SECTION 3.

5 Equation Solving and Modeling 301

SECTION 3.5 EXERCISES

In Exercises 1–10, find the exact solution algebraically, and check it by 27. log x 4 = 2 28. ln x 6 = 12
-x
substituting into the original equation. x
2 - 2 2x + 2-x
29. = 4 30. = 3
1 x/5 1 x/3 3 2
1. 36 a b = 4 2. 32 a b = 2 x
e + e -x
3 4 31. = 4 32. 2e2x + 5ex - 3 = 0
2 # 5x/4 = 250 3 # 4x/2 =
2
3. 4. 96
500 400
5. 2110 -x/3
2 = 20 6. 315 -x/4
2 = 15 33. = 200 34. = 150
1 + 25e0.3x 1 + 95e -0.6x
7. log x = 4 8. log2 x = 5 1
35. ln 1x + 32 - ln x = 0
9. log4 1x - 52 = - 1 10. log4 11 - x2 = 1 2
1
In Exercises 11–18, solve each equation algebraically. Obtain a numeri- 36. log x - log 1x + 42 = 1
cal approximation for your solution and check it by substituting into the 2
original equation. 37. ln 1x - 32 + ln 1x + 42 = 3 ln 2
x
11. 1.06 = 4.1 x
12. 0.98 = 1.6 38. log 1x - 22 + log 1x + 52 = 2 log 3
13. 50e0.035x = 200 14. 80e0.045x = 240 In Exercises 39–44, determine by how many orders of magnitude the
-x -x quantities differ.
15. 3 + 2e = 6 16. 7 - 3e = 2
39. A $100 bill and a dime
17. 3 ln (x - 3) + 4 = 5 18. 3 - log 1x + 22 = 5
40. A canary weighing 20 g and a hen weighing 2 kg
In Exercises 19–24, state the domain of each function. Then match the
function with its graph. (Each graph shown has a window of 3 - 4.7, 4.74 41. An earthquake rated 7 on the Richter scale and one rated 5.5
by 3-3.1, 3.14). 42. Lemon juice with pH = 2.3 and beer with pH = 4.1
19. ƒ1x2 = log 3x1x + 124 20. g1x2 = log x + log 1x + 12 43. The sound intensities of a riveter at 95 dB and ordinary conver-
x sation at 65 dB
21. ƒ1x2 = ln 22. g1x2 = ln x - ln 1x + 12
x + 1 44. The sound intensities of city traffic at 70 dB and rustling leaves
23. ƒ1x2 = 2 ln x 24. g1x2 = ln x 2 at 10 dB
45. Comparing Earthquakes How many times more se-
vere was the 1978 Mexico City earthquake 1R = 7.92 than the
1994 Los Angeles earthquake 1R = 6.62?
46. Comparing Earthquakes How many times more se-
vere was the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake 1R = 7.22 than the
1994 Los Angeles earthquake 1R = 6.62?
47. Chemical Acidity The pH of carbonated water is 3.9
(a) (b) and the pH of household ammonia is 11.9.
(a) What are their hydrogen-ion concentrations?
(b) How many times greater is the hydrogen-ion concentration
of carbonated water than that of ammonia?
(c) By how many orders of magnitude do the concentrations
differ?
(c) (d) 48. Chemical Acidity Stomach acid has a pH of about 2.0,
and blood has a pH of 7.4.
(a) What are their hydrogen-ion concentrations?
(b) How many times greater is the hydrogen-ion concentration
of stomach acid than that of blood?
(c) By how many orders of magnitude do the concentrations
(e) (f) differ?
49. Newton’s Law of Cooling A cup of coffee has cooled
from 92°C to 50°C after 12 min in a room at 22°C. How long
In Exercises 25–38, solve each equation by the method of your choice. will the cup take to cool to 30°C?
Support your solution by a second method.
50. Newton’s Law of Cooling A cake is removed from an
25. log x 2 = 6 oven at 350°F and cools to 120°F after 20 min in a room at
26. ln x 2 = 4 65°F. How long will the cake take to cool to 90°F?
302 CHAPTER 3 Exponential, Logistic, and Logarithmic Functions

51. Newton’s Law of Cooling Experiment A ther- Nationwide Consumption of Penicillin

mometer is removed from a cup of coffee and placed in water 12

DDD*/1000 population/day
with a temperature 1Tm2 of 10°C. The data in Table 3.24 were
collected over the next 30 sec. 10
8
6
Table 3.24 Experimental Data
4
Time t Temp T T - Tm
2
2 80.47 70.47
5 69.39 59.39 0
10 49.66 39.66 1976 1983 1990 1991 1992
15 35.26 25.26
Year
20 28.15 18.15
*Defined Daily Dose
25 23.56 13.56 Source: Science, vol. 264, April 15, 1994, American
30 20.62 10.62 Association for the Advancement of Science.

(a) Draw a scatter plot of the data T - Tm.

