MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

DATE : 06/07/2016

LECTURER: MR O MADAKADZE
TOPIC : INTEGRATION

CASE 3: INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

f (x)
e
∫e f ( x)
dx = '
f (x)
+c

Exercise

1. ∫ e4 x dx
1
x
2. ∫ e 5 dx
3. ∫ e x ( e x −1 ) dx
4. e 3 x−2 dx
5. ∫ 3 e dx
1−x

3x
e −2
6. ∫ x
dx
e
3x
e +4
7. ∫ 2 x dx
e
8. ∫ 4+ 4 e +e
x −tanx
dx
9. ∫ e sinx dx

Solution
4x
∫ e4 x dx= e4 +k

3x
∫ e e 2+4
x
dx =∫ (e ¿¿ 3 x+ 4) e dx ¿
−2 x

¿ ∫ ( e x + 4 e−2 x ) dx
−2 x
4e
x
¿e + +C
−2
x −2 x
¿ e −2 e +C
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

CASE 4: INTEGRAL OF THE FORM;

k f 1 (x) f ' (x)

a. ∫ f (x )
dx =k ∫
f (x )
dx

¿ k ∈|f (x )|+C
2
f (x ) sin2 x
b. ∫ f ( x ) × f ' ( x ) dx= + ¿C e . g∫ sinxcosx= +C ¿
2 2
OR
n+1
f (x ) sin 4 x
∫ f n ( x ) × f ' ( x )= n+ 1
+C e . g . ∫ sin3 xcosxdx=
4
+C

Exercise
2
3x
1. ∫ 3 dx
x −4
2
6x
2. ∫ 3 dx
x −4
3. ∫ cotxdx
4 x−8
4. ∫ 2 dx
x −4 x+5
2
sec x
5. ∫ dx
tanx
6. ∫ tanx sec xdx
2

¿x
7. ∫ dx
x
−1
sin ( x )
8. ∫ dx
√1−x2
1
9. ∫ 2 dx
√ a −b x2
1
10. ∫ dx
( 4−x )2
−1
11. ∫ 2 2 dx
√ a −x
1
12. ∫ 2 2 dx
a +x
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

1
13. ∫ 2
dx
81+(3 x )

Solution
d 1
6. dx ( sin x )=
−1

√ 1−x 2
From; let y=sin−1 (x)
x=siny
dx
=cosy
dy

2 2
sin y +cos y=1
2 2
cos y =1−sin y

cosy =√ 1−sin2 y

1 1
=
dx cosy
dy
dy 1
=
dx √ 1−x 2

−1
sin (x)
∴∫ dx=¿ ¿ ¿
√1−x 2
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

1 1
10. ∫ dx=∫ dx
√ 4−x 2
√ 2 −x 2
2

−1 x
¿ sin +C
2

d −1 −1
cos x=
dx √ 1−x 2
d −1 1
tan x=
dx 1+ x
2

a. ∫ 2
1
a +x
2
1
dx = tan−1
a
x
=
1
a a ×1 ()
coefficient of x

b. ∫ 1
81+ ( 3 x ) 2
dx=
9
1
×3
tan−1
3x
9
+C ( )
1
¿ tan−1
27
x
3
+C ()
CASE 5: INTEGRATION OF PRODUCTS
 We refer to products where neither function is a derivative of the other.
 Use
∫ Udv=Uv−∫ Vdu

TIPS FOR CHOOSING U AND DV

 When ¿is involved in the integral, then take ¿as uand the other part/function becomes dv
 If ¿is absent but x nis contained in the integral, then x nbecomes uand the other function
becomes dv
 In the absence of ( ¿ ; x n ) ; e nxbecomes u

Exercise

1. ∫ x ∈ xdx
2. ∫ e2 x cosxdx
3. ∫ x 2 e x dx
4. ∫ e3 x sin 2 xdx
5. ∫ ¿ ( x +2 ) dx
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

Solution

∫ x ∈ xdx
let u=¿ x ; dv=x
2
du 1 x
= v=
dx x 2

( ) ( )
2 2
x x 1
∫ Udv=( ¿ x ) 2
−∫ × dx
2 x
2
x x
¿ ∈x −∫ dx
2 2
2 2
x x
¿ ∈x − +C
2 4

CASE 6: INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS

 The numerator is not the derivative of the denominator
 So break into partial fractions, then integrate
 Remember partial fractions rules

3 4
x + 4 x +5
1. If 3 ; 3 ;divide (long division)
x x
x x
2. 2 = ;partialise
x −4 (x−2)( x+2)
A B
¿ +
x−2 x +2

