DRUG DEVELOPMENT

The application of biotechnology in drug discovery has been discovered to be a

promising and resourceful approach for the discovery of novel therapeutic
candidates that comes with less time and cost than the traditional ways of drug
discovery.
This has additionally endowed researchers with the necessary understanding of
diseases, which offers exceptional methods for treating patients. Additionally,
diagnosis and treatment are becoming increasingly intertwined with the help of
biotechnology. Today, researchers in biotechnology deal with the root of diseases
and find solutions through therapeutic agents, hence, improving quality of life. The
discovery of drugs in recent days is practically challenging without good modeling
in biotechnology, this wonderful technique is now being adopted in the discovery
of new and effective classes of drugs which include but are not limited to gene
therapy, cancer vaccines, proteins, and even enzymes.
The word “biotechnology,” which appears to have originated in the 1970s, is now
widely used by researchers across different fields to signify different things based
on their applications. The relevant general definition of biotechnology is the use of
organisms and their biological systems for practical and manufacturing processes.
Biotechnology can alternatively be defined as the fusion of biology and
technology, thus for all intents and purposes implying the enclosure of all
biological and related technologies in product alteration. This further implies that
biotechnology is a form of genetic engineering, specifically with cutting-edge
molecular processes such as recombinant DNA, which use biological catalysts
(enzymes) known as restriction endonuclease to cut and splice (or recombine)
DNA fragments into large numbers of fragments. Biotechnology is now recognized
by biomedical science researchers as a front-line approach to solving most of the
world’s health challenges, including one-health, infectious, and non-infectious
diseases, and scientists have used biotechnology knowledge for disease
management over the last few decades. The therapeutic yields of biotechnologies,
known as biologics or biopharmaceuticals, are now at the forefront of delivering
insights and advancements for the treatment of a wide range of human diseases,
including microbial infections, diabetes, and malignancies. This has further
demonstrated the usefulness of biotechnology in drug discovery over traditional
methods.
Traditional drug discovery has been reported to be a costly and complex process
requiring several billions of dollars, with thousands of chemicals failing before
clinical trials representing 99% of the starting chemical compounds; of these
chemical compounds assessed as part of drug discovery and preclinical testing,
only a few made it to human clinical trials and were eventually accepted for
commercial use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Following these
setbacks gave birth to a novel therapeutic development strategy based on genomic
and proteomic know-how that has technologically progressed over the years in
minimizing these challenges. The genome that is, the full makeup of an organism’s
genetic information that includes both coding and non-coding nucleic acid
sequences provides a framework for characterizing the proteome, which is a list of
only the encoding nucleic acid regions that result in the biosynthesis of protein
products. The study of genes and proteins aids in the discovery of new genes and
proteins, as well as the evaluation of their levels in diseased cells, normal cells, and
cells treated with a variety of chemicals with varying efficacy and toxicity. As a
result, they come in handy when it comes to identifying new therapeutic targets.

OVERVIEW AND DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION OF

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL DRUG DISCOVERY OF CANCER
MANAGEMENT
The use of a biotechnological approach to drug discovery has become prominent in
research and development; biopharmaceuticals, which are products of the use of
biotechnology in discovering new drug targets have generated revenues for several
pharmaceutical companies, which is an indication of its importance in drug
discovery . Over the years, biotechnological approaches such as whole-genome
profiling and sequencing, proteomics, and microarray techniques have birthed
positive innovations in discovering novel drug targets to cure certain diseases,
most especially cancer. The role of genomics and proteomics in achieving this
cannot be over-emphasized.

THE ROLE OF PROTEINS, GENES, STEM CELLS, AND IN-SILICO IN

DRUG DISCOVERY

Isolating protein targets of biologically active compounds is a resourceful way to

discover unidentified protein functions, and molecular mechanisms of drug action.
Within the worldwide pharmaceutical industry, protein-based drugs have been
reported to reveal the firmest growth in recent years and presently have matchless
credit for their potential as a practicable treatment choice for numerous diseases.
According to, over 100 original proteins and an associated number of boosted
proteins are approved for therapeutic clinical use in Europe and the USA, with
2010 sales of US$108 billion. In this group, monoclonal antibodies represent
almost half (48%) of the sales. Protein therapeutics are used in the management of
many major diseases including cancers, immune disorders, and infections.

TARGET IDENTIFICATION, CHEMICAL SIMILARITY NETWORK

AND AI INTEGRATION IN DRUG DISCOVERY
One of the newest trends in drug discovery is target identification, which is built on
the discovery that a drug can muddle with other drugs and change its purpose by
binding to the target accountable for the activity. High throughput screening (HTS)
is a popular target-based technique in which a large sum of compounds is
uncovered for disease and decisions are made based on the chemical’s capacity to
block the disease. The figure shows an overview of the stages involved in drug
development.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

ADVANTAGES
- It is extremely beneficial to the production of nutritious food.
- Contributes to the improvement of the medical sector.
- It helps to reduce the global environmental footprint.
- It helps to lower the incidence of infectious diseases.
- Contributes to the conservation and preservation of natural resources
DISADVANTAGES
- Destroy Cropland
- Turns Human Life Into a Commodity.
- There are a lot of unknowns.
- It has the potential to be used as a weapon.

Biotechnology, without a doubt, has a bright future, but is it beneficial or

detrimental to the environment? Biotechnology has both advantages and
disadvantages. It has proven to be effective in treating illnesses that were
previously thought to be incurable, and many people have embraced it with open
arms. However, it is critical to maintain checks and balances in the biotechnology
industry in order to avoid reducing the value of human life in the face of
technological advancement.

CONCLUSION

Biotechnological models are a potent approach to drug discovery. Researchers are

now using novel biotechnology models to discover new drugs for diseases. The
discovery of new drugs involves the discovery of a protein that will improve and
enhance treatment to better human lives. Some of the new drugs developed using
these approaches have proven to be effective and efficient in the treatment of some
illnesses. The success of these drugs is a result of the novel technologies involved
in their production. Thus, this novel technology and development will enable
clinicians to administer various classes of drugs to attack the same illness. This
review indicates that drug discovery in recent days is almost impossible without
good modeling in biotechnology. Again, the integration of AI with biotechnology
in drug discovery holds great promise. Therefore, biotechnological models for drug
discovery and AI techniques should be encouraged and adopted by researchers and
the drug manufacturing industries. Hence, the impact of biotechnological models
in enhanced drug discovery cannot be overemphasized.