54. Writing to Learn Which regression model would you
(b) Find an exponential regression equation for the T - Tm use for the data in Exercise 53? Discuss various options, and
data. Superimpose its graph on the scatter plot. explain why you chose the model you did. Support your writ-
(c) Estimate the thermometer reading when it was removed ing with tables and graphs as needed.
from the coffee.
Writing to Learn In Exercises 55–58, tables of (x, y) data pairs
52. Newton’s Law of Cooling Experiment A ther- are given. Determine whether a linear, logarithmic, exponential, or
mometer was removed from a cup of hot chocolate and placed power regression equation is the best model for the data. Explain your
in a saline solution with temperature Tm = 0°C. The data in choice. Support your writing with tables and graphs as needed.
Table 3.25 were collected over the next 30 sec.
55. x 1 2 3 4
(a) Draw a scatter plot of the data T - Tm.
y 3 4.4 5.2 5.8
(b) Find an exponential regression equation for the T - Tm
data. Superimpose its graph on the scatter plot.
56. x 1 2 3 4
(c) Estimate the thermometer reading when it was removed
y 6 18 54 162
from the hot chocolate.

57. x 1 2 3 4
Table 3.25 Experimental Data y 3 6 12 24
Time t Temp T T - Tm
2 74.68 74.68 58. x 1 2 3 4
5 61.99 61.99 y 5 7 9 11
10 34.89 34.89
15 21.95 21.95
20 15.36 15.36
25 11.89 11.89
Standardized Test Questions
30 10.02 10.02 59. True or False The order of magnitude of a positive num-
ber is its natural logarithm. Justify your answer.
60. True or False According to Newton’s Law of Cooling,
53. Penicillin Use The use of penicillin became so wide- an object will approach the temperature of the medium that
spread in the 1980s in Hungary that it became practically use- surrounds it. Justify your answer.
less against common sinus and ear infections. Now the use of
In Exercises 61–64, solve the problem without using a calculator.
more effective antibiotics has caused a decline in penicillin re-
sistance. The bar graph shows the use of penicillin in Hungary 61. Multiple Choice Solve 23x - 1 = 32.
for selected years. (A) x = 1 (B) x = 2 (C) x = 4
(a) From the bar graph we read the data pairs to be approxi- (D) x = 11 (E) x = 13
mately 11, 112, 18, 62, 115, 4.82, 116, 42, and 117, 2.52,
using t = 1 for 1976, t = 8 for 1983, and so on. Complete 62. Multiple Choice Solve ln x = - 1.
a scatter plot for these data. (A) x = - 1 (B) x = 1/e (C) x = 1
(b) Writing to Learn Discuss whether the bar graph (D) x = e (E) No solution is possible.
shown or the scatter plot that you completed best repre-
sents the data and why.
 SECTION 3.5 Equation Solving and Modeling 303

63. Multiple Choice How many times more severe was (a) Graph ƒ for c = 1 and k = 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 10. Explain the
the 2001 earthquake in Arequipa, Peru 1R1 = 8.12, than the effect of changing k.
1998 double earthquake in Takhar province, Afghanistan (b) Graph ƒ for k = 1 and c = 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 10. Explain the
1R2 = 6.12? effect of changing c.
(A) 2 (B) 6.1 (C) 8.1
(D) 14.2 (E) 100
Extending the Ideas
64. Multiple Choice Newton’s Law of Cooling is 68. Writing to Learn Prove if u/v = 10 n for u 7 0 and
(A) an exponential model. (B) a linear model. v 7 0, then log u - log v = n. Explain how this result relates
(C) a logarithmic model. (D) a logistic model. to powers of ten and orders of magnitude.

(E) a power model. 69. Potential Energy The potential energy E (the energy
stored for use at a later time) between two ions in a certain
molecular structure is modeled by the function
Explorations 5.6
In Exercises 65 and 66, use the data in Table 3.26. Determine whether a E = - + 10e -r/3
r
linear, logarithmic, exponential, power, or logistic regression equation
is the best model for the data. Explain your choice. Support your writ- where r is the distance separating the nuclei.
ing with tables and graphs as needed. (a) Writing to Learn Graph this function in the win-
dow 3-10, 104 by 3 -10, 304, and explain which portion of
the graph does not represent this potential energy situation.
Table 3.26 Populations of Two U.S.
States (in thousands) (b) Identify a viewing window that shows that portion of the
graph (with r … 10) which represents this situation, and
Year Alaska Hawaii find the maximum value for E.
1900 63.6 154
70. In Example 8, the Newton’s Law of Cooling model was
1910 64.4 192
1920 55.0 256 T1t2 - Tm = 1T0 - Tm2e -kt = 61.656 * 0.92770 t.
1930 59.2 368 Determine the value of k.
1940 72.5 423
71. Justify the conclusion made about natural logarithmic regres-
1950 128.6 500
sion on page 299.
1960 226.2 633
1970 302.6 770 72. Justify the conclusion made about power regression on page
1980 401.9 965 299.
1990 550.0 1108 In Exercises 73–78, solve the equation or inequality.
2000 626.9 1212
73. ex + x = 5
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
74. e2x - 8x + 1 = 0
65. Writing to Learn Modeling Population Which 75. ex 6 5 + ln x
regression equation is the best model for Alaska’s population? 76. ln ƒ x ƒ - e2x Ú 3
66. Writing to Learn Modeling Population Which 77. 2 log x - 4 log 3 7 0
regression equation is the best model for Hawaii’s population? 78. 2 log 1x + 12 - 2 log 6 6 0

67. Group Activity Normal Distribution The

function
ƒ1x2 = k # e -cx ,
2

where c and k are positive constants, is a bell-shaped curve that

is useful in probability and statistics.