Full-speed (FS) modes use a single data wire pair, labeled D+ and D−, in half-duplex. Transmitted
signal levels are 0.0–0.3 V for logical low, and 2.8–3.6 V for logical high level. The signal lines are not terminated.
High-speed (HS) uses the same wire pair, but with different electrical conventions. Lower signal voltages of
−10 to 10 mV for low and 360 to 440 mV for logical high level, and termination of 45 Ω to ground or 90 Ω differential to
match the data cable impedance.
SuperSpeed (SS) adds two additional pairs of shielded twisted data wires (and new, mostly compatible expanded
connectors) besides another grounding wire. These are dedicated to full-duplex SuperSpeed operation. The
SuperSpeed link operates independently from the USB 2.0 channel and takes precedence on connection. Link
configuration is performed using LFPS (Low Frequency Periodic Signaling, approximately at 20 MHz frequency), and
electrical features include voltage de-emphasis at the transmitter side, and adaptive linear equalization on the receiver
side to combat electrical losses in transmission lines, and thus the link introduces the concept of link training.
SuperSpeed+ (SS+) uses a new coding scheme with an increased signaling rate (Gen 2×1 mode) and/or the additional
lane of USB-C (Gen 1×2 and Gen 2×2 modes).
A USB connection is always between an A end, either a host or a downstream port of a hub, and a B end, either a peripheral
device or the upstream port of a hub. Historically this was made clear by the fact that hosts had only Type-A and peripheral
devices had only Type-B ports, and every compatible cable had one Type-A plug and one Type-B plug. USB-C (Type-C) is a
single connector that replaces all legacy Type-A and Type-B connectors, so when both sides are equipment with USB Type-C
ports they negotiate which is the host and which is the device.

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Protocol layer
During USB communication, data is transmitted as packets. Initially, all packets are sent from the host via the root hub, and
possibly more hubs, to devices. Some of those packets direct a device to send some packets in reply.

Transactions
The basic transactions of USB are:

OUT transaction
IN transaction
SETUP transaction
Control transfer exchange

Related standards

Media Agnostic USB

The USB Implementers Forum introduced the Media Agnostic USB (MA-USB) v.1.0 wireless
communication standard based on the USB protocol on 29 July 2015. Wireless USB is a cable- The Wireless
USB logo
replacement technology, and uses ultra-wideband wireless technology for data rates of up to
480 Mbit/s.[109]

The USB-IF used WiGig Serial Extension v1.2 specification as its initial foundation for the MA-USB specification and is
compliant with SuperSpeed USB (3.0 and 3.1) and Hi-Speed USB (USB 2.0). Devices that use MA-USB will be branded as
"Powered by MA-USB", provided the product qualifies its certification program.[110]

InterChip USB
InterChip USB is a chip-to-chip variant that eliminates the conventional transceivers found in normal USB. The HSIC
physical layer uses about 50% less power and 75% less board area compared to USB 2.0.[111] It is an alternative standard to
SPI and I2C.

USB-C
USB-C (officially USB Type-C) is a standard that defines a new connector, and several new connection features. Among
them it supports Alternate Mode, which allows transporting other protocols via the USB-C connector and cable. This is
commonly used to support the DisplayPort or HDMI protocols, which allows connecting a display, such as a computer
monitor or television set, via USB-C.

All other connectors are not capable of two-lane operations (Gen 1×2 and Gen 2×2) in USB 3.2, but can be used for one-lane
operations (Gen 1×1 and Gen 2×1).[112]

DisplayLink
DisplayLink is a technology which allows multiple displays to be connected to a computer via USB. It was introduced around
2006, and before the advent of Alternate Mode over USB-C it was the only way to connect displays via USB. It is a
proprietary technology, not standardized by the USB Implementers Forum and typically requires a separate device driver on
the computer.

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Comparisons with other connection methods

FireWire (IEEE 1394)

At first, USB was considered a complement to FireWire (IEEE 1394) technology, which was designed as a high-bandwidth
serial bus that efficiently interconnects peripherals such as disk drives, audio interfaces, and video equipment. In the initial
design, USB operated at a far lower data rate and used less sophisticated hardware. It was suitable for small peripherals
such as keyboards and pointing devices.

The most significant technical differences between FireWire and USB include:

USB networks use a tiered-star topology, while IEEE 1394 networks use a tree topology.
USB 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0 use a "speak-when-spoken-to" protocol, meaning that each peripheral communicates with the
host when the host specifically requests communication. USB 3.0 allows for device-initiated communications towards
the host. A FireWire device can communicate with any other node at any time, subject to network conditions.
A USB network relies on a single host at the top of the tree to control the network. All communications are between the
host and one peripheral. In a FireWire network, any capable node can control the network.
USB runs with a 5 V power line, while FireWire supplies 12 V and theoretically can supply up to 30 V.
Standard USB hub ports can provide from the typical 500 mA/2.5 W of current, only 100 mA from non-hub ports.
USB 3.0 and USB On-The-Go supply 1.8 A/9.0 W (for dedicated battery charging, 1.5 A/7.5 W full bandwidth or
900 mA/4.5 W high bandwidth), while FireWire can in theory supply up to 60 watts of power, although 10 to 20 watts is
more typical.
These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost,
while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video.
Although similar in theoretical maximum signaling rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 high-bandwidth in real-
use,[113] especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard drives.[114][115][116][117] The newer FireWire 800 standard is
twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 high-bandwidth both theoretically and practically.[118] However,
FireWire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as direct memory access (DMA), which in turn have created
opportunities for security exploits such as the DMA attack.

