Data Science Tutorial for Beginners

Data Science has become the most demanding job of the 21st century.
Every organization is looking for candidates with knowledge of data
science. In this tutorial, we are giving an introduction to data science, with
data science Job roles, tools for data science, components of data science,
application, etc.

So let's start,

What is Data Science?

Data science is a deep study of the massive amount of data, which
involves extracting meaningful insights from raw, structured, and
unstructured data that is processed using the scientific method, different
technologies, and algorithms.

It is a multidisciplinary field that uses tools and techniques to manipulate

the data so that you can find something new and meaningful.
Data science uses the most powerful hardware, programming systems,
and most efficient algorithms to solve the data related problems. It is the
future of artificial intelligence.

In short, we can say that data science is all about:

o Asking the correct questions and analyzing the raw data.

o Modeling the data using various complex and efficient algorithms.
o Visualizing the data to get a better perspective.
o Understanding the data to make better decisions and finding the final
result.

Example:
Let suppose we want to travel from station A to station B by car. Now, we
need to take some decisions such as which route will be the best route to
reach faster at the location, in which route there will be no traffic jam, and
which will be cost-effective. All these decision factors will act as input
data, and we will get an appropriate answer from these decisions, so this
analysis of data is called the data analysis, which is a part of data science.

Need for Data Science:

Some years ago, data was less and mostly available in a structured form,
which could be easily stored in excel sheets, and processed using BI tools.

But in today's world, data is becoming so vast, i.e., approximately 2.5

quintals bytes of data is generating on every day, which led to data
explosion. It is estimated as per researches, that by 2020, 1.7 MB of data
will be created at every single second, by a single person on earth. Every
Company requires data to work, grow, and improve their businesses.

Now, handling of such huge amount of data is a challenging task for every
organization. So to handle, process, and analysis of this, we required
some complex, powerful, and efficient algorithms and technology, and
that technology came into existence as data Science. Following are some
main reasons for using data science technology:

o With the help of data science technology, we can convert the massive
amount of raw and unstructured data into meaningful insights.
o Data science technology is opting by various companies, whether it is a
big brand or a startup. Google, Amazon, Netflix, etc, which handle the
huge amount of data, are using data science algorithms for better
customer experience.
o Data science is working for automating transportation such as creating a
self-driving car, which is the future of transportation.
o Data science can help in different predictions such as various survey,
elections, flight ticket confirmation, etc.
Data science Jobs:
As per various surveys, data scientist job is becoming the most
demanding Job of the 21st century due to increasing demands for data
science. Some people also called it "the hottest job title of the 21st
century". Data scientists are the experts who can use various statistical
tools and machine learning algorithms to understand and analyze the
data.

The average salary range for data scientist will be approximately $95,000
to $ 165,000 per annum, and as per different researches, about 11.5
millions of job will be created by the year 2026.

Types of Data Science Job

If you learn data science, then you get the opportunity to find the various
exciting job roles in this domain. The main job roles are given below:

1. Data Scientist
2. Data Analyst
3. Machine learning expert
4. Data engineer
5. Data Architect
6. Data Administrator
7. Business Analyst
8. Business Intelligence Manager

Below is the explanation of some critical job titles of data science.

1. Data Analyst:

Data analyst is an individual, who performs mining of huge amount of

data, models the data, looks for patterns, relationship, trends, and so on.
At the end of the day, he comes up with visualization and reporting for
analyzing the data for decision making and problem-solving process.

Skill required: For becoming a data analyst, you must get a good
background in mathematics, business intelligence, data mining, and
basic knowledge of statistics. You should also be familiar with some
computer languages and tools such as MATLAB, Python, SQL, Hive,
Pig, Excel, SAS, R, JS, Spark, etc.
2. Machine Learning Expert:

The machine learning expert is the one who works with various machine
learning algorithms used in data science such as regression, clustering,
classification, decision tree, random forest, etc.

Skill Required: Computer programming languages such as Python, C++,

R, Java, and RHadoop. You should also have an understanding of various
algorithms, problem-solving analytical skill, probability, and statistics.

3. Data Engineer:

A data engineer works with massive amount of data and responsible for
building and maintaining the data architecture of a data science project.
Data engineer also works for the creation of data set processes used in
modelling, mining, acquisition, and verification.

Skill required: Data engineer must have depth knowledge of SQL,

Mongo DB, Cassandra, Base, Apache Spark, Hive, Map Reduce,
with language knowledge of Python, C/C++, Java, Perl, etc.

4. Data Scientist:

A data scientist is a professional who works with an enormous amount of

data to come up with compelling business insights through the
deployment of various tools, techniques, methodologies, algorithms, etc.

Skill required: To become a data scientist, one should have technical

language skills such as R, SAS, SQL, Python, Hive, Pig, Apache
spark, MATLAB. Data scientists must have an understanding of
Statistics, Mathematics, visualization, and communication skills.