2 x+5 A B Cx+ D
= + + 2
( x+3 ) (x +1) x +3 (x +3) x +1
2 2 2

Exercise
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

dx=∫ (1+
x−1 )
x +3 4
a. ∫ x−1 dx

1
¿ x +4 ∫ dx
x−1
¿ x +4 ∈| x−1|+C
2
b. ∫ x+x 1 dx
2
x +1
c. ∫ 2 dx
x −1
2
x
d. ∫ 2
dx
( x +1)(x−1)
2
6 x +7
e. Show that ∫ dx=¿ 12
1 ( 2 x−1 )( x +2 )
3
3
Hence find the exact value of ∫ dx giving your answer as a single
2 ( 2 x +1)(x−1)
logarithm.
Solution
2
6 x+7
∫ ( 2 x−1)(x +2)
dx
1

6 x +7 A B
dx= +
(2 x−1)(x+ 2) 2 x−1 x +2

6 x +7=A ( x +2 ) + B ( 2 x −1 )

let x=−2
6 (−2 ) +7= A (−2+2 ) + B(2 (−2 )−2)
−12+7=−5 B
−5=−5 B
B=1

1
let x=
2

6 ( 12 )+ 7= A ( 12 +2)+B (2( 12 )−1)

MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

5
3+7= A+0
2
A=4

6 x +7 4 1
∴ = +
(2 x−1)(x +2) 2 x−1 x +2

2 2
∴∫
1
6 x +7
(2 x−1)(x +2)
dx=∫
4
1 2 x−3
+ (1
x+ 2
dx )
2 2
4 1
¿ 4∫ dx +∫ dx
1 2 x−1 1 x+ 2

[(
¿ 4
1
2 ) ]
∈|2 x−1| +¿|x +2| 21¿

¿ [ 2∈|2 x −1|+¿|x +2|] 1

2

¿ ( 2∈3+¿ 4 )−(2∈1+ ¿3)

¿ 2∈3+¿ 4−¿ 3
¿∈3+¿ 4
¿∈ ( 3 × 4 )
¿∈12 shown

10 10

∫ x 2−57 x−6 dx=∫ ( x −67) ( x+1 ) dx

7 7

7 A B
= +
( x−6 ) ( x+ 1 ) ( x−6 ) ( x+ 1 )
7=A ( x+1 )+ B(x −6)

let x=−1

7=0+ B(−1−6)
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

7=−7 B
B=−1

let x=6

7=A ( 6+1 )
7=7 A
A=1

7 1 1
∴ = −
(x+ 1)( x−6) x−6 x +1

10 10
7 7
∴∫ 2 dx=∫ 2 dx
7 x −5 x−6 7 x −5 x−6

10
¿∫
7
( x−6
1
−
x +1 )
1
dx

¿ [ ( ¿|x−6|−¿| x+1|) ]
10
7

¿ ( ¿ 4−¿ 11 )−(¿ 1−¿ 8)

¿∈4−¿11+¿ 8
¿∈4 +¿ 8−¿ 11
¿∈32−¿ 11

¿∈( 3211 ) shown

DATE : 08/07/2016

LECTURER: MR O MADAKADZE
TOPIC : INTEGRATION

MORE ABOUT INTEGRATION OF TRIGS

a. Powers of sine and cosine
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

b. Products of sine and cosine

POWERS OF SINE AND COSINE
a. Use of double angle formulae for all even powers
2 1
sin x= ( 1−cos 2 x )
2
2 1
cos x= ( 1+cos 2 x )
2
Exercise

1. ∫ cos 2 2θdθ
2. ∫ sin 2 3 θdθ
3. ∫ cos 2 5 x dx
5θ
4. ∫ sin 2 2 dθ
Solution
1
1. ∫ cos 2 2θdθ=¿∫ 2 ( 1+ cos ( 2 θ ) 2 ) dθ ¿
1
¿ ∫ (1+cos 4 θ)dθ
2
1
¿ ∫ ( 1+cos 4 θ ) dθ
2
1
(
¿ θ+
2
sin 4 θ
4 )
+C

2. ∫ sin 4 xdx=∫ ( sin2 x ) dx

¿ ∫ ( (1−cos 2 x )) dx
2
1
2

∫ cos 6 3 θdθ=∫ ( cos 2 3 θ ) dθ

3
3.

