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Genetic-environment interaction and genetic advance of superior wheat

mutants by Francis and Kannenberg’s method

Article in Progressive Agriculture · July 2019

DOI: 10.3329/pa.v30i1.42205

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Progressive Agriculture 30 (1): 20-31, 2019 ISSN: 1017 - 8139

Genetic-environment interaction and genetic advance of superior wheat

mutants by Francis and Kannenberg’s method
M Sarkar, J Naher*, AT Hasan, TM Nazim, UK Nath
Department of Genetics and Plant breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.

Abstract
Increasing salinity, in the coastal area, is one of the major reasons of reducing wheat production. It is necessary to
develop high yielding salt tolerant genotypes for sustainable yield of wheat in these areas. In our previous study, 37
lines were selected based on Francis and Kannenberg (1978) method following mean and standard deviation (SD)
constructed in scattered plot diagram. In the present study, these selected lines along with ‘Prodip’ were grown in
two different conditions: one is non-saline condition (BINA, Mymensingh) and another is saline condition (BINA,
Satkhira). These wheat genotypes were evaluated to select the best performing lines which are stable in both the
environment for their yield attributes. In RCBD trail with 3 replications, it was revealed that there were variations
for plant height, flag leaf duration, spike length, spikelets per spike, 100-grain weight, number of tiller and yield per
plant. Plant height, spikelets per spike and yield per plant showed higher heritability, higher phenotypic coefficient
of variation and genetic advance. However, spike length, number of tiller and flag leaf duration showed medium
heritability. Genotype-environment interaction and stability analysis showed variation for plant height, flag leaf
duration, 100 grain weight and yield per plant and the line L-61-18, L-879-2, L-879-22, L-880-7, L-880-18 and L-
880-43 were the most potential and stable genotypes in both saline and non-saline environments for yield. Higher
selection score was obtained from L-880-38 followed by L-879-34 and L-880-36 and lower selection score was
obtained from L-880-34 respectively. Importance should be given on plant height, spike length, spikelet per spike
and yield per plant for selection of salt tolerant wheat line in future wheat research programme.

Key words: Mutants, wheat, yield contributing characters, saline tolerant, Prodip

Progressive Agriculturists. All rights reserved *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Introduction
Wheat (Triticum aestivum), widely cultivated cereal production is decreasing continuously since 1999/2000
grain, is the second most important winter crops in (BBS, 2018). One of the reasons of this scenario of
Bangladesh. After maize, it is also the second most wheat production in Bangladesh is the increasing of
produced cereal crop in the world. Although the global soil salinity.
production of wheat is in increasing trend (FAO, Many soil salinity problems have been reported in
2018/19), in Bangladesh, it is in decreasing trend after large irrigation schemes in many countries in Central
1997 (BBS, 2018). From 2016, the yearly total Asia, where more than 16 Mha of irrigated land are
production is below 5 lakh metric ton (BBS, 2018).Last now salinized (FAO, 2010). It is one of the major
45 years data revealed that the yield rate of wheat in obstacles to decrease in wheat production on millions
Bangladesh is increasing. However, the area of of hectares of land in arid and coastal areas in the

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 G-E interaction and genetic advance of wheat mutants