Prerequisite for Data Science

Non-Technical Prerequisite:
o Curiosity: To learn data science, one must have curiosities. When you
have curiosity and ask various questions, then you can understand the
business problem easily.
o Critical Thinking: It is also required for a data scientist so that you can
find multiple new ways to solve the problem with efficiency.
o Communication skills: Communication skills are most important for a
data scientist because after solving a business problem, you need to
communicate it with the team.
Technical Prerequisite:
o Machine learning: To understand data science, one needs to understand
the concept of machine learning. Data science uses machine learning
algorithms to solve various problems.
o Mathematical modelling: Mathematical modelling is required to make
fast mathematical calculations and predictions from the available data.
o Statistics: Basic understanding of statistics is required, such as mean,
median, or standard deviation. It is needed to extract knowledge and
obtain better results from the data.
o Computer programming: For data science, knowledge of at least one
programming language is required. R, Python, Spark are some required
computer programming languages for data science.
o Databases: The depth understanding of Databases such as SQL is
essential for data science to get the data and to work with data.

Difference between BI and Data Science

BI stands for business intelligence, which is also used for data analysis of
business information: Below are some differences between BI and Data
sciences:

Criterion Business intelligence Data science

Data Business intelligence deals with Data science deals with structured
Source structured data, e.g., data warehouse. unstructured data, e.g., webl
feedback, etc.

Method Analytical(historical data) Scientific(goes deeper to know the rea

for the data report)

Skills Statistics and Visualization are the two Statistics, Visualization, and Mac
skills required for business intelligence. learning are the required skills for d
science.

Focus Business intelligence focuses on both Data science focuses on past d

Past and present data present data, and also future predictio
Data Science Components:

The main components of Data Science are given below:

1. Statistics: Statistics is one of the most important components of data

science. Statistics is a way to collect and analyse the numerical data in a
large amount and finding meaningful insights from it.

2. Domain Expertise: In data science, domain expertise binds data

science together. Domain expertise means specialized knowledge or skills
of a particular area. In data science, there are various areas for which we
need domain experts.

3. Data engineering: Data engineering is a part of data science, which

involves acquiring, storing, retrieving, and transforming the data. Data
engineering also includes metadata (data about data) to the data.

4. Visualization: Data visualization is meant by representing data in a

visual context so that people can easily understand the significance of
data. Data visualization makes it easy to access the huge amount of data
in visuals.

5. Advanced computing: Heavy lifting of data science is advanced

computing. Advanced computing involves designing, writing, debugging,
and maintaining the source code of computer programs.

6. Mathematics: Mathematics is the critical part of data science.

Mathematics involves the study of quantity, structure, space, and
changes. For a data scientist, knowledge of good mathematics is
essential.

7. Machine learning: Machine learning is backbone of data science.

Machine learning is all about to provide training to a machine so that it
can act as a human brain. In data science, we use various machine
learning algorithms to solve the problems.

Tools for Data Science

Following are some tools required for data science:

o Data Analysis tools: R, Python, Statistics, SAS, Jupiter, R Studio,

MATLAB, Excel, and Rapid Miner.
o Data Warehousing: ETL, SQL, RHadoop, Informatics/Talent, AWS
Redshift
o Data Visualization tools: R, Jupiter, and Tableau, Congo’s.
o Machine learning tools: Spark, Mahout, Azure ML studio.

Machine learning in Data Science

To become a data scientist, one should also be aware of machine learning
and its algorithms, as in data science; there are various machine learning
algorithms which are broadly being used. Following are the name of some
machine learning algorithms used in data science:

o Regression
o Decision tree
o Clustering
o Principal component analysis
o Support vector machines
o Naive Bayes
o Artificial neural network
o Apriority

We will provide you some brief introduction for few of the important
algorithms here,

1. Linear Regression Algorithm: Linear regression is the most popular

machine learning algorithm based on supervised learning. This algorithm
work on regression, which is a method of modelling target values based
on independent variables. It represents the form of the linear equation,
which has a relationship between the set of inputs and predictive output.
This algorithm is mostly used in forecasting and predictions. Since it
shows the linear relationship between input and output variable, hence it
is called linear regression.
 The below equation can describe the relationship between x and y
variables:

1. Y= exec

Where, y= Dependent variable

X= independent variable
M= slope
C= intercept.

2. Decision Tree: Decision Tree algorithm is another machine learning

algorithm, which belongs to the supervised learning algorithm. This is one
of the most popular machine learning algorithms. It can be used for both
classification and regression problems.

In the decision tree algorithm, we can solve the problem, by using tree
representation in which, each node represents a feature, each branch
represents a decision, and each leaf represents the outcome.

