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GAME PROGRAMMING
IN C++:
START TO FINISH
Erik YuzwA
This book is
printed on acid-free paper.
Erik Yuzwa. Game Programming in C++:
ISBN: 1-58450-432-3
Start to Finish
All brand names and product names mentioned
in
this book are trademarks
respective companies. Any omission or misuse (of any kind) of service marks or service marks of their
or trademarks should not
be regarded as intent
toinfringe on the property of others. The publisher recognizes and
marks used by companies, manufacturers, and developers as means respects all
a to
distinguish their products.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Yuzwa, Erik.
Game programming in C++ start to finish / Erik Yuzwa.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 1-58450-432-3 (pbk. with cd : alk. paper)
1. Computer games—Programming. 2. C++ (Computer program language) I.
Title.
QA76.76.C672Y98 2005
005.13’3—dc22
2005032754
Printed in the United States of America
06765432
CHARLES RIVER MEDIA titles
are available for site license or bulk purchase by institutions, user
groups, corporations, etc. For additional information, please contact the Special Sales
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Thomson Place, Boston,
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is
to replace the disc, based on defective
or functionality of the product.
Contents
XixX
Acknowledgments
Preface
1 Game Technologies -
©
Using CVS
Creating the SuperAsteroidArena Project
OO
14
Introduction to Doxygen
16
Introduction to InnoSetup
23
The Standard Template Library
23
std::string
24
std::vector
25
std::map
27
Chapter Exercises
27
Summary
29
2 Design Fundamentals
29
What Is a Game Design?
30
Classic Waterfall Software Design
31
Iterative Software Design
32
Principles of Agile Design
:
33
When to Use Agile
33
Introduction to the Unified Modeling Language
Basic Class Notation 34
vi Contents
Visibility Notation 35
Comment/Note Notation 35
Modeling Class Relationships 36
Generalization Relationship 37
Software Reusability
38
Code Reuse
38
Design Reuse 38
Anatomy of a Game 44
Initialization Phase
44
Process Phase 45
Destruction Phase 46
The SuperAsteroidArena Design Document
46
Drafting a Project Overview 46
What Type or Genre of Game Is It? 47
Who Is Your Audience?
48
Why Make the Game? 49
What Do You Want To See? 49
What Does It Offer? 49
Draft an Initial List of Timeboxes
50
Who Is Involved? 51
Budget Concerns 51
Demo versus Registered Features
52
Chapter Exercises 53
Summary 53
Cleaning Up SDL
Big Endian versus Little Endian
Adding the FileLogger
Using Windows Initialization
Files
77
4 Introduction to the Peon Engine
77
Basic Engine Structure
79
Introduction to Peon
80
Introduction to Some Peon Components
82
Building Upon the Foundation
82
Managing State Information
83
Working on the First Timebox
85
Creating the New Instances of IApplicationState
86
Timebox Evaluation
86
Chapter Exercises
87
Summary
89
5 Graphics Programming Mathematics
89
The Cartesian Coordinate System
90
Fixed Function Geometry Pipeline
92
Introduction to Vectors
93
Common Vector Operations
95
Introduction to Matrices
95
The OpenGL Matrix Stacks
96
Identity Matrix
97
Matrix Addition and Subtraction
Contents
Matrix Multiplication 98
Coordinate Transformations 99
Scaling Transform 99
Translation Transform 99
Rotation Transform 100
Matrix Concatenation 102
Basic Camera/View Orientation 103
Projection Transformations 104
Create a Basic Camera 105
Gimbal Lock 106
:
Quaternions 107
Basic Quaternion Algorithm 108
Chapter Exercises 109
Summary 109
187
Rendering Text to the Player
187
Creating the Graphical User Interface
188
The ActiveState
188
Timebox Evaluation
189
Chapter Exercises
189
Summary
191
10 Working with Input Devices
191
Introduction to Input Using SDL
192
Using the Keyboard
193
Using the Mouse
195
Using the Joystick
195
Joystick Enumeration
196
Opening a Joystick
196
Processing Joystick Events
198
Cleaning up the Joystick
198
Adding Input Support to Peon
200
Chapter Exercises
200
Summary
201
Working With Sound
201
Sound Mechanics
202
Digitized Sound
202
Sound Layers
203
Introduction to SDL_Mixer
203
Working with Audio Music Data
206
Cleaning Up
206
Working with Audio Sound Effects Data