tropics and sub-tropics. In principle, elevated salinity in heritability, genetic advance and selection index of 37
soils results mainly from two sources such as natural superior lines, selected from our previous study, based
and man-made. Salinity in arid and semiarid areas is on morphological characters, for screening the superior
mainly caused by natural factors viz; low precipitation, mutant lines for salt effected land areas.
high level of evaporation and existence of saline parent
rock. On a global scale, nearly 40% of the earth's land Materials and Methods
surface is potentially endangered by salinity problems
Experimental site and season: The experiment was
of which approximately 19% of the world's agricultural
carried out at two different places:
land is subjected to salt stress (FAO, 1996).
Out of 2.85 million hectares of coastal and offshore Place 1: BINA at Mymensingh (non-saline land):
land of Bangladesh about one million hectare of arable The soil of this experimental area is a medium high
land across around 64 upazillas in 13 coastal and land belonging to the Old Brahmaputra Floodplain
offshore districts are adversely affected by varying Agro-ecological Zone-9 (UNDP and FAO 1988). The
degrees of salinity (Karim et al., 1990) and remains texture of the soil is silty loam having pH 6.7, low in
fallow during the dry months. This is the target area for organic matter and fertility level.
which salt tolerant varieties are needed. The intrusion Place 2: BINA at Satkhira (saline land): The soil of
of sea water during tidal flood and tidal bores along the this experimental area is medium low land belonging to
rivers and estuaries in the coastal belt is the main cause the Ganges Tidal Floodplain Agro-ecological Zone-13
of this salinization. Those soils have highly saline, (UNDP and FAO, 1988). The texture of the soil is
shallow underground water table and subsequent loam having pH range from 6.2-8.4. Satkhira lies about
evaporation of water from the soil increases salinity 1.5 to 11.8 meters above the mean sea level. The CEC
during the dry season. Salinity also moves into inland of the soil range from 14.2-25.2 m.e.%. The organic
areas as well as ground water level due to drainage matter level in Satkhira soil is 1.8-2.2% with N content
deterioration of the flood plain of the Ganges and 0.9 to 0.3%. During the monsoon, salinity level usually
greater use of sea water for shrimp culture. In principle, remains 8-12dS/m. About 146 thousand hectares of
the loss of agricultural land resulting from increasing land in Satkhira are saline. Two types of saline soil are
salinity could be reversed either by soil desalinization found: (i) saline calcareous and non-calcareous soil,
or by the use of salt tolerant varieties (Yeo and Flowers and (ii) saline acid sulphate soil.
1986).
Plant material: Thirty-seven wheat mutants were used
Moreover, various morphological and physiological as experimental material, selected by Francis and
characters contribute to the grain yield. These yield Kannenberg’s method based on high yield in non-
contributing characters are related to each other saline land. The variety ‘Prodip’ was used as control
showing a complex chain of relationship with yield. genotype, collected from wheat research programme,
The effectiveness of increasing yield in a crop depends Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Institute of
upon the genetic variation of the yield related traits Nuclear Agriculture (BINA).
(morphological and physiological). These characters
are to some extent influenced by the growing Experimental design and plant growth conditions:
environment for their potential expression. The The experiment was laid out in Randomized
magnitude of variability and more particularly its Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three
genetic components are clearly the most important replications. The plot size was 6m × 2.5m. The
aspect of the genetic constitution of the breeding distance regarding block to block was 1m, plot to plot
materials. In this study, we have aimed to estimate was 75cm, line to line was 20cm and plant to plant

21
 Sarkar et al. (2019), Progressive Agriculture 30 (1): 20-31

within rows was 5 cm. The seeds were sown on 1st least significant difference (LSD) procedure using Stat
December 2011 in continuous rows keeping the row- Graphics Plus (Statistical Graphics Crop. Rockville,
to-row distance of 30 cm. Finally, plants in a row were USA).
kept at a distance of about 5cm. Thinning was done
Estimation of heritability: Heritability in broad sense
after 10 days of sowing. Two times weeding was done,
(h2b) was estimated according to the formula suggested
oneafter 10 days of sowing seeds and the other after
by Johanson et al. (1955) and Hanson et al. (1956).
irrigation. In raising the experimental crop, one
irrigation was applied. Other intercultural operations Estimation of genetic advance: Genetic advance (GA)
were done as and whenever necessary. The plants were was estimated according to the following formula-
harvested at full maturity. Harvesting was done on 24 Genetic advance (GA) = h2 √ δ2p. i………………Eq. 3
March 2012.
Here,
Statistical analysis: Pooled analysis of variance for
genotype-environment interaction was performed by h2=heritability
the Plant Breeding Statistical Program (PLABSTAT, δ2p=standard deviation
Version 2N) using the following model: i=standardized selection differential

Yijk = µ+gi +ej + rik+geij + εijk……………………Eq. 1 Estimation of selection index: Selection indices were
constructed using the methods developed by Smith
Where, (1936) based on the discriminate function of Fisher
Yijk = observation of genotype i in environment j (1936).
in replication k,
Results and Discussion
µ = general mean,
gi = effect of genotype i, Pooled analysis of variance: It was observed that
ej = effect of environment j, genotypic effects were highly significant for plant
rik = effect of replication k in the environment j, height, spike length and spikelet per spike indicating
geij = genotype x environment interaction of presence of variation among genotypes for these
genotype i with j, characters (Table 1). The environment was also
εijk = residual error of genotype i in environment showed highly significant difference for plant height
j in replication k. and spike length whereas number of tiller and yield per
plant were non-significant for different genotypes. The
Analysis of variance was performed using the plant
genotypes were not significantly different for spike
breeding statistical program (PLBSTAT, Version 2N)
length and 100 grain weight. In case of genotype
with the following model:
environment interaction, it was found that G×E
yij = gi + rj + εij……………………………………Eq. 2 interaction was highly significant for plant height, flag
leaf duration spike length, spikelet per spike and 100-
Where,
grain weight.
yij = observation of genotype i in replication j
Analysis of environmental effect on the performance
gi = effects of genotype i
of the genotypes: Plant height, spike length, number of
rj = effects of replication j,
tiller and yield per plant had the highest value in
εij = the residual error of genotype i in
environment-1 and in environment -2 spikelets per
replicate j.
spike, flag leaf duration, 100-grain weight had highest
The replicates were considered as random variable. value (Table 2). In environment -2, plant height and
Multiple mean comparisons were made with Fisher's

22
 G-E interaction and genetic advance of wheat mutants

spike length had significantly lower values than per plant did not differ significantly between the two
environment-1. The remainder traits including spikelets environments: saline and non-saline.
per spike, number of tillers, 100-grain weight and yield

Table 1. Analysis of variance for seven plant characters in a G×E interaction study with 38 wheat genotypes (37
mutants and ‘Prodip’).

