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practicefinal-key

The document contains a series of true or false questions regarding properties of functions and sequences in advanced calculus, along with explanations and counterexamples for each statement. It also includes limit evaluations for various sequences and functions, determining their convergence or divergence. Additionally, it discusses the continuity of specific functions and the existence of solutions to certain equations, providing proofs and reasoning for each case.

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3 views

practicefinal-key

The document contains a series of true or false questions regarding properties of functions and sequences in advanced calculus, along with explanations and counterexamples for each statement. It also includes limit evaluations for various sequences and functions, determining their convergence or divergence. Additionally, it discusses the continuity of specific functions and the existence of solutions to certain equations, providing proofs and reasoning for each case.

Uploaded by

aida
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Final Preparation Key, Advanced Calculus, Fall 2008

1. True or false?
(a) If g ◦ f is one-to-one, then f is one-to-one.
True. If f (x) = f (y), then g(f (x)) = g(f (y)), and by assumption this implies
x = y.
(b) If g ◦ f is one-to-one, then g is one-to-one.
False. Counterexample: g : R → R, g(x) = x2 is not one-to-one, but with
f : (0, +∞) → R, f (x) = x, the composition g ◦ f : (0, +∞) → R, (g ◦ f )(x) = x2
is one-to-one.
a1 +...+an
(c) If (an ) is a bounded sequence, then bn = n
converges.
False. Counterexamples for this are slightly tricky to write down, one possibility
is the following. Let (an ) be a sequence of numbers ±1 constructed inductively as
follows: Let a1 = −1. Now assume that a1 , . . . , an have already been determined.
Define an+1 = . . . = a2n = 1, and a2n+1 = . . . = a5n = −1. Then b2n ≥ 0 and
b5n ≤ −1/5. Since |b2n −b5n | ≥ 1/5, this shows that (bn ) is not a Cauchy sequence,
hence divergent.
a1 +...+an
(d) If bn = n
converges, then (an ) is bounded.
√
False. One
√ possible counterexample is the
√
unbounded sequence a2k−1 = k,
k
a2k = − k. Then b2k = 0, and b2k−1 = 2k−1 , so limk→∞ b2k = limk→∞ b2k−1 = 0.
This shows that limn→∞ bn = 0.
(e) Every continuous function f : [0, +∞) → R is bounded.
False. Counterexample f (x) = x.
(f) Every continuous function f : [0, +∞) → R with limx→∞ f (x) = 0 is bounded.
True. The assumption implies that f is eventually bounded, i.e., there exists M
and K1 such that |f (x)| ≤ K1 for x ≥ M . Continuous functions on closed bounded
intervals are bounded, so there exists K2 such that |f (x)| ≤ K2 for x ∈ [0, M ].
Then |f (x)| ≤ K = max(K1 , K2 ) for x ∈ [0, +∞).
2. Find the limit of these sequences or show that it does not exist.
(a) limn→∞ √n =∞
n+1
3n −(−2)n
(b) limn→∞ 3n +(−2)n
= 1.
n n
(c) limn→∞ 2 2+(−3)
n −3n does not exist, there are two subsequences converging to 1 and
-1, respectively. (The sequence with the typo on the sheet I handed out converges
to -1.)
(d) d1 = 0, and dn+1 = d2n + 1/4 for n ≥ 1.

1
2

limn→∞ dn = 1/2. The sequence satisfies 0 ≤ dn ≤ 1/2 for all n, and it is


increasing. As a monotone and bounded sequence it converges to a limit D ∈
[0, 1/2] satisfying D = D2 + 1/4. The only solution is D = 1/2.
(e) e1 = 1, and en+1 = e2n + 1/4 for n ≥ 1.
limn→∞ en = +∞. This sequence satisfies en ≥ 1 for all n, and it is increasing. A
limit E would have to satisfy E = E 2 + 1/4 and E ≥ 1. Since there is no such
real number, the sequence diverges to +∞.
3. Find the limits or show that they do not exist.
1+x2
(a) limx→∞ x3 −x2
=0
2
(b) limx→1 x1+x
3 −x2 does not exist. The limit from the left and from the right are

−∞ and ∞, respectively.
1+x2
(c) limx→0 x3 −x2
= −∞.
4. Where are the following functions continuous?
(a) f (x) = [x] is continuous in R \ Z.
(b) g(x) = x for x ∈ Q, and g(x) = 1/x for x ∈
/ Q, is continuous in ±1.
5. (a) Show that the equation rx + x = 0 has exactly one real solutionx for every
r > 0.
First of all, the function fr (x) = rx +x is strictly increasing, so there can be at most
one solution. In order to show existence, we observe that limx→∞ fr (x) = +∞ and
limx→−∞ fr (x) = −∞. So there exist a, b ∈ R with fr (a) < 0 and fr (b) > 0. The
intermediate value theorem shows that there exists x(r) between a and b with
fr (x(r)) = 0.
(b)∗ Denoting this solution by x(r), show that this is a continuous function of r.
This is a little harder. Assume that x(r) is not continuous at some point r0 > 0.
Then there exists  > 0 and a sequence (rn ) of positive numbers converging to r0
with |x(rn ) − x(r0 )| ≥  for all n. This implies that x(rn ) ≥ x(r0 ) +  for infinitely
many n, or that x(rn ) ≤ x(r0 ) −  for infinitely many n. Let us first assume that
x(r )
the first case applies, and let x = x(r0 ) + . This implies 0 = rn n + x(rn ) ≥
rnx + x for infinitely many n. Passing to the limit along this subsequence we get
0 ≥ r0x +x > r0x0 +x0 = 0, a contradiction. The other case leads to a contradiction
in the same way.

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