The chipset and drivers used to implement USB and FireWire have a crucial impact on how much of the bandwidth
prescribed by the specification is achieved in the real world, along with compatibility with peripherals.[119]

Ethernet
The IEEE 802.3af, 802.3at, and 802.3bt Power over Ethernet (PoE) standards specify more elaborate power negotiation
schemes than powered USB. They operate at 48 V DC and can supply more power (up to 12.95 W for 802.3af, 25.5 W for
802.3at, a.k.a. PoE+, 71 W for 802.3bt, a.k.a. 4PPoE) over a cable up to 100 meters compared to USB 2.0, which provides
2.5 W with a maximum cable length of 5 meters. This has made PoE popular for Voice over IP telephones, security cameras,
wireless access points, and other networked devices within buildings. However, USB is cheaper than PoE provided that the
distance is short and power demand is low.

Ethernet standards require electrical isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable
up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds.[120] USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely
associated with a host computer, and in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds. This gives Ethernet a significant
safety advantage over USB with peripherals such as cable and DSL modems connected to external wiring that can assume
hazardous voltages under certain fault conditions.[121][122]

MIDI
The USB Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices transmits Music Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) music data over
USB.[123] The MIDI capability is extended to allow up to sixteen simultaneous virtual MIDI cables, each of which can carry
the usual MIDI sixteen channels and clocks.

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USB is competitive for low-cost and physically adjacent devices. However, Power over Ethernet and the MIDI plug standard
have an advantage in high-end devices that may have long cables. USB can cause ground loop problems between equipment,
because it connects ground references on both transceivers. By contrast, the MIDI plug standard and Ethernet have built-in
isolation to 500 V or more.

eSATA/eSATAp
The eSATA connector is a more robust SATA connector, intended for connection to external hard drives and SSDs. eSATA's
transfer rate (up to 6 Gbit/s) is similar to that of USB 3.0 (up to 5 Gbit/s) and USB 3.1 (up to 10 Gbit/s). A device connected
by eSATA appears as an ordinary SATA device, giving both full performance and full compatibility associated with internal
drives.

eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though
USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing, and external drives
gradually need less power, diminishing the eSATA advantage. eSATAp (power over eSATA, a.k.a. ESATA/USB) is a
connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices using a new, backward compatible, connector. On a
notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD; on a desktop workstation it can additionally
supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives.

eSATAp support can be added to a desktop machine in the form of a bracket connecting the motherboard SATA, power, and
USB resources.

eSATA, like USB, supports hot plugging, although this might be limited by OS drivers and device firmware.

Thunderbolt
Thunderbolt combines PCI Express and DisplayPort into a new serial data interface. Original Thunderbolt implementations
have two channels, each with a transfer speed of 10 Gbit/s, resulting in an aggregate unidirectional bandwidth of
20 Gbit/s.[124]

Thunderbolt 2 uses link aggregation to combine the two 10 Gbit/s channels into one bidirectional 20 Gbit/s channel.[125]

Thunderbolt 3 and Thunderbolt 4 use USB-C.[126][127][128] Thunderbolt 3 has two physical 20 Gbit/s bi-directional channels,
aggregated to appear as a single logical 40 Gbit/s bi-directional channel. Thunderbolt 3 controllers can incorporate a
USB 3.1 Gen 2 controller to provide compatibility with USB devices. They are also capable of providing DisplayPort
Alternate Mode as well as DisplayPort over USB4 Fabric, making the function of a Thunderbolt 3 port a superset of that of a
USB 3.1 Gen 2 port.

DisplayPort Alternate Mode 2.0: USB4 (requiring USB-C) requires that hubs support DisplayPort 2.0 over a USB-C
Alternate Mode. DisplayPort 2.0 can support 8K resolution at 60 Hz with HDR10 color.[129] DisplayPort 2.0 can use up to
80 Gbit/s, which is double the amount available to USB data, because it sends all the data in one direction (to the monitor)
and can thus use all eight data wires at once.[129]

After the specification was made royalty-free and custodianship of the Thunderbolt protocol was transferred from Intel to
the USB Implementers Forum, Thunderbolt 3 has been effectively implemented in the USB4 specification – with
compatibility with Thunderbolt 3 optional but encouraged for USB4 products.[130]

Interoperability
Various protocol converters are available that convert USB data signals to and from other communications standards.

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2/17/25, 6:54 PM USB - Wikipedia

Security threats
Due to the prevalency of the USB standard, there are many exploits using the USB standard. One of the biggest instances of
this today is known as the USB killer, a device that damages USB devices by sending high voltage pulses across the data
lines.