Item Plant height Flag leaf Spike No. of No. of 100 grain Yield/
(cm) duration length Spikelets/ tiller weight (g) plant (g)
(Days) (cm) spike
Genotypes 71.6559** 9.8355 4.26** 17.5865** 6.5624 0.6497 19.27

Environment 7885.669** 5.6842 113.9429** 1.7544 3.4386 0.392 15.1591

Replication 7.5806 0.9518 13.2865 2.5833 1.8289 0.3043 3.6253

G-E 28.0961** 8.0896** 1.7118** 6.2769** 6.2494** 0.8906** 14.8624**

Table 2. Summary mean and LSD value of different plant characters of 38 wheat genotypes in two environments.

Items Plant Flag leaf Spike Spikelets/ No. of 100 grain Yield/plant
height (cm) duration length (cm) spike tiller weight (g) (g)
Environment-1 94.27 100.09 12.04 18.19 9.02 4.18 12.68

Environment-2 82.51 100.4 10.63 18.37 8.77 4.26 12.16

Mean 88.39 100.25 11.33 18.28 8.89 4.22 12.42

LSD 0.05 1.5 0.85 0.41 0.67 0.62 0.25 1.19

Analysis of mean performance of the genotypes: The length. L-61-7 and L-885- 10 had the highest spikelet
mean performances of 37 wheat mutant genotypes with per spike and L-880-36 had the lowest spikelet per
standard check variety ‘Prodip’ over saline and non- spike. L-880-14 had the highest number of tillers which
saline environments were evaluated for seven was not significantly different from L-879-11 and L-
characters presented in (Table 3). From the tabular 880-18 had lowest number of tillers per plant which
results it was observed that the mutant L- 880-5 was was not significantly different from L-879-1. Hundred
significantly tallthan the others. In contrast, l- 879-33 grain weights was highest in L-885-10 that did not
was the shortest plant which did not differ significantly differ significantly with L-879-1 and L-880-27 and L-
with l-61- 28, l-879-1, l-880-26 and l-880-27. The 880-5 was the lowest 100 grain weight. L-880-43 had
check variety, ‘Prodip’ had intermediate height the highest yield per plant and L-880-27 had the lowest
between these two groups. Flag leaf duration was yield per plant. Plant height fluctuates in both the
longest in L-880-11 that did not differ significantly environments and mostly reduced in environment-2.
with the check variety, ‘Prodip’and L-880-18 had
Genotype-environment (G-E) interaction and
shorter flag leaf duration which was not significantly
stability: It was found that differences exist among
different from L-880-13. Spike length was longest in
genotypes for plant height, spikelets per spike, number
L-61-18 that did not differ significantly with the check
of tiller and yield per plant in both saline and non-
variety and l-61-15. L-61-35 had the shortest spike
saline environment.

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 Sarkar et al. (2019), Progressive Agriculture 30 (1): 20-31

Table 3. Mean performances of 37 wheat mutant genotypes and standard check variety ‘Prodip’ for yield and yield
contributing characters averaged over two environments.

