450 CHAPTER 5 Analytic Trigonometry

cos A b 2 + c2 - a 2 (a) How fast is each ship traveling? (Express your answer in
52. (a) Prove the identity: = . knots, which are nautical miles per hour.)
a 2abc
(b) Prove the (tougher) identity: (b) What is the angle of intersection of the courses of the two
ships?
cos A cos B cos C a 2 + b 2 + c2
+ + = . (c) How far apart are the ships at 12:00 noon if they maintain
a b c 2abc
the same courses and speeds?
[Hint: Use the identity in part (a), along with its other
variations.]
53. Navigation Two ships leave a Extending the Ideas
common port at 8:00 A.M. and travel 54. Prove that the area of a triangle can be found with the formula
at a constant rate of speed. Each ship a 2 sin B sin C
keeps a log showing its distance from ¢ Area = .
2 sin A
port and its distance from the other
ship. Portions of the logs from later 55. A segment of a circle is the region
that morning for both ships are shown enclosed between a chord of a circle
5
in the following tables. and the arc intercepted by the chord. 7
Find the area of a segment intercepted
5
Naut mi Naut mi Naut mi Naut mi by a 7-inch chord in a circle of radius
from from from from 5 inches.
Time port ship B Time port ship A
9:00 15.1 8.7 9:00 12.4 8.7
10:00 30.2 17.3 11:00 37.2 26.0

CHAPTER 5 Key Ideas

Properties, Theorems, and Formulas Half-Angle Identities 430

Reciprocal Identities 404 Law of Sines 434
Quotient Identities 404 Law of Cosines 442
Pythagorean Identities 405 Triangle Area 444
Cofunction Identities 406 Heron’s Formula 445
Odd-Even Identities 407
Procedures
Sum/Difference Identities 422–424
Double-Angle Identities 428 Strategies for Proving an Identity 413–415
Power-Reducing Identities 428

CHAPTER 5 Review Exercises

Exercise numbers with a gray background indicate problems that In Exercises 3 and 4, simplify the expression to a single term. Support
the authors have designed to be solved without a calculator. your answer graphically.

The collection of exercises marked in red could be used as a chapter 3. 11 - 2 sin2 u22 + 4 sin2 u cos2 u
test. 4. 1 - 4 sin2 x cos2 x
In Exercises 1 and 2, write the expression as the sine, cosine, or tan- In Exercises 5–22, prove the identity.
gent of an angle. 5. cos 3x = 4 cos3 x - 3 cos x
1. 2 sin 100° cos 100° 6. cos2 2x - cos2 x = sin2 x - sin2 2x
2 tan 40°
2. 7. tan2 x - sin2 x = sin2 x tan2 x
1 - tan2 40°
 SECTION 5 Review Exercises 451

8. 2 sin u cos3 u + 2 sin3 u cos u = sin 2u In Exercises 39– 44, find all solutions in the interval 30, 2p2 without
9. csc x - cos x cot x = sin x using a calculator. Give exact answers.

tan u + sin u u 39. 2 cos x = 1 40. sin 3x = sin x

10. = cos2 a b 41. sin2 x - 2 sin x - 3 = 0 42. cos 2t = cos t
2 tan u 2
1 + tan u 1 + cot u 43. sin 1cos x2 = 1 44. cos 2x + 5 cos x = 2
11. + = 0
1 - tan u 1 - cot u In Exercises 45–48, solve the inequality. Use any method, but give
12. sin 3u = 3 cos2 u sin u - sin3 u exact answers.
t 1 + sec t 45. 2 cos 2x 7 1 for 0 … x 6 2p
13. cos2 a b =
2 2 sec t 46. sin 2x 7 2 cos x for 0 6 x … 2p
tan3 g - cot 3 g 47. 2 cos x 6 1 for 0 … x 6 2p
14. = tan g - cot g
tan2 g + csc2 g p p
48. tan x 6 sin x for - 6 x 6
cos f sin f 2 2
15. + = cos f + sin f In Exercises 49 and 50, find an equivalent equation of the form y = a
1 - tan f 1 - cot f
cos 1 -z2 sin 1bx + c2. Support your work graphically.
16. = 1 + sin z 49. y = 3 sin 3x + 4 cos 3x 50. y = 5 sin 2x - 12 cos 2x
sec 1- z2 + tan 1 -z2
1 - cos y 1 - cos y 1 - sin g ƒ cos g ƒ In Exercises 51–58, solve ¢ABC.
17. = 18. =
A 1 + cos y ƒ sin y ƒ A 1 + sin g 1 + sin g A