In versions of Microsoft Windows before Windows XP, Windows would automatically run a script (if present) on certain
devices via AutoRun, one of which are USB mass storage devices, which may contain malicious software.[131]

See also

Electronics portal
USB
USB communications Extensible Host Controller Interface (XHCI)
USB hardware List of interface bit rates § Peripheral
USB-C WebUSB
USB hub

Derived and related standards

DockPort Mobile High-Definition Link
LIO Target Thunderbolt (interface)
Media Transfer Protocol Windows Easy Transfer

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Further reading
Axelson, Jan (1 September 2006). USB Mass Storage: Designing and Programming Devices and Embedded Hosts (http
s://archive.org/details/isbn_9781931448048) (1st ed.). Lakeview Research. ISBN 978-1-931-44804-8.
——— (1 December 2007). Serial Port Complete: COM Ports, USB Virtual COM Ports, and Ports for Embedded
Systems (http://janaxelson.com/spc.htm) (2nd ed.). Lakeview Research. ISBN 978-1-931-44806-2.
——— (2015). USB Complete: The Developer's Guide (http://janaxelson.com/usbc.htm) (5th ed.). Lakeview Research.
ISBN 978-1-931448-28-4.
Hyde, John (February 2001). USB Design by Example: A Practical Guide to Building I/O Devices (http://www.intel.com/in
telpress/usb/) (2nd ed.). Intel Press. ISBN 978-0-970-28465-5.
"Debugging USB 2.0 for Compliance: It's Not Just a Digital World" (http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5988-479
4EN.pdf) (PDF). Keysight Technologies. Technologies Application Note (1382–3). Keysight.

External links

General overview
Joel Johnson (29 May 2019). "The unlikely origins of USB, the port that changed everything" (https://www.fastcompany.c
om/3060705/an-oral-history-of-the-usb). Fast Company.
Leigh, Peter (24 May 2020). Why Does USB Keep Changing? (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36CKsP9YQ1E)
(video).
Parikh, Bijal. "USB (Universal Serial Bus): An Overview" (https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-universal-serial-bus-an-
overview/). Engineers Garage. WTWH Media. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
Barnatt, Christopher (25 September 2022). Explaining USB: From 1.0 to USB4 V2.0 (ExplainingComputers) (https://ww
w.youtube.com/watch?v=PctX3kcTj5U) (video).

Technical documents
"USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF)" (https://www.usb.org/). USB.org.
"USB Document Library (USB 3.2, USB 2.0, Wireless USB, USB-C, USB Power Delivery)" (https://www.usb.org/docume
nts). USB.org.
"Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI)" (http://stuff.mit.edu/afs/sipb/contrib/doc/specs/protocol/usb/UHCI11D.PDF)
(PDF). Intel – via mit.edu.
"USB 3.0 Standard-A, Standard-B, Powered-B connectors" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160514121804/http://pinouts
guide.com/Slots/usb_3_0_connector_pinout.shtml). Pinouts guide. Archived from the original (http://pinoutsguide.com/Sl
ots/usb_3_0_connector_pinout.shtml) on 14 May 2016.
Muller, Henk (July 2012). "How To Create And Program USB Devices" (https://www.electronicdesign.com/boards/how-cr
eate-and-program-usb-devices). Electronic Design.
Garney, John (June 1996). "An Analysis of Throughput Characteristics of Universal Serial Bus" (https://usb.org/sites/defa
ult/files/bwpaper2.pdf) (PDF).
Hershenhoren, Razi; Reznik, Omer (October 2010). "USB 2.0 Protocol Engine" (https://web.archive.org/web/202008040
30543/https://engineering.biu.ac.il/files/engineering/shared/PE_project_book_0.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (ht
tps://engineering.biu.ac.il/files/engineering/shared/PE_project_book_0.pdf) (PDF) on 4 August 2020. Retrieved
30 January 2019.
IEC 62680 (Universal Serial Bus interfaces for data and power):
IEC 62680-1.1:2015 - Part 1-1: Common components - USB Battery Charging Specification, Revision 1.2 (https://we
bstore.iec.ch/publication/23281)
IEC 62680-1-2:2018 - Part 1-2: Common components - USB Power Delivery specification (https://webstore.iec.ch/pu
blication/60944)
IEC 62680-1-3:2018 - Part 1-3: Common components - USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification (https://web
store.iec.ch/publication/61599)
IEC 62680-1-4:2018 - Part 1-4: Common components - USB Type-C Authentication Specification (https://webstore.ie
c.ch/publication/60748)
IEC 62680-2-1:2015 - Part 2-1: Universal Serial Bus Specification, Revision 2.0 (https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/2
3313)

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2/17/25, 6:54 PM USB - Wikipedia
IEC 62680-2-2:2015 - Part 2-2: Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification, Revision 1.01 (https://webstore.iec.
ch/publication/23282)
IEC 62680-2-3:2015 - Part 2-3: Universal Serial Bus Cables and Connectors Class Document Revision 2.0 (https://w
ebstore.iec.ch/publication/23283)
IEC 62680-3-1:2017 - Part 3-1: Universal Serial Bus 3.1 Specification (https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/29943)

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