Genotypes Plant height Flag leaf Spike Spikelet No. of 100 grain Yield/plant
(cm) duration (days) length (cm) s/spike tiller weight (g) (g)
L-885-10 89.18g-k 99.67h-l 11.37c-h 21.33ab 9.333b-g 4.798a 10.99i-n
L-61-7 87.82j-m 100g-k 11.52c-h 21.5a 9.5b-f 4.278a-g 11.95f-m
L-61-12 88.6h-l 99.17j-l 10.78e-i 20.5a-e 9.667b-e 4.332a-g 12.71e-j
L-61-15 87.28k-n 101.3c-f 13.17ab 20b-g 8.333e-i 4.275a-g 11.54g-m
L-61-18 88.31i-l 98.83kl 14.03a 20b-g 8.167f-j 4.34a-g 11.59g-m
L-61-28 84.25o-r 100.5d-i 12.42bc 19.5c-i 9b-h 3.973c-g 11.73g-m
L-61-33 87.27k-n 101.7cd 11.52c-h 19.17e-i 8.333e-i 4.03b-g 9.218no
L-61-34 89.62f-j 99.83g-k 11.39c-h 20.33a-f 7.667h-k 4.418a-f 11.9f-m
L-61-35 92.7cd 99.67h-l 10.17i 18.67g-k 6.833jk 4.43a-f 10.96j-n
L-61-37 94.03bc 98.83kl 10.75e-i 18.67g-k 8.333e-i 4.512a-e 12.16f-l
L-879-1 84.29o-r 101.8bc 10.52g-i 19.33d-i 6.667k 4.877a 12.22f-l
L-879-2 87.25k-n 101c-g 11.2d-i 15.83pq 9b-h 4.243a-g 11.53g-m
L-879-4 87.55j-n 100.8c-h 10.6f-i 19.5c-i 9.167b-g 4.73ab 10.9j-n
L-879-5 85.42n-p 101.5c-e 11.56c-h 16pq 9.333b-g 4.682a-c 13.74c-f
L-879-11 84.53o-q 98.5lm 11.03d-i 20.83a-c 10.33ab 3.833e-g 12.57f-j
L-879-22 85.8m-o 100.2f-j 10.8e-i 17m-p 9.5b-f 4.31a-g 15.4bc
L-879-32 88.48i-l 99.67h-l 10.82e-i 17.67j-n 9.333b-g 4.232a-g 13.22d-g
L-879-33 82.28r 100.5d-i 11.63c-f 18.5h-l 10a-d 3.983c-g 12.89e-i
L-879-34 89.27g-k 100.7c-i 11.45c-h 18.17i-m 9.5b-f 3.765fg 12.54f-j
L-880-1 92.9cd 101.8bc 10.7e-i 17m-p 8.333e-i 4.44a-f 12f-m
L-880-5 98.02a 100.8c-h 11.05d-i 19.67c-h 10.17a-c 3.635g 10.33l-o
L-880-7 86.89l-n 99.5i-l 10.92e-i 17m-p 9.333b-g 4.218a-g 13.1d-h
L-880-10 87.92j-m 100.2f-j 11.2d-i 18.33h-m 9.333b-g 3.958c-g 12.28f-k
L-880-11 87.68j-m 103.3a 11.52c-h 17m-p 9.833b-d 4.043b-g 12.68f-j
L-880-13 85.92m-o 97.33mn 11.2d-i 16.17o-q 8.833c-h 4.41a-f 10.46k-o
L-880-14 92.27c-e 100.3e-j 12.05cd 17.5k-o 11.33a 3.767fg 10.2m-o
L-880-15 85.35n-p 100.5d-i 11.25d-i 16.17o-q 9b-h 3.73fg 11.82g-m
L-880-17 88.24i-l 100.7c-i 10.62e-i 15.83pq 9.167b-g 4.273a-g 11.27h-m
L-880-18 88.27i-l 97.17n 11.07d-i 17.5k-o 6.667k 3.972c-g 12.62f-j
L-880-19 91.28d-g 100.7c-i 11.37c-h 17m-p 8g-k 4.652a-d 13.16d-h
L-880-20 91.85c-f 99.67h-l 10.79e-i 16.5n-o 8.167f-j 4.16a-g 15.3bc
L-880-26 83.53p-r 99.5i-l 11.6c-g 20.67a-d 9.5b-f 3.9e-g 14.85b-d
L-880-27 82.57qr 100.3e-j 11.7c-e 18.33h-m 9b-h 4.785a 8.638o
L-880-34 87.54j-n 100.8c-h 10.7e-i 19f-j 9.333b-g 3.723fg 13.31d-g
L-880-36 90.37e-i 98.83kl 11.02d-i 15q 8g-k 4.023b-g 12.24f-l
L-880-38 90.79d-h 99.83g-k 10.49hi 17m-p 7i-k 3.933d-g 14.62b-e
L-880-43 88.37i-l 100.8c-h 10.79e-i 19.33d-i 8.667d-h 4.39a-f 17.44a
Prodip 95.27b 103ab 13.89a 17.17l-p 10.33ab 4.273a-g 15.83ab
Mean 88.39 100.25 11.33 18.28 8.89 4.22 12.42
Min 73.6 95 8.6 14 4 2.58 5.44
Max 109 105 16 25 14 6.35 20.5
LSD (0.05) 6.2 3.33 1.53 2.93 2.92 1.1 4.51

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 G-E interaction and genetic advance of wheat mutants

Variation was low in case of flag leaf duration, spike minimum value in L-880-27 (85.17cm) whereas in
length and 100-grain weight (Table 4). saline environment, ‘Prodip’ had maximum plant
height and L-879-22 had minimum value. Variation
In case of plant height in non-saline environment
was prominent for the characters plant height, spikelets
maximum value was found in L- 880-5 (107.07cm) and
per spike, number of tiller and yield per plant.