207
Sound Effect Playback
208
Cleaning Up
xii Contents
Plane Collisions
232
Collision of Plane versus AABB
232
Ray Collisions
233
Collision of Plane versus Ray
234
Implementing Physics
235
Using the neSimulator
237
Working with Geometry
238
Running the Simulation with Tokamak
238
Rendering the Geometry
239
Cleaning Up
240
Chapter Exercises
240
Summary
276
Rendering the Model 277
Cleaning Up 279
Model Animation
279
The MD3 File Format
280
The AnimatedMeshFactory
284
Introduction to Collada 284
Chapter Exercises 285
Summary 285
288
Extracting the Vectors
291
Skyboxes (Environment Mapping)
294
Object Picking/Selection
298
Particle Systems
300
Updating the Emitter
301
Rendering the Emitter
302
Particle System II: Point Sprites
305
Billboard Animation
306
Loading New Frames
307
Updating Frames
308
Creating a Shockwave
309
Initializing the Shockwave
310
Updating the Shockwave
311
Rendering the Shockwave
312
Taking a Screen Shot
314
Chapter Exercises
315
Summary
Language: English
FERNANDO PESSOA
III
EPITHALAMIUM
LISBON
1921
III
EPITHALAMIUM
I
Set ope all shutters, that the day come in
Like a sea or a din!
Let not a nook of useless shade compel
Thoughts of the night, or tell
The mind's comparing that some things are sad,
For this day all are glad!
'Tis morn, 'tis open morn, the full sun is
Risen from out the abyss
Where last night lay beyond the unseen rim
Of the horizon dim.
Now is the bride awaking. Lo! she starts
To feel the day is home
Whose too-near night will put two different hearts
To beat as near as flesh can let them come.
Guess how she joys in her feared going, nor opes
Her eyes for fear of fearing at her joy.
Now is the pained arrival of all hopes.
With the half-thought she scarce knows how to toy.
II
Part from the windows the small curtains set
Sight more than light to omit!
Look on the general fields, how bright they lie
Under the broad blue sky,
Cloudless, and the beginning of the heat
Does the sight half ill-treat!
The bride hath wakened. Lo! she feels her shaking
Heart better all her waking!
Her breasts are with fear's coldness inward clutched
And more felt on her grown,
That will by hands other than hers be touched
And will find lips sucking their budded crown.
Lo! the thought of the bridegroom's hands already
Feels her about where even her hands are shy,
And her thoughts shrink till they become unready.
She gathers up her body and still doth lie.
She vaguely lets her eyes feel opening.
In a fringed mist each thing
Looms, and the present day is truly clear
But to her sense of fear.
Like a hue, light lies on her lidded sight,
And she half hates the inevitable light.
III
Open the windows and the doors all wide
Lest aught of night abide,
Or, like a ship's trail in the sea, survive
What made it there to live!
She lies in bed half waiting that her wish
Grow bolder or more rich
To make her rise, or poorer, to oust fear,
And she rise as a common day were here.
That she would be a bride in bed with man
The parts where she is woman do insist
And send up messages that shame doth ban
From being dreamed but in a shapeless mist.
She opes her eyes, the ceiling sees above
Shutting the small alcove,
And thinks, till she must shut her eyes again,
Another ceiling she this night will know,
Another house, another bed, she lain
In a way she half guesses; so
She shuts her eyes to see not the room she
Soon will no longer see.
IV
Let the wide light come through the whole house now
Like a herald with brow
Garlanded round with roses and those leaves
That love for its love weaves!
Between her and the ceiling this day's ending
A man's weight will be bending.
Lo! with the thought her legs she twines, well knowing
A hand will part them then;
Fearing that entering in her, that allowing
That will make softness begin rude at pain.
If ye, glad sunbeams, are inhabited
By sprites or gnomes that dally with the day,
Whisper her, if she shrink that she'll be bled,
That love's large bower is doored in this small way.
V
Now will her grave of untorn maidenhood
Be dug in her small blood.
Assemble ye at that glad funeral
And weave her scarlet pall,
O pinings for the flesh of man that often
Did her secret hours soften
And take her willing and unwilling hand
Where pleasure starteth up.