Integration when the powers are odd

 For powers of sine and cosine
 First rewrite the given function in the form sin2 x … … x sinn−2; cos 2 x … … x xos n−2

Example

∫ sin 3 x dx=∫ sin2 x × sinxdx

MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

¿ ∫ sinx ( 1−cos 2 x ) dx

¿ ∫ ( sinx−sinx cos 2 x ) dx

¿−cosx +∫ cos x (−¿ sinx)dx ¿

2

3
cos x
¿−cosx+ +C
3

∫ cos 5 xdx=∫ cos 2 x × cos3 xdx

¿ ∫ (1−sin x)cos x dx
2 3

¿ ∫ ( 1−sin2 x ) ( 1−sin 2 x ) cosxdx

¿ ∫ ( 1−2 sin 2 x +sin4 x ) cosxdx

let u=sinx
dy
=cosx
dx
du=cosxdx

¿ ∫ 1−2 u +u du
2 4

∫ sin 3 5 xdx=∫ sin 2 5 x × sin5 xdx

¿ ∫ ( 1−cos2 x 5 x ) sin5 xdx

¿ ∫ sin 5 x−sin 5 x cos 5 xdx

2

3
−1 2 cos 5 xdx
¿ cos 5 x− +C
5 3
2 3
−1cos 5 x cos 5 x
¿ − +C
5 3

7
cos 2 θdθ
Product of sine and cosine where one factor is odd and the other is even (having same
argument
 Method for an odd power is the best
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

∫ (sin ¿ ¿ 3 x ¿ ×cos 2 x ) dx=∫ sin2 xsinx cos2 xdx ¿ ¿

¿ ∫ [ ( 1−cos x ) sinx cos x ] dx
2 2

¿ ∫ ( sinx cos 2 x−sinx cos 4 x ) dx

3 5
−cos x cos x
¿ + +C
3 5
5 3
cos x cos
¿ − +C
5 3
 Products of sine and cosine in the form sinax ×cosbx where a is not equal to b and
a> b .
 Use the formula;
1
1. sinAcosB= [ sin ( A + B ) +sin ( A−B ) ]only when A> B
2
1
2. cosAsinB= [ sin ( A +B )−sin ( A−B ) ]only when A> B
2
1
3. cos AcosA= [ cos ( A+ B )+ cos ( A−B ) ]only when A> B
2
1
4. sinAsinB= [ cos ( A−B )−cos ( A + B ) ]only when A> B
2
Exercise

1. ∫ (cos 5 xsin 3 x )dx

2. ∫ ( sin 4 xcos 2 x ) dx
3. ∫ ( cos 6 xcos 4 x ) dx
4. ∫ (sin 5 xsinx)dx

Solution to number 1
1
∫ ( cos 5 xsin 3 x ) dx =¿ 2 ∫ ( sin 8 x−sin 2 x ) dx ¿
¿
2[ 8
−
2 (
1 −cos 8 x −cos 2 x
+C )]
¿
2[
1 cos 2 x cos 8 x
2
−
8
+C
]
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

cos 2 x cos 8 x
¿ − +C
4 16

INTEGRATION OF tann ax ¿ ODD OR EVEN¿

 Use the identity 1+ tan2 x=sec 2 x

ONE STEP AT A TIME
n+1
tan x
 Then remember ∫ tann x sec 2 xdx=
n+1
Exercise

1. ∫ tan xdx
2

2. tan3 xdx
3. ∫ tan xdx
4

4. ∫ tan5 x dx
5. ∫ tan7 x dx
Solution

∫ tan2 xdx=∫ ( sec 2 x−1 ) dx

¿ tanx−x+C

∫ tan3 xdx=∫ ( sec2 x−1 ) tanxdx

¿ ∫ ( tan sec 2 x−tanx ) dx
2
tan x |
¿ +¿ cosx|+C
2

∫ tan4 xdx=∫ (tan ¿ ¿ 2 x × tan2 x )dx ¿

¿ ∫ ( sec 2 x−1 ) tan2 xdx one step ata time

¿ ∫ ( tan 2 x sec 2 x−tan 2 x ) dx

3
tan x
−∫ tan xdx
2
¿
3
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

3
tan x
¿ −∫ ( sec¿¿ 2 x−1)dx ¿
3
3
tan x
¿ −tanx+ x+ C
3
Practice Exercise
1. Find the area bounded by curve y=x 2−6 x +5 ; x−axis, and ordinates 1and 3
Solution
x2

A=∫ ydx
x1

3
A=∫ x −6 x+5 dx
2

[ ]
3
x 2 3
A= −3 x + 5 x 1¿ ¿
3

A=
( 27
3
2 1
−3 ( 3 ) +5 ( 3 )− −3+5
3 ( ))
A= −3+ ( 5
3 )
−16
A=
3
16 2
∴ A= units
3