Table. 4. Analysis of mean for genotype-environment interaction on yield and yield contributing characters of 37
wheat mutants including ‘Prodip’.

Genotypes Environments Plant height Flag leaf Spike length Spikelets/ No. of 100 grain Yield/plant
(cm) duration (days) (cm) spike tiller weight (g) (g)
L-885-10 Env-1 96.07 98.33 12.15 23 8 4.68 9.26
Env-2 82.3 101 10.6 19.67 10.67 4.92 12.72
L-61-7 Env-1 91.87 99.33 12.37 20.67 11 4.07 11.32
Env-2 83.78 100.67 10.67 22.33 8 4.49 12.59
L-61-12 Env-1 92.4 99.67 12.33 21 10.33 4.39 12.22
Env-2 84.8 98.67 9.23 20 9 4.28 13.19
L-61-15 Env-1 91.33 100.67 14 19 9 3.82 10.86
Env-2 83.23 102 12.33 21 7.67 4.73 12.23
L-61-18 Env-1 93.4 98.67 13.03 19.33 9.33 5.1 11.68
Env-2 83.23 99 15.03 20.67 7 3.58 11.5
L-61-28 Env-1 91.33 101.67 12.6 19.33 10.67 3.73 10.59
Env-2 77.17 99.33 12.23 19.67 7.33 4.22 12.86
L-61-33 Env-1 91.93 102.33 12.8 18 6.67 4.15 6.07
Env-2 82.6 101 10.23 20.33 10 3.91 12.37
L-61-34 Env-1 94.93 99.67 11.23 19.67 6.33 4.82 12.16
Env-2 84.3 100 11.54 21 9 4.01 11.64
L-61-35 Env-1 97.07 100 10.77 20.33 8.33 4.06 10.51
Env-2 88.33 99.33 9.57 17 5.33 4.8 11.42
L-61-37 Env-1 99.73 98.33 11.23 18.67 8 5.09 12.75
Env-2 88.33 99.33 10.26 18.67 8.67 3.93 11.57
L-879-1 Env-1 85.53 102.33 10.8 20.33 5.67 5.38 12.4
Env-2 83.05 101.33 10.23 18.33 7.67 4.37 12.03
L-879-2 Env-1 96.27 100.33 12.2 16.67 9 4.03 13.63
Env-2 78.23 101.67 10.2 15 9 4.45 9.43
L-879-4 Env-1 96.6 103.67 11.07 19.33 9.67 5.12 10.44
Env-2 78.5 98 10.13 19.67 8.67 4.34 11.37
L-879-5 Env-1 90.13 101.67 12.05 16.33 8.67 4.47 16.13
Env-2 80.7 101.33 11.07 15.67 10 4.89 11.36
L-879-11 Env-1 93.27 98.33 11.4 21.33 9.33 3.88 11.02
Env-2 75.8 98.67 10.67 20.33 11.33 3.79 14.13
L-879-22 Env-1 96.4 99 11.63 17.33 9.33 4.1 19.59
Env-2 75.2 101.33 9.97 16.67 9.67 4.52 11.21
L-879-32 Env-1 94 99.67 11.77 17 9.33 3.61 14.85
Env-2 82.97 99.67 9.87 18.33 9.33 4.86 11.59

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 Sarkar et al. (2019), Progressive Agriculture 30 (1): 20-31