Following is the example for a Job offer problem:

In the decision tree, we start from the root of the tree and compare the
values of the root attribute with record attribute. On the basis of this
comparison, we follow the branch as per the value and then move to the
next node. We continue comparing these values until we reach the leaf
node with predicated class value.

3. K-Means Clustering: K-means clustering is one of the most popular

algorithms of machine learning, which belongs to the unsupervised
learning algorithm. It solves the clustering problem.

If we are given a data set of items, with certain features and values, and
we need to categorize those set of items into groups, so such type of
problems can be solved using k-means clustering algorithm.

K-means clustering algorithm aims at minimizing an objective function,

which known as squared error function, and it is given as:
Where, J (V) => Objective function
'||xi - vp||' => Euclidean distance between xi and VP.
Cu' => Number of data points in i cluster.
t

C => Number of clusters.

How to solve a problem in Data Science using

Machine learning algorithms?
Now, let's understand what are the most common types of problems
occurred in data science and what is the approach to solving the
problems. So in data science, problems are solved using algorithms, and
below is the diagram representation for applicable algorithms for possible
questions:

Is this A or B? :

We can refer to this type of problem which has only two fixed solutions
such as Yes or No, 1 or 0, may or may not. And this type of problems can
be solved using classification algorithms.

Is this different? :

We can refer to this type of question which belongs to various patterns,

and we need to find odd from them. Such type of problems can be solved
using Anomaly Detection Algorithms.

How much or how many?

The other type of problem occurs which ask for numerical values or
figures such as what is the time today, what will be the temperature
today, can be solved using regression algorithms.

How is this organized?

Now if you have a problem which needs to deal with the organization of
data, then it can be solved using clustering algorithms.

Clustering algorithm organizes and groups the data based on features,

colours, or other common characteristics.

Data Science Lifecycle

The life-cycle of data science is explained as below diagram.

The main phases of data science life cycle are given below:
1. Discovery: The first phase is discovery, which involves asking the right
questions. When you start any data science project, you need to
determine what are the basic requirements, priorities, and project budget.
In this phase, we need to determine all the requirements of the project
such as the number of people, technology, time, data, an end goal, and
then we can frame the business problem on first hypothesis level.

2. Data preparation: Data preparation is also known as Data Mugging.

In this phase, we need to perform the following tasks:

o Data cleaning
o Data Reduction
o Data integration
o Data transformation,

After performing all the above tasks, we can easily use this data for our
further processes.

3. Model Planning: In this phase, we need to determine the various

methods and techniques to establish the relation between input variables.
We will apply exploratory data analytics (EDA) by using various statistical
formula and visualization tools to understand the relations between
variable and to see what data can inform us. Common tools used for
model planning are:

o SQL Analysis Services

o R
o SAS
o Python

4. Model-building: In this phase, the process of model building starts.

We will create datasets for training and testing purpose. We will apply
different techniques such as association, classification, and clustering, to
build the model.

Following are some common Model building tools:

o SAS Enterprise Miner

o WEKA
o SPCS Modeller
o MATLAB
5. Operationalize: In this phase, we will deliver the final reports of the
project, along with briefings, code, and technical documents. This phase
provides you a clear overview of complete project performance and other
components on a small scale before the full deployment.

6. Communicate results: In this phase, we will check if we reach the

goal, which we have set on the initial phase. We will communicate the
findings and final result with the business team.

Applications of Data Science:

o Image recognition and speech recognition:
Data science is currently using for Image and speech recognition.
When you upload an image on Facebook and start getting the
suggestion to tag to your friends. This automatic tagging suggestion
uses image recognition algorithm, which is part of data science.
When you say something using, "Ok Google, Sire, Cortina", etc., and
these devices respond as per voice control, so this is possible with
speech recognition algorithm.
o Gaming world:
In the gaming world, the use of Machine learning algorithms is
increasing day by day. EA Sports, Sony, Nintendo, are widely using
data science for enhancing user experience.
o Internet search:
When we want to search for something on the internet, then we use
different types of search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Bing, Ask,
etc. All these search engines use the data science technology to
make the search experience better, and you can get a search result
with a fraction of seconds.
o Transport:
Transport industries also using data science technology to create
self-driving cars. With self-driving cars, it will be easy to reduce the
number of road accidents.
o Healthcare:
In the healthcare sector, data science is providing lots of benefits.
Data science is being used for tumour detection, drug discovery,
medical image analysis, virtual medical bots, etc.
o Recommendation systems:
Most of the companies, such as Amazon, Netflix, Google Play, etc.,
are using data science technology for making a better user
experience with personalized recommendations. Such as, when you
search for something on Amazon, and you started getting
suggestions for similar products, so this is because of data science
technology.
o Risk detection:
Finance industries always had an issue of fraud and risk of losses,
but with the help of data science, this can be rescued.
Most of the finance companies are looking for the data scientist to
avoid risk and any type of losses with an increase in customer
satisfaction.