Cairo University Gas Dynamics (AEMN211)

Faculty of Engineering Sheet 3 (Nozzle Flow)

AEM Program Fall 2020

Sheet(3): Convergent Divergent Nozzle Flow

1. A convergent nozzle has an exit area of 6.5 cm2 and total inlet conditions of
680 kPa and 370oK. Assume isentropic flow calculate the mass flow rate if the
ambient pressure is 359 kPa, 540 kPa, and 200 kPa.
2. Air is stored in a large chamber under conditions of 450 K and 1.5 × 10 5
N/m2. The air leaves the chamber through a convergent-only nozzle whose outlet
area is 30 cm2. The ambient room pressure is 1 × 105 N/m2 and there are no losses.
(a) What is the velocity of the air at the nozzle exit? (b) What is the mass flow
rate? (c) What is the maximum flow rate that could be obtained by lowering the
ambient pressure?
3. A converging–diverging nozzle is designed to operate with an exit Mach
number of M = 2.25. It is fed by a large chamber of air at 15.0 psia and 600°R and
exhausts into the room at 14.7 psia. Assuming the losses to be negligible, compute
the velocity in the nozzle throat.
4. Air flows through a convergent divergent nozzle that has an inlet area of 25
cm2. The inlet temperature and pressure are 50 oC and 550 kPa respectively, and
the velocity at the inlet is 80 m/s. If the flow is assumed to be isentropic, and the
exit pressure is 120 kPa, find the throat and exit areas and the exit velocity.
5. Consider a converging–diverging nozzle feeding air from a reservoir at p1 and
T1. The exit area is Ae = 4 At, where At is the area at the throat. The back pressure
pb is steadily reduced from an initial pb = p1. (a) Determine the back pressures (in
terms of p1) that would cause this nozzle to operate at first, second, and third
critical points. (b) Explain how the nozzle would be operating at the following
back pressures: (i) pb = p1; (ii) pb = 0.99 p1 ; (iii) pb = 0.53p1; (iv) pb = 0.03p1.
6. Air flows steadily with no losses through a converging–diverging nozzle with
an area ratio of 1.50. Conditions in the supply chamber are T = 500°R & p = 150
psia. (a) To choke the flow, to what pressure must the receiver be lowered? (b) If
the nozzle is choked, determine the density and velocity at the throat. (c) If the
receiver is at the pressure determined in part (a) and the diverging portion of the
nozzle is removed, what will the exit Mach number be?
7. A convergent divergent nozzle has total conditions of 700 kPa and 330 oK. The
mass flow rate is 1 kg/s. the total exit pressure is 550 kPa and the static exit
pressure is 500 kPa. If the flow is isentropic except for the occurrence of a shock,
calculate the throat area, the Mach number before and after the shock, the area
where the shock occurs, the exit area and exit velocity and density.
8. A nozzle is to be designed to expand air isentropically from the total
conditions 300oK and 2.042 atm to the atmosphere, at 15 km altitude, with a rate
of 25 kg/s. Assume that the air is a perfect gas with γ =1.4, R=287 J/kg/K, the
flow is one dimensional find the flow velocity at the exit section. What is the exit
velocity and the mass flow rate when the nozzle is operated at sea level. (At sea
level the ambient pressure is 101.325 kPa and at 15 km altitude the ambient
pressure is 12.112 kPa)
9. A convergent divergent nozzle is designed to operate with an exit Mach
number of 1.75. The nozzle is supplied from an air reservoir at 1000 psia.
Assuming one dimensional flow, calculate: The maximum back pressure to choke
the nozzle, The range of back pressures over which a normal shock will appear in
the nozzle, The back pressure for the nozzle to be perfectly expanded to the design
Mach number, The range of back pressures for supersonic flow at the nozzle exit
plane.
10. A convergent divergent nozzle is designed to expand air from a chamber in
which the pressure is 700 kPa and the temperature is 35 oC to give a Mach number
of 1.6. The mass flow rate through the nozzle under design conditions is 0.012
kg/s. Find: the throat and exit areas of the nozzle, the design back pressure and the
temperature of the air leaving the nozzle with this back pressure, the lowest back
pressure for which there will be no supersonic flow in the nozzle, the back
pressure below which there are no shock waves in the nozzle.
11. Air enters a convergent divergent nozzle at Mach number 0.2. The stagnation
pressure is 700 kPa and the stagnation temperature is 5 oC. The throat area of the
nozzle is 46 cm2, and the exit area is 230 cm2. If the pressure at the exit to the
nozzle is 500 kPa, determine if there is a shock in the divergent portion of the
nozzle. If there is a shock wave, determine the nozzle area at which the shock
occurs and the Mach number and pressure just before and just after the shock
wave.
12. Air with a stagnation pressure and temperature of 100 kPa and 150 oC is
expanded through a convergent divergent nozzle that is designed to give an exit
Mach number of 2. The nozzle exit area is 30 cm2. Find the exit pressure and the
mass rate of flow through the nozzle when operating at design conditions. Also
find the exit pressure if a normal shock wave occurs in the divergent portion of the
nozzle at a section where the area is half between the throat and exit areas.
13. A converging–diverging nozzle is designed to produce a Mach number of 2.5
with air. (a) What operating pressure ratio (prec/Poinlet) will cause this nozzle to
operate at the first, second, and third critical points? (b) If the inlet stagnation
pressure is 150 psia, what receiver pressures represent operation at these critical
points? (c) Suppose that the receiver pressure were fixed at 15 psia. What inlet
pressures are necessary to cause operation at the critical points?
14. Air enters a convergent–divergent nozzle at 20 × 105 N/m2 and 40°C. The
receiver pressure is 2 × 105 N/m2 and the nozzle throat area is 10 cm2. (a) What
should the exit area be for the design conditions above (i.e., to operate at third
critical?) (b) With the nozzle area fixed at the value determined in part (a) and the
inlet pressure held at 20 × 105 N/m2, what receiver pressure would cause a shock
to stand at the exit? (c) What receiver pressure would place the shock at the
throat?