L-879-33 Env-1 89 100.67 12.92 19.33 9.67 3.59 13.36

Env-2 75.55 100.33 10.33 17.67 10.33 4.38 12.41
L-879-34 Env-1 95.6 97.33 12.27 17.67 9.33 3.84 13.16
Env-2 82.93 104 10.63 18.67 9.67 3.69 11.93
L-880-1 Env-1 98.73 103.33 11.8 16.33 9.33 4.95 12.03
Env-2 87.07 100.33 9.6 17.67 7.33 3.93 11.96
L-880-5 Env-1 107.07 101.33 11.63 18.33 11.33 3.56 10.67
Env-2 88.97 100.33 10.47 21 9 3.71 9.99
L-880-7 Env-1 94.07 98.33 11.9 16 12.33 4.44 13.05
Env-2 79.72 100.67 9.93 18 6.33 4 13.14
L-880-10 Env-1 93.97 100.67 11.99 20.33 8.67 3.65 12.97
Env-2 81.87 99.67 10.41 16.33 10 4.26 11.59
L-880-11 Env-1 96.07 104 13.1 17 9.67 3.75 14.33
Env-2 79.3 102.67 9.94 17 10 4.34 11.04
L-880-13 Env-1 95.87 96 12.04 16.67 9.67 3.99 9.48
Env-2 75.97 98.67 10.37 15.67 8 4.83 11.45
L-880-14 Env-1 99.33 101.67 13.27 18.67 11.33 3.88 7.76
Env-2 85.2 99 10.83 16.33 11.33 3.66 12.64
L-880-15 Env-1 91.53 101.67 11.67 17 9 3.32 11.68
Env-2 79.17 99.33 10.83 15.33 9 4.14 11.95
L-880-17 Env-1 94.68 100.33 12.2 17 8.67 3.79 11.88
Env-2 81.8 101 9.03 14.67 9.67 4.75 10.66
L-880-18 Env-1 92 96 11.9 16 6.33 4.12 13.6
Env-2 84.53 98.33 10.24 19 7 3.83 11.63
L-880-19 Env-1 96.13 100 11.9 14.67 7.67 5.03 14.4
Env-2 86.43 101.33 10.84 19.33 8.33 4.28 11.91
L-880-20 Env-1 95.47 98.67 11.77 17.33 7.33 3.73 18.21
Env-2 88.23 100.67 9.8 15.67 9 4.59 12.39
L-880-26 Env-1 88.73 98 12.13 20.33 9.67 4.4 16.09
Env-2 78.33 101 11.08 21 9.33 3.4 13.62
L-880-27 Env-1 85.17 99 11.97 17 8.67 4.58 9.42
Env-2 79.97 101.67 11.43 19.67 9.33 4.99 7.86
L-880-34 Env-1 93.2 101.67 11.63 18.67 9.67 3.84 11.57
Env-2 81.88 100 9.77 19.33 9 3.61 15.05
L-880-36 Env-1 97.03 97.33 11.54 14.33 9.67 3.37 10.1
Env-2 83.7 100.33 10.5 15.67 6.33 4.68 14.37
L-880-38 Env-1 95.22 100.67 11.32 16.33 8.33 3.75 17.4
Env-2 86.37 99 9.67 17.67 5.67 4.11 11.84
L-880-43 Env-1 94.57 99 11.9 19.67 8.67 4.98 16.93
Env-2 82.17 102.67 9.69 19 8.67 3.8 17.95
Prodip Env-1 96.73 104 13.25 15.33 9 3.68 18.13
Env-2 93.8 102 14.53 19 11.67 4.87 13.53
LSD (0.05) 6.2 3.33 1.53 2.93 2.92 1.1 4.51

26
 G-E interaction and genetic advance of wheat mutants

‘Prodip’ and L-880-11 had higher flag leaf duration in lower value. Yield per plant for the wheat genotype
non-saline environment and L-880-13 had lower flag was found highly fluctuated in both environments.
leaf duration. In case of saline and non-saline Fluctuation was found for the lines L-879-22, L-61-33,
environment flag leaf duration ranged from 104 to 98 L-880-10, L- 880-27, L-880-36 and ‘Prodip’. More or
days and higher flag leaf duration was obtained from less same yield per plant in both environments was
L-879-34, and L-880-43 and lower flag leaf duration found for the lines L-61-12, L-61-18, L-61-34, L-61-
was obtained 98 days for L-879-4. Spike length was 35, L-61-37, L-879-4, L-879-33, L-880-1, L-880-5, L-
showed variation. Thus, L-61-15 and L-61-18 had the 880-18 and L-880-43.
higher and lower, respectively, spike length in
Variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield
Environment-1. L-61-18 and L- 880-17 had the
and yield contributing characters: Phenotypic and
maximum and minimum spike length. L-885-10 and L-
genotypic co-efficient of variation, heritability and
61-7 had higher spikelets per spike in non-saline and
genetic advance for yield and yield contributing
saline environment, whereas L-880-36 and L-880-17
characters for 38 wheat genotypes (37 mutants and
had lowest spikelets per spike in non-saline and saline
‘Prodip’) are presented in the (Table 5). Estimates of
environment. Plant character, number of tillers per
heritability in broad sense indicates that plant height,
plant was found more variable. L-880-7 and ‘Prodip’
flag leaf duration, spikelets per spike, were highly
had maximum number of tillers in non-saline and
heritable. Number of tillers, spike length and yield per
saline environment. In both environment 5.67 is the
plant showed medium heritability and 100-grain weight
minimum number of tillers. In case of 100-grain
showed low heritability. High heritability for plant
weight, L-879-1 had maximum value and L-880-15
height, number of tillers per plant, spike length, grain
had the lowest in non-saline environment. In saline
yield per plant and low heritability for number of
environment, L-885-10andL-880-26hadhigher and
spikelets per spike was also observed by Khan et al.
lower 100 grain weight. L-879-22 and L-880-43 had
(2005).
higher grain yield per plant in non-saline environment
and saline environment L-61-33 and L-880-27 had

Table 5. Genetic parameters of selected genotypes for yield and yield contributing characters.