3p tan u - 1 b c
19. tan au + b =
4 1 + tan u
C a B
1
20. sin 4g = sin g cos3 g - cos g sin3 g
4 51. A = 79°, B = 33°, a = 7
1 52. a = 5, b = 8, B = 110°
21. tan b = csc b - cot b
2 53. a = 8, b = 3, B = 30°
1 2t
22. arctan t = arctan , -1 6 t 6 1 54. a = 14.7, A = 29.3°, C = 33°
2 1 - t2
55. A = 34°, B = 74°, c = 5
In Exercises 23 and 24, use a grapher to conjecture whether the equa-
tion is likely to be an identity. Confirm your conjecture. 56. c = 41, A = 22.9°, C = 55.1°
23. sec x - sin x tan x = cos x 57. a = 5, b = 7, c = 6

24. 1sin2 a - cos2 a21tan2 a + 12 = tan2 a - 1 58. A = 85°, a = 6, b = 4

In Exercises 25–28, write the expression in terms of sin x and cos x In Exercises 59 and 60, find the area of ¢ABC.
only. 59. a = 3, b = 5, c = 6
25. sin 3x + cos 3x 26. sin 2x + cos 3x 60. a = 10, b = 6, C = 50°

27. cos2 2x - sin 2x 28. sin 3x - 3 sin 2x 61. If a = 12 and B = 28°, determine the values of b that will
produce the indicated number of triangles:
In Exercises 29–34, find the general solution without using a calcula-
(a) Two (b) One (c) Zero
tor. Give exact answers.
13 62. Surveying a Canyon Two markers A and B on the
29. sin 2x = 0.5 30. cos x =
2 same side of a canyon rim are 80 ft apart, as shown in the
figure. A hiker is located across the rim at point C. A sur-
31. tan x = - 1 32. 2 sin-1 x = 12 veyor determines that ∠BAC = 70° and ∠ ABC = 65°.
33. tan-1 x = 1 34. 2 cos 2x = 1 (a) What is the distance between the hiker and point A?
In Exercises 35–38, solve the equation graphically. Find all solutions (b) What is the distance between the two canyon rims?
in the interval 30, 2p2. (Assume they are parallel.)
35. sin2 x - 3 cos x = - 0.5
A
70°
36. cos3 x - 2 sin x - 0.7 = 0
80 ft
37. sin4 x + x 2 = 2 C 65°
B
38. sin 2x = x 3 - 5x 2 + 5x + 1
452 CHAPTER 5 Analytic Trigonometry