Come forth, ye moted gnomes, unruly band,
That come so quick ye spill your brimming cup;
Ye that make youth young and flesh nice
And the glad spring and summer sun arise;
Ye by whose secret presence the trees grow
Green, and the flowers bud, and birds sing free,
When with the fury of a trembling glow
The bull climbs on the heifer mightily!
VI
Sing at her window, ye heard early wings
In whose song joy's self sings!
Buzz in her room along her loss of sleep,
O small flies, tumble and creep
Along the counterpane and on her fingers
In mating pairs. She lingers.
Along her joined-felt legs a prophecy
Creeps like an inward hand.
Look how she tarries! Tell her: fear not glee!
Come up! Awake! Dress for undressing! Stand!
Look how the sun is altogether all!
Life hums around her senses petalled close.
Come up! Come up! Pleasure must thee befall!
Joy to be plucked, O yet ungathered rose!
VII
Now is she risen. Look how she looks down,
After her slow down-slid night-gown,
On her unspotted while of nakedness
Save where the beast's difference from her white
frame
Hairily triangling black below doth shame
Her to-day's sight of it, till the caress
Of the chemise cover her body. Dress!
Stop not, sitting upon the bed's hard edge,
Stop not to wonder at by-and-bye, nor guess!
List to the rapid birds i'th' window ledge!
Up, up and washed! Lo! she is up half-gowned,
For she lacks hands to have power to button fit
The white symbolic wearing, and she's found
By her maids thus, that come to perfect it.
VIII
Look how over her seeing-them-not her maids
Smile at each other their same thought of her!
Already is she deflowered in others' thoughts.
With curious carefulness of inlocked braids,
With hands that in the sun minutely stir,
One works her hair into concerted knots.
Another buttons tight the gown; her hand,
Touching the body's warmth of life, doth band
Her thoughts with the rude bridegroom's hand to be.
The first then, on the veil placed mistily,
Lays on her head, her own head sideways leaning,
The garland soon to have no meaning.
The other, at her knees, makes the white shoon
Fit close the trembling feet, and her eyes see
The stockinged leg, road upwards to that boon
Where all this day centres its revelry.
IX
XI
XIII
No more, no more of church or feast, for these
Are outward to the day, like the green trees
That flank the road to church and the same road
Back from the church, under a higher sun trod.
These have no more part than a floor or wall
In the great day's true ceremonial.
The guests themselves, no less than they that wed,
Hold these as nought but corridors to bed.
So are all things, that between this and dark
Will be passed, a dim work
Of minutes, hours seen in a sleep, and dreamed
Untimed and wrongly deemed.
The bridal and the walk back and the feast
Are all for each a mist
Where he sees others through a blurred hot notion
Of drunk and veined emotion,
And a red race runs through his seeing and hearing,
A great carouse of dreams seen each on each,
Till their importunate careering
A stopped, half-hurting point of mad joy reach.
XIV
The bridegroom aches for the end of this and lusts
To know those paps in sucking gusts,
To put his first hand on that belly's hair
And feel for the lipped lair,
The fortress made but to be taken, for which
He feels the battering ram grow large and itch.
The trembling glad bride feels all the day hot
On that still cloistered spot
Where only her nightly maiden hand did feign
A pleasure's empty gain.
And, of the others, most will whisper at this,
Knowing the spurt it is;
And children yet, that watch with looking eyes,
Will now thrill to be wise
In flesh, and with big men and women act
The liquid tickling fact
For whose taste they'll in secret corners try
They scarce know what still dry.
XV
Even ye, now old, that to this come as to
Your past, your own joy throw
Into the cup, and with the younger drink
That which now makes you think
Of what love was when love was. (For not now
Your winter thoughts allow).
Drink with the hot day, the bride's sad joy and
The bridegroom's haste inreined,
The memory of that day when ye were young
And, with great paeans sung
Along the surface of the depths of you,
You paired and the night saw
The day come in and you did still pant close,
And still the half-fallen flesh distending rose.
XVI
No matter now or past or future. Be
Lovers' age in your glee!
Give all your thoughts to this great muscled day
That like a courser tears
The bit of Time, to make night come and say
The maiden mount now her first rider bears!
Flesh pinched, flesh bit, flesh sucked, flesh girt around,
Flesh crushed and ground,
These things inflame your thoughts and make ye dim
In what ye say or seem!
