Chapter(1):

Introduction

Introduction 1
Intelligence is:
the ability to reason

the ability to understand

the ability to create

the ability to learn from experience

the ability to plan and execute complex tasks

Introduction 2
What is Artificial Intelligence?

"Giving machines ability to perform tasks normally associated with human intelligence."

AI is intelligence of machines and branch of computer science that aims to create it.

AI consists of design of intelligent agents, which is a program that perceives its

environment and takes action that maximizes its chance of success.

With AI, it comes issues like deduction, reasoning, problem solving, knowledge
representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, etc.

“Artificial Intelligence is the part of computer science concerned with designing

intelligence computer systems, that is, systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate
with intelligence in human behavior.”

Introduction 3
Goals of AI

To create expert system

To implement human intelligence in machine.

Challenges of AI

1. Lack of computer power

- Machine learning and deep learning require huge number of calculations, uses
lot of processing power

2. Legal challenges
- erroneous algorithm and data governance
- Hackers

3. Autonomous weapons
- threat to society.

4. Ethical/ moral challenges

- Computer program (chat bot) uses AI.
- Conversation with dating sites to trick and get users to send money.

Introduction 4
AI techniques

1. Heuristics
- Problem solving by experimental and Trial and error method.

2. Support vector machine

- Email is spam or not is example of classification problem.
- A powerful technique for these type of problem is SVM.

3. Artificial neural network

- Nervous system can be modeled and simulated and it should be possible to
produce similar behavior in artificial system.

4. Markov decision process

- Framework for decision making modeling.
- Inventory planning problem
- Optimized planning

5. Natural language processing

- Used to refer to everything from speech recognition to language generation.

Introduction 5
AI approaches
Different definitions of AI are given by different books/writers.

These definitions can be divided into two dimensions.

Top dimension is concerned with thought processes and reasoning, where as

bottom dimension addresses the behavior.

The definition on the left measures the success in terms of fidelity of human
performance, whereas definitions on the right measure an ideal concept of
intelligence, which is called rationality.

Human-centered approaches must be an empirical science, involving hypothesis

and experimental confirmation.

A rationalist approach involves a combination of mathematics and engineering.

Introduction 6
Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Approach

The Turing test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950) was designed to convince the people
that whether a particular machine can think or not.

He suggested a test based on indistinguishability from undeniably intelligent entities-

human beings.

The test involves an interrogator who interacts with one human and one machine.

Within a given time the interrogator has to find out which of the two the human is, and
which one the machine.

Introduction 7
The computer passes the test if a human interrogator after posing some written
questions, cannot tell whether the written response come from human or not.

To pass a Turing test, a computer must have following capabilities:

Natural Language Processing: Must be able to communicate successfully in English.

Knowledge representation: To store what it knows and hears.

Automated reasoning: Answer the questions based on the stored information.

Machine learning: Must be able to adapt in new circumstances.

Turing test avoid the physical interaction with human interrogator.

Physical simulation of human beings is not necessary for testing the intelligence.

Introduction 8
The total Turing test includes video signals and manipulation capability so that
the interrogator can test the subject’s perceptual abilities and object manipulation
ability.

To pass the total Turing test, computer must have following additional capabilities:
Computer Vision: To perceive objects

Robotics: To manipulate objects and move

Introduction 9
Thinking Humanly: Cognitive modeling approach

Make the machines with mind.

Cognition means the action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding

through thought, experience and senses.

To make a machine that think like human brain, scientific theories of internal brain
activities (cognitive model) are required.

Two ways of doing this is:

through introspection: catch our thoughts while they go by.

through psychological experiments.

Once we have precise theory of mind, it is possible to express the theory as a

computer program.

The field of cognitive science brings together computer models from AI and
experimental techniques from psychology to try to construct precise and testable
theories of the workings of the human mind.

Introduction 10
Think rationally: The laws of thought approach

Aristotle was one of the first who attempt to codify the right thinking that is
irrefutable reasoning process.

He gave Syllogisms that always yielded correct conclusion when correct premises
are given.

For example:
Ram is a man
All men are mortal
→Ram is mortal

These law of thought were supposed to govern the operation of mind: This study
initiated the field of logic.

The logicist tradition in AI hopes to create intelligent systems using logic

programming.

Introduction 11
However there are two obstacles to this approach.

First, It is not easy to take informal knowledge and state in the formal terms
required by logical notation, particularly when knowledge is not 100%
certain.

Second, solving problem principally is different from doing it in practice.

Introduction 12
Acting Rationally: The rational Agent approach:

Agent is something that acts.

Computer agent is expected to have following attributes:

Autonomous control

Perceiving their environment

Persisting over a prolonged period of time

Adapting to change

And capable of taking on another’s goal

Introduction 13
Rational behavior: doing the right thing.

The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given
the available information.

Rational Agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there
is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.

In the “laws of thought” approach to AI, the emphasis was given to correct
inferences.

Making correct inferences is sometimes part of being a rational agent, because

one way to act rationally is to reason logically to the conclusion and act on that
conclusion.

On the other hand, there are also some ways of acting rationally that cannot be
said to involve inference.

Introduction 14
Applications of AI

1. Autonomous planning and scheduling:

AI can be used for autonomous planning and scheduling.

For example: NASA's Remote Agent program is the first autonomous planning
program to control the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft.

2. Game playing:

We can buy machines that can play master level chess for a few hundred dollars.
There is some AI in them.

3. Autonomous Control:

Safely driving in traffic through the streets, obeying traffic rules and avoiding
pedestrians and other vehicles.

Introduction 15
4. Expert Systems:

A knowledge engineer interviews experts in a certain domain and tries to embody

their knowledge in a computer program for carrying out some task.

For example: MYCIN diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested
treatments.

5. Logistics Planning:

The AI planning techniques allowed a plan to be generated in hours that would have
taken weeks with older methods.

For example: U.S. deployed a Dynamic Analysis and Re-planning Tool, DART(Cross
and Walker), to do automated logistics planning and scheduling for transportation.

Introduction 16
6. Robotics:

AI is hugely applied in Robots that helps us to solve our complex problems easily.

Robots can also be used as vacuum cleaners for home use.

7. Language understanding and problem solving(Speech Recognition ):

It is possible to instruct some computers using speech.

8. Computer Vision:

Computer vision include object detection, event detection and video tracking.

Introduction 17