Characters Phenotypic coefficient Genotypic co- efficient Heritability Genetic advance

of variation (PCV%) of variation (GCV%) (%) (GA)
Plant height (cm) 71.66 67.74 94.59 13.3

Flag leaf duration 9.84 8.6 88.6 4.28

Spike length (cm) 4.26 3.35 79.59 2.26

Spikelet per spike 17.59 16.02 91.01 6.1

No. of tiller 6.56 5.02 76.37 2.61

100 grain weight 0.65 0.24 37.86 0.2

Yield per plant (g) 19.26 16.4 85.41 5.58

It was observed that the character plant height showed spikelets per spike and flag leaf duration. All these
the highest phenotypic co-efficient of variation. This characters had more than 15% phenotypic co-efficient
was followed by the characters yield per plant, of variation. These characters exhibited also

27
 Sarkar et al. (2019), Progressive Agriculture 30 (1): 20-31

considerable amount of genotypic co-efficient of Therefore, direct selection for these characters in early
variation. The characters 100-grain weight and spike generation would give effective response.
length exhibited minimum phenotypic and genotypic
co-efficient of variation. Flag leaf duration, spike Δ 1st year
length, spikelets per spike and number of tillers showed 50 2nd year
little differences between phenotypic and genotypic co-
efficient of variation, which suggests the expression of 45
this character was less influenced by the environment.
40
Plant height, 100-grain weight and yield per plant

Range
showed many differences between phenotypic and 35
genotypic coefficients of variation indicating that these
30
characters were influenced by the environment.
25
The results of the present study supported by the
findings of Mukherjee et al. (2008) in bread wheat, 20
who studied phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of
variation and reported maximum coefficients of 15
variation of spikes per plant. Sidharthan and Malik Figure 1. Graphical presentation of genetic advance
(2007) studied phenotypic and genotypic coefficients among the wheat lines between two years.
of variation and reported maximum coefficients of ΔG: genetic advance.
variation for grain yield per plant in bread wheat.
Bergale et al. (2001) conducted an experiment with 50
bread wheat genotypes and observed that the genotypic
and phenotypic coefficients of variation were high for
Sidharthan and Malik (2007) stated that high
spikes per plant, 100-grain weight and grain yield per
heritability accompanied by high genetic advance in
plant. High genotypic coefficients of variation for
percentage of mean for number of grains per spike,
spikes per plant and grain yield per plant were reported
100-grain weight and grain yield per plant in spring
by Kumar and Mishra (2004) in 30 diverse bread wheat
wheat. Khan et al. (2005) estimated high heritability
cultivars. The results of the present study indicate that
accompanied with high genetic advance in percentage
the characters plant height, 100- grain weight and yield
of mean for grain yield per plant. They obtained
per plant had more variation and selection for these
medium heritability in bread wheat and reported high
characters would give good response.
heritability for 100-grain weight. They also reported
Analysis of genetic advance (Figure 1) showed that the moderate broad sense heritability coupled with low
characters; plant height, spikelets per spike and yield genetic advance for spikes per plant. Gupta et al.
per plant had more than 30% expected genetic advance (2004) reported moderate heritability coupled with low
which could be considered for good selection. The genetic advance in percentage of mean for spikelets per
characters; spike length, number of tillers, flag leaf spike and high heritability with high genetic advance in
duration and 100 grain weight had minimum genetic percentage of mean for grain yield per plant in bread
advanced. Plant height, spikelets per spike and yield wheat. A character with high phenotypic coefficients of
per plant recorded high heritability coupled with high variation and high heritability generally gives high
genetic advance suggesting that this character was genetic advance. Therefore, selection should aim at
predominantly controlled by additive gene effects. those characters which exhibited high heritability, high