Rage out in naked glances till ye fright
Your ague of delight,
In glances seeming clothes and thoughts to hate
That fleshes separate!
Stretch out your limbs to the warm day outside,
To feel it while it bide!
For the strong sun, the hot ground, the green grass,
Each far lake's dazzling glass,
And each one's flushed thought of the night to be
Are all one joy-hot unity.
XVII
In a red bacchic surge of thoughts that beat
On the mad temples like an ire's amaze,
In a fury that hurts the eyes, and yet
Doth make all things clear with a blur around,
The whole group's soul like a glad drunkard sways
And bounds up from the ground!
Ay, though all these be common people heaping
To church, from church, the bridal keeping,
Yet all the satyrs and big pagan haunches
That in taut flesh delight and teats and paunches,
And whose course, trailing through the foliage, nears
The crouched nymph that half fears,
In invisible rush, behind, before
This decent group move, and with hot thoughts store
The passive souls round which their mesh they wind,
The while their rout, loud stumbling as if blind,
Makes the hilled earth wake echoing from her sleep
To the lust in their leap.
XVIII
Io! Io! There runs a juice of pleasure's rage
Through these frames' mesh,
That now do really ache to strip and wage
Upon each others' flesh
The war that fills the womb and puts milk in
The teats a man did win,
The battle fought with rage to join and fit
And not to hurt or hit!
Io! Io! Be drunken like the day and hour!
Shout, laugh and overpower
With clamour your own thoughts, lest they a breath
Utter of age or death!
Now is all absolute youth, and the small pains
That thrill the filled veins
Themselves are edged in a great tickling joy
That halts ever ere it cloy.
Put out of mind all things save flesh and giving
The male milk that makes living!
Rake out great peals of joy like grass from ground
In your o'ergrown soul found!
Make your great rut dispersedly rejoice
With laugh or voice,
As if all earth, hot sky and tremulous air
A mighty cymbal were!
XIX
Set the great Flemish hour aflame!
Your senses of all leisure maim!
Cast down with blows that joy even where they hurt
The hands that mock to avert!
All things pick up to bed that lead ye to
Be naked that ye woo!
Tear up, pluck up, like earth who treasure seek,
When the chest's ring doth peep,
The thoughts that cover thoughts of the acts of heat
This great day does intreat!
Now seem all hands pressing the paps as if
They meant them juice to give!
Now seem all things pairing on one another,
Hard flesh soft flesh to smother,
And hairy legs and buttocks balled to split
White legs mid which they shift.
Yet these mixed mere thoughts in each mind but speak
The day's push love to wreak,
The man's ache to have felt possession,
The woman's man to have on,
The abstract surge of life clearly to reach
The bodies' concrete beach.
Yet some work of this doth the real day don.
Now are skirts lifted in the servants' hall,
And the whored belly's stall
Ope to the horse that enters in a rush,
Half late, too near the gush.
And even now doth an elder guest emmesh
A flushed young girl in a dark nook apart,
And leads her slow to move his produced flesh.
Look how she likes with something in her heart
To feel her hand work the protruded dart!
XX
XXI
And ye, that wed to-day, guess these instincts
Of the concerted group in hints
Yourselves from Nature naturally have,
And your good future brave!
Close lips, nude arms, felt breasts and organ mighty,
Do your joy's night work rightly!
Teach them these things, O day of pomp of heat!
Leave them in thoughts such as must make the feat
Of flesh inevitable and natural as
Pissing when wish doth press!
Let them cling, kiss and fit
Together with natural wit,
And let the night, coming, teach them that use
For youth is in abuse!
Let them repeat the link, and pour and pour
Their pleasure till they can no more!
Ay, let the night watch over their repeated
Coupling in darkness, till thought's self, o'erheated,
Do fret and trouble, and sleep come on hurt frames,
And, mouthing each one's names,
They in each other's arms dream still of love
And something of it prove!
And, if they wake, teach them to recommence,
For an hour was far hence;
Till their contacted flesh, in heat o'erblent
With joy, sleep sick, while, spent
The stars, the sky pale in the East and shiver
Where light the night doth sever,
And with clamour of joy and life's young din
The warm new day come in.
LISBON, 1913.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH POEMS,
VOLUME 02 (OF 2) ***
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