63. Altitude A hot-air balloon (a) Graph the function y = S1u2.

is seen over Tucson, Arizona,
simultaneously by two (b) What value of u gives the minimum surface area? (Note:
observers at points A and B This answer is quite close to the observed angle in nature.)
that are 1.75 mi apart on level (c) What is the minimum surface area?
ground and in line with the bal-
loon. The angles of elevation 69. Cable Television Coverage A cable broadcast satel-
are as shown here. How high lite S orbits a planet at a height h (in miles) above the Earth’s
above ground is the balloon? surface, as shown in the figure.
33° 37° The two lines from S are tangent Earth
to the Earth’s surface. The part
A 1.75 mi B S
64. Finding Distance In of the Earth’s surface that is in θ h
order to determine the distance between two points A and B on the broadcast area of the satellite
opposite sides of a lake, a surveyor chooses a point C that is is determined by the central r
900 ft from A and 225 ft from B, as shown in the figure. If the angle u indicated in the figure.
measure of the angle at C is 70°, find the distance between (a) Assuming that the Earth is spherical with a radius of
A and B. 4000 mi, write h as a function of u.
B (b) Approximate u for a satellite 200 mi above the surface of
the Earth.
225 ft
70° 70. Finding Extremum Values The graph of
A 900 ft C 1 1
y = cos x - cos 2x + cos 3x
2 3
65. Finding Radian Measure Find the radian measure is shown in the figure. The
of the largest angle of the triangle whose sides have lengths x-values that correspond to local
8, 9, and 10. maximum and minimum points
are solutions of the equation
66. Finding a Parallelogram A parallelogram has sides
sin x - sin 2x + sin 3x = 0.
of 15 and 24 ft, and an angle of 40°. Find the diagonals.
Solve this equation algebraically,
67. Maximizing Area A trapezoid is inscribed in the upper and support your solution using
half of a unit circle, as shown the graph of y. [–2π , 2π ] by [–2, 2]
y
in the figure.
71. Using Trigonometry in Geometry A regular
(a) Write the area of the hexagon whose sides are 16 cm is inscribed in a circle. Find
trapezoid as a function x2 + y2 = 1 the area inside the circle and outside the hexagon.
(x, y)
of u.
72. Using Trigonometry in Geometry A circle is
(b) Find the value of u that θ inscribed in a regular pentagon whose sides are 12 cm. Find the
maximizes the area of x area inside the pentagon and outside the circle.
(–1, 0) (1, 0)
the trapezoid and the 73. Using Trigonometry in Geometry A wheel of
maximum area. cheese in the shape of a right circular cylinder is 18 cm in
68. Beehive Cells A single cell in a Trihedral
diameter and 5 cm thick. If a wedge of cheese with a central
beehive is a regular hexagonal prism Rear angle ! angle of 15° is cut from the wheel, find the volume of the
open at the front with a trihedral cut of cell cheese wedge.
at the back. Trihedral refers to a
vertex formed by three faces of a 74. Product-to-Sum Formulas Prove the following
polyhedron. It can be shown that the identities, which are called the product-to-sum formulas.
surface area of a cell is given by a 1
(a) sin u sin v = 1cos 1u - v2 - cos 1u + v22
3 13 2
S1u2 = 6ab + b 2 a - cot u + b, 1
2 sin u (b) cos u cos v = 1cos 1u - v2 + cos 1u + v22
b 2
where u is the angle between the axis Front 1
b (c) sin u sin v = 1sin 1u + v2 + sin 1u - v22
of the prism and one of the back faces, of cell 2
a is the depth of the prism, and b is the 75. Sum-to-Product Formulas Use the product-to-sum
length of the hexagonal front. Assume formulas in Exercise 74 to prove the following identities,
a = 1.75 in. and b = 0.65 in. which are called the sum-to-product formulas.
 SECTION 5 Review Exercises 453

u + v u - v 77. An Interesting Fact About (sin A) /a The ratio

(a) sin u + sin v = 2 sin cos
2 2 1sin A2/a that shows up in the Law of Sines shows up another
u - v u + v way in the geometry of ¢ABC : It is
(b) sin u - sin v = 2 sin cos the reciprocal of the radius of the
2 2
u + v u - v circumscribed circle. B A′
(c) cos u + cos v = 2 cos cos
2 2 (a) Let ¢ABC be circumscribed as
u + v u - v shown in the diagram, and construct C
(d) cos u - cos v = - 2 sin sin diameter CA¿ . Explain why ∠A¿BC
2 2 A
is a right angle.
76. Catching Students Faking Data
(b) Explain why ∠A¿ and ∠A are congruent.
Carmen and Pat both need to
make up a missed physics lab. Mirror C (c) If a, b, and c are the sides opposite angles A, B, and C as
!
They are to measure the total usual, explain why sin A¿ = a/d, where d is the diameter
x x
distance 12x2 traveled by a of the circle.
beam of light from point A A 24! B
(d) Finally, explain why 1sin A2/a = 1/d.
to point B and record it
in 20° increments of u as they (e) Do 1sin B2/b and 1sin C2/c also equal 1/d? Why?
adjust the mirror 1C2 upward
vertically. They report the following measurements. However,
only one of the students actually did the lab; the other skipped it
and faked the data. Who faked the data, and how can you tell?

CARMEN PAT
u 2x u 2x
160° 24.4– 160° 24.5–
140° 25.6– 140° 25.2–
120° 28.0– 120° 26.4–
100° 31.2– 100° 30.4–
80° 37.6– 80° 35.2–
60° 48.0– 60° 48.0–
40° 70.4– 40° 84.0–
20° 138.4– 20° 138.4–