2. Show that
1

∫ 1+1x 2 dx= π4 ; using x =tanθ

0
dy 2
=sec θ
dθ

π
1 4

∫ 1+1x 2 dx=∫
0 0
( 1+ tan1 θ sec θ) dθ
2
2
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

π
4

¿∫
0
( sec1 θ sec θ) dθ when x=0
2
2

0=tanθ
π
4

¿ ∫ 1 dθ x=1
0
tanθ=1
π
¿ [ θ ] 4 ¿ θ=45 ¿
0¿
π 45
¿ −0θ= ×π
4 180
π π
¿ shown θ=
4 4

3. What is ∫ x ¿ ¿using u=1+ x

0
1

∫ x ( u )5 dx u=1+ x du
dx
=1 ; du=dx
0
x=u−1

2 2

∫ (u−1)(u) du=∫ (¿ u6−u 5) du when x=0 , u=1 ¿

5

1 1

[ ]
7 6 2
u u ¿
¿ −
7 6 1 ¿

( )( )
7 6
2 2 1 1
¿ − − −
7 6 7 6
107
¿
14

4. Using u=x3 ;find ∫ 3 x 2 e x dx

3

1
5. ∫ dx using x=sinθ
√ 1−x 2
1
6. ∫ 2
dx using x=2 tanθ
4+x
1
1
7. Show that
∫ 3
¿
0 2 1
( x ¿¿ 2+ 4) dx= using x=2 tanθ
8 √2
Solutions
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

4, using u=x3 ;find ∫ 3 x 2 × e x dx

3

1
3 3 3
u=x since u=x , x=u
du 2 2 u
=3 x x =
dx x
du
dx= 2
3x

∫ 3 x 2 .e x dx=∫ 3 ( ux ) . eu . du
3

2
3x
du
¿∫ 3 x . e .
2 u
2
3x

¿ ∫ e du
u

u
¿ e +l
3

¿ e x +l

1
6. ∫ 4 + x 2 dx using x=2 tanθ
dx 2
=2 sec θ
dθ
1 1
∫ 4 +4 tan2 θ × 2 sec2 θdθ=∫ 2 ( 2
×2 sec θdθ
4 1+ tan θ )
2

1
¿∫
2
2
× sec θdθ
2(1+tan θ)
1
¿∫
2
2
× sec θdθ
2 sec θ
1
¿ ∫ dθ
2
1
¿ θ+C
2
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

1 1
1 1
7. ∫ 3
dx=∫ 3
2
2 sec θdθ x=2 tanθ
0 0
( x 2+ 4 ) 2 2
(4 tan θ+ 4) 2

1
1 dx
¿∫ ×2 sec 2 θdθ =2 sec 2 θ
[ 4 ( tan θ +1) ] dθ
3
0 2 2

1
1
¿∫ ¿
0
¿¿

[ ]
3 1

( )∫
2
1 2 sec θ
¿ 2
3
dθ
4 0 sec θ
1
1 2
¿ ∫
8 0 secθ
dθ
1
1
¿ ∫ ( 2 ) ( cosθ ) dθ
80
2
¿ [ sinθ ] 0¿
1
8
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

DATE : 06/07/2016

LECTURER: MR O MADAKADZE
TOPIC : INTEGRATION

INTEGRATION APPLICATION
a. Area
b. Volume
c. Mean value

a. AREA
 Before finding area needed, sketch the graph
CASES
1. The area between a curve and x−axis
y

x 2=b

Area= ∫ ydx
x 1=a

y=f (x )

ab x
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

2. The area between a curve and y−axis

y

x=g( y)

c
y 2=d

Area= ∫ xdy
y 1=c

Note: x is the subject

3. Area between 2 curves

g(x )

x2

A=∫ |f ( x )−g( x)|dx

x1

f (x)

x1 x2

Note: Area above x−axis is positive, Area below x−axis is negative.

MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

4. The curve cuts x−axis between given limits.

+¿

x1 c x2

−¿

c x2

Area=∫ ydx +∫ −( ydx )

x1 c

Exercise

4 2
1. Find the area between the curve y=x 2 +1and x−axis . ans units
3
2. Calculate the area limited by the curve y=5 x and x−axis . ans 10 units 2

Solution
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

y−axis

−1 1 x−axis

2
y=− x +1

1
Area=∫ (−x¿¿ 2+1)dx ¿
−1

[( )]
3
−x 1
¿¿
¿ +x ¿
3 −1

¿ ( −13 +1)−( 13 −1)

¿ −(
3 )
2 −2
3
4 2
¿ units
3

Question 2

Area bounded by y=sinx ; x−axisin the interval 0 ¿ 2 π

Solution
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

1 y=sinx

π 3π
0 π 2π
2 2

−1

π 2π
Area=∫ sinxdx +¿ ∫ −sinxdx ¿
0 π

¿ [ −cosx ] 0¿ +[cosx ] π¿
π 2π

¿¿

Question 3

37 2
Area between f ( x )=x 3− x2−2 x and x−axis . ans unit
12
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

Solution

y−axis

−1 0 2 x−axis

3 2
0=x −x −2 x

0=x ( x 2−x−2 )

x=0 ,−1 ,2
0 2
Area=∫ ( x −x −2 x ) dx+∫ (−x ¿ ¿ 3+ x + 2 x )dx ¿
3 2 2

−1 0

[ ] [ ]
4 3 2 4 3
x x 2x ¿ + −x + x + x 2 ¿ ¿ ¿
0 2
¿ − −
4 3 2 −1¿ 4 3 0¿

37 2
¿ units
12
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

4, Shaded Area

a.

012x

2 3
y=x −x

b.

y=2cos 6 x

π 3π
0 π x
4 4
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

c.

y n ( x )=√ x+ 1

n ( x )=x−1

−1 0 13 x

d. h ( x )=√ 1−x g ( x )= √ x +1

−1 0 1 x
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

e. Calculate the area between x= y 2 ;the y−axis , y =1and y=2

2
x= y

2
Area=∫ xdy
1

2
¿ ∫ y dy
2

[ ]
3 2
y ¿
¿
3 1 ¿

8 1
¿ −
3 3

7 2
¿ units
3
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

1 1

f. If y=x ,Show by sketch graph that ∫ ydx =1−¿ ∫ xdy ¿

2

0 0

y
2
y=x

01 x

Shaded Area=( Areaof square )−dotted Area

1
¿ 1−∫ xdy shown
0

g.

y=¿ x

4
01e
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

Find the shaded area. ans=e4 −1

1 2
h. Find the area defined by the inequalities y ≤1−x 2and y=1−x . ans= units
6

VOLUME OF REVOLUTION

 Before calculating volume, you may be required to sketch the graph

CASE 1: REVOLUTION ABOUT X −AXIS

ab x

NB: The area bounded by the curve y=f ( x ) ; x−axisand lines x=a and x=b ,is rotated about
the x−axis
b
∴ V =∫ π y dx
2

CASE 2: ROTATING ABOUT Y − AXIS

x=g( y)

d
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

Area bounded by curve x=g ( y ) , y−axis ,and lines y=cand y=d , is rotated about the
y−axis .
d
V =∫ π x dy
2

MEAN VALUE (m)

 Mean value of y=f ( x )over a closed interval a ≤ x ≤ b ,is given as

b
1
m= ∫ ydx
b−a a

Illustration

y=f (x )

ab x

 We are trying to estimate the value of y i.e. m such that the area above the line y=mand
the graph, is equal to the area below the line y=mand the graph. i.e. (shaded regions).
 This is done so that the area we are looking for becomes to the area of the triangle
A=L× W
b
A=∫ ydx=( b−a )( m ) →then make ( m ) the subject
a
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

INTEGRATION OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Example

1. A curve has parametric equations x=at 2and y=2at ,Find the area bounded by the
curve, x−axis , and ordinates t=1and t=2.

Solution
b
Area=∫ ydx x=¿ at ¿
2

a
dx
=2 at
dt
b
¿ ∫ 2 atdx ∴ dx=2 atdt
a
b
¿ ∫ 2 at ( 2 at ) dt
a
2
¿ ∫ 4 a t dt
2 2

1
2
¿4 a
2
∫ t2 dx
1

[ ]
2 3 2
4a t ¿¿
¿
3 1 ¿
2
4a
¿ [ 8−1 ]
3
28 2 2
¿ a units
3

OR
Find the equation in x and y ;then integrate with respect to x .

2. If x=asinθ and y=bcosθ

abπ 2
Find the area under the curve between θ=0and θ=π . ans= units
2
3. x=θ−sinθ
MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

SHOKO JANET T. 16/468

y=1−cosθ
3π 2
Find the area under the curve between θ=0and θ=π . ans= units
2
4. A curve is defined by x=3 t 2∧ y=3 t−t 2 , Find the volume generated when plane
figure bounded by the curve and ordinates t=0 and t=2rotates about
a. x−axis ans=156 unit 2
b. y−axis