28
 G-E interaction and genetic advance of wheat mutants

phenotypic coefficient of variation and high genetic Table 6. Selection score, rank and expected genetic
advance. gain of 38 (37 mutants and ‘Prodip’)
genotypes of wheat considering yield
Selection index: Selection index is a method of
character.
artificial selection in which several useful traits are
selected simultaneously. Selection index was Sl No. Genotypes Selection Rank Expected
constructed to select genotypes among 37 lines and the score/ genetic
variety ‘Prodip’of wheat in order to recommendation selection gain
for further selection model in further generation index
considering yield per plant. Genotype L-880-38 1 L-885-10 208.55 6
2 L-61-7 204.34 24
possessed the highest selection score index and ranked
3 L-61-12 208.2 9
as the best followed by the genotypes L-879-34, L-880-
4 L-61-15 206.26 15
36 and L-880-11 (Table 6 ) with 215.38, 211.29 and 5 L-61-18 205.84 16
209.73 respectively. The genotype L-880-34 was worst 6 L-61-28 202.75 27
having the lowest selection score followed by L-880- 7 L-61-33 202.43 30
20, L-880-10 and L-880-15. The expected genetic gain 8 L-61-34 206.38 14
(ΔG) was 18.90 at 5% selection intensity. 9 L-61-35 205.3 21
10 L-61-37 209.29 5
In summary, plant height was higher in non-saline 11 L-879-1 200.75 33
environment than saline environment. L-880-5 was the 12 L-879-2 202.07 31
tallest plant and L-879-33 was the most dwarf. L- 880-14 13 L-879-4 205.35 20
had the highest number of tiller and L-880-18 had the 14 L-879-5 204.06 25
lowest among the 37 genotypes. Number of tillers was 15 L-879-11 205.83 17
16 L-879-22 202.45 29
higher in non-saline environment than saline
17 L-879-32 207.18 12 18.90
environment. L-61-7 showed higher spikelets per spike 18 L-879-33 208.54 7
followed by L-885-10. In env-2 genotypes produced 19 L-879-34 215.38 2
higher spikelets per spike and 100 grain weight. L-885- 20 L-880-1 203.51 26
10, L-879-1 and L-880-27 had heaviest seed and L-880-5 21 L-880-5 205.28 22
had smallest seed. Grain yield showed highest value in 22 L-880-7 207.36 11
env-1 and L-880-43 yielded highest whereas L-880-27 23 L-880-10 197.93 36
24 L-880-11 209.73 4
yielded lowest. Thus env-1 (Mymensingh location) was
25 L-880-13 199.99 34
better than env-2 (Satkhira location) for the genotypes
26 L-880-14 202.49 28
and the genotypes L-880-11, L-880-36, L-61- 37, L-879- 27 L-880-15 199.35 35
34, , L-61-12, L-61-18 and L-880-38 were most suitable 28 L-880-17 207.46 10
for cultivation across all the environments under study 29 L-880-18 208.27 8
while other genotypes varied in their performance. 30 L-880-19 205.59 18
Among the characters plant height, flag leaf duration and 31 L-880-20 197.45 37
spike length were highly heritable over both 32 L-880-26 206.43 13
33 L-880-27 201.74 32
environments. Spike length, number of tiller and yield
34 L-880-34 195.62 38
per plant showed medium heritability and 100 grain 35 L-880-36 211.29 3
weight showed low heritability. The wheat line L-880-11 36 L-880-38 219.7 1
had longer flag leaf duration followed by ‘Prodip’, L- 37 L-880-43 204.56 23
879- 34, L-880-43 and L-880-11, L-880-13 had shorter 38 Prodip 205.44 19

29
 Sarkar et al. (2019), Progressive Agriculture 30 (1): 20-31

flag leaf duration. Plant height, spikelets per spike and FAO (2018/19). http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation
yield per plant showed higher phenotypic coefficient of /csdb/en/.
variation and higher genetic advance. Gupta RS, Singh RP, Tiwari DK (2004). Analysis of
path coefficient for yield and its related
Among the genotypes L-880-38 possessed the highest
characters in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.
selection score index and ranked as the based followed
EmThell). Adv. Pl. Sci. 17(1), 299-302.
by the genotypes L-879-34, L-880-36, L-880-11 and L-
Hanson CH, Robinson HF, Comstock RE (1956).
61-36 respectively. The genotype L-880-34 was the
Biometrical studies in yield in segregating
worst having the lowest selection score followed by L-
populations of Korean lespediza. Agron. J., 48,
880-20 and L-880-10. The expected genetic gain (ΔG)
214-318.
was 18.90 at 5% selection intensity i.e. highest scoring
Johnson HW, Robinson HF, Comstock LE (1955).
genotypes from these 38 wheat genotypes might be
Genotypic and Phenotypic correlation in soybean
recommended for further selection for better yield.
and their implications in selection. Agron. J., 47,
In conclusion, genotypes, environment and their 177-483.
interaction influenced plant height, flag leaf duration, Karim Z, Hussain SG, Ahmed M (1990). Salinity
spike length, 100-grain weight and yield per plant. problems and crop intensification in the coastal
Considering overall performance of the genotypes over regions of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Agricultural
environments, selected saline tolerant lines could be Research Council.
performed in satisfactory level up to 12dSm-1 of salt Khan MQ, Awan SI, Mughal M (2005). Estimation of
concentration. Therefore, these selected lines could be genetic parameters in spring wheat genotypes
cultivated in the farmer’s field of saline zone after under rainfed conditions. Indus Journal of
multiplication of the seeds in future wheat extensive Biological Sciences, 2 (3), 367-370.
programme of the country. Kumar PY, Mishra CN (2004). Genetic variability in
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Biodiversity and
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