Disciplines of Medical Theoretical aspects Experimental

aspects
Microbiology The Microscopy, Diseased
Medical bacteriology suspected staining animal should
Medical virology pathogen contain the
Prion studies must be suspected
Medical mycology present in all pathogen.
Medical parasitology cases of the
Immunology disease and
absent from
Deals with — transmission, acquisition, healthy
progression, treatment, and prevention of animals.
infectious diseases. — identi cation of
etiologic agent or causative agent of a The Laboratory Streak agar
disease. suspected cultures plate with
pathogen sample from
Opportunistic — is not likely to cause a must be either a
disease depending on the virulence state of grown in pure diseased or a
the pathogen. culture. healthy
animal.

Cells from a Experimental Inoculate

pure culture of animals healthy animal
Germ Theory the suspected
pathogen
with cells of
suspected
Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur con rmed
must cause pathogen.
the germ theory in 1870’s. Series of elegant
disease in a
experiments proving that microorganisms
healthy
were responsible for causing anthrax, rabies,
animal.
plague, cholera, and tuberculosis.
The Laboratory The
Certain diseases are caused by the invasion suspected reisolation and suspected
of the body by microorganisms. pathogen culture pathogen is
must be grown in pure
reisolated and culture and it
shown to be should be
Koch’s Postulate the same as
the original.
identical to
previous pure
Establish cause and e ect. Viruses are culture.
exempted to the Koch’s postulate since they
cannot be grown in pure culture.
Haemophilis is hard to grow in pure culture. The diseased animal is extracted via blood
serum and is grown in pure culture. The
suspected pathogen is then inoculated in a
healthy animal. The healthy animal is
Theoretical aspects Experimental expected to become a diseased animal of
aspects which is then extracted via blood serum and
Postulates Lab tools
is grown in pure culture. The grown culture
must be the same organism as before.

The healthy animal, when grown in pure

culture, must contain no organisms. Only red
blood cells are seen.
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 Virulence: is a quanti able trait that will help
Pure culture – No other organism is present. the pathogen establish infection. (e.g., genes
Only one species is present. BAP or CAP is that code for enzymes, AMR genes,
used. secondary metabolites (help the prokaryotic
cell to colonize, disrupt tissues, etc.)
Complement strain: strain na tinanggalan
na gene tas binalik yung gene sa pathogen.
Molecular Koch’s
Postulate Molecular Koch’s Postulate Concept
Molecular Koch’s 1. The phenotype that is coded by the gene
Koch’s Postulates at a molecular level should be absent in
Postulates
nonpathogenic strains.
1. The microorganism 1. The phenotype or 2. When you do gene deletion or inactivate,
should be found in all property under shutdown the function of the gene or
cases of the disease in investigation prevent expression of the gene, or gene
question, and its should be knockout, or the genes associated with
distribution in the signi cantly the virulence factor, then there should be
body should be in associated with a measurable decrease in the ability of
accordance with the pathogenic strains the pathogen to cause a disease or its
lesions observed. of a species and virulence level.
not with 3. The removed gene in number two, when
nonpathogenic put back in the pathogen, now called as
strains. complement strain, should lead to
restoration of pathogenicity.
2. The microorganism 2. Speci c inactivation
should be grown in of the gene or genes
pure culture in vitro (or associated with the
outside the body of suspected virulence
the host) for several
generations.
trait should lead to a
measurable decrease
Modes of infectious
in pathogenicity or disease transmission
virulence. General Transmission: abiotic
environmental factors and animal vectors.
3. When such a pure 3. Reversion or • Abiotic environmental factors — wind,
culture is inoculated replacement of the water, inhalation of spores, and entry
into susceptible animal mutated gene with the into skin.
species, the typical wild-type gene should • Animal vectors — mosquitoes (malaria,
disease must result. lead to restoration of dengue) and eas (bubonic plague)
pathogenicity or
virulence.

4. The microorganism Human to Human Transmission: Direct

must again be isolated contact, Indirect contact, Droplets, Airborne,
from the lesions of and Fecal-oral.
such experimentally
produced disease.
• Direct contact — pathogen survives
best inside the body. HIV, Herpes
Pathogen: species or strain is able to viruses, Ebola, Gonorrhea, Staph
produce or cause an infection or disease in a infection.
host. • Indirect contact — pathogen survives
Pathogenicity: ability of the pathogen or harsh environment. Pick up pathogen
microorganism to cause disease. from surface or air. In uenza, Norovirus,
common cold.
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 • Droplets — pathogens are in droplets, Human Microbiome — referring to all of the
but do not survive long this way. Ebola, genomes that are present in the body.
Bordetella pertussis. Microbiota — referring to the bacterial
• Airborne — pathogens aerosolized and species present in a singular environment
stay infective. In uenza, Tuberculosis. such as the human digestive tract.
• Fecal-Oral — through contaminated
water or food. Cholera, Norovirus,
Shigella NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
Referred to as healthcare-associated
infections that is acquired during the process
of receiving health care that was not present
during the time of admission.

ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS
Microorganisms infect animal populations
which accidentally encounter and infect
humans.

LIVESTOCK-ASSOCIATED
Human infection is a result of regular
interaction with animals for food production.

Host-microorganism
Infectious Agent or interaction and stages of
Microbe infection
Exogenous ora: from outside of the body Host-microorganism interactions:
that was once carried and transmitted via encounter and entry, colonization and entry,
contact. invasion and dissemination, outcome.
Examples are bacteria = methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] is carried to
the resident via hands of healthcare worker.

Endogenous ora: something inherent, from

inside or on the body.

• Bacteria
• Bacilli
• Cocci
• Spirochetes
• Virus
• Fungi
• Rickettsia
• Prions
• Protozoa
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 Encounter and entry — pathogen through the bite of a vector, scratch, or other
encounters and colonizes host surface. penetrating wound.
Colonization and entry — pathogen
multiplies and breaches host surface
defenses.
Invasion and dissemination — pathogen Non-speci c defense mechanisms —
invades deeper tissues and disseminates, body surfaces are always present and
encounters in ammatory and immune provide protection against all other
responses. microorganisms, skin, and mucous
Outcome — pathogen completes cycle membranes are constant.
(leaves host, destroys host, remains in latent Speci c defense mechanisms — other
state, is destroyed by host). protective mechanisms are produced in
response to the presence of microbial agents
(inducible defenses), and some are directed
speci cally at particular microorganisms.
Corresponding infection-disease stages:
incubation stage, prodromal stage, clinical
stage, stage of decline, convalescent Skin colonizers — are bacteria that can
stage. survive conditions of the skin like
antibacterial substances, sweat and sebum.
Incubation stage — no signs or symptoms
Prodromal stage — rst signs and
symptoms, pathogen may be highly
communicable.
Immune response three major types of cells:
Clinical stage — peak of characteristic B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and Natural
signs and symptoms of infection or disease. Killer cells.
Stage of decline — condition of host
deteriorates possibly to death or signs and
symptoms begin to subside as host
• B lymphocytes — originate from stem
cells. Develops into B cells in the bone
condition improves. marrow. Functions as antibody producers
Convalescent stage — full recovery of (plasma cells).
surviving host
• T lymphocytes — originate from stem
cells. Mature in the thymus. Either directly
destroy infected cells (cytotoxic T cells,
TC or CTLs) or work with B cells (helper T
Reservoir — is the environment or place of cells , TH) to regulate antibody production.
origin of the infecting agent.
• NK cells — are a subset of T cells.
Vectors — animals, insects, or other
humans that is capable of transmitting
• Invariant Natural Killer T cells
(NKT) — develops in the thymus
diseases.
as other T lymphocytes. Are
Vehicle or fomite — nonliving entity that is activated by the release of
capable of transmitting diseases. cytokines during viral infections.
Ectoparasites — are able to survive on the
skin of the host without gaining access to
internal tissues.
• Regulatory T cells (Tregs) — supress
autoimmune responses by other T
lymphocytes and mediate immune
tolerance.
Non-fungal infections may result when
microbial agents in the environment such as Suprapubic aspiration — The best way to
endospores, are introduced mechanically extract urine through the urinary bladder.
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 Endemic — constantly present, low
numbers. Pathogen may not be highly
virulent OR majority of Individuals in the
Epidemiology population may be immune.
Study of the occurrence, distribution, and Epidemic — simultaneously infects an
determinants of health and disease in unusually high number of individuals.
populations. Pandemic — widespread, usually global
Studies the spread of a disease. Identify its epidemic.
origin and mode of transmission.

How is it transmitted? Airborne, aerosols, Mortality: incidence of death in a population.

faecal-oral route, etc.
Morbidity: incidence of disease in a
population.

Basic Reproduction Number (R0) —

predicts infectivity of a pathogen.
Number of expected secondary
transmissions in an entirely susceptible
population.

Herd Immunity — the risk of infection

among susceptible individuals in a
population is reduced by the presence of
adequate numbers of immune individuals
due to natural infection or vaccination.

Threshold of immunity needed for this

indirect protective e ect depends on:
- transmissibility of the infectious agent
- Nature of the vaccine-induced immunity
- Distribution of the immune individuals
Individuals protected by herd immunity
remain susceptible to infection upon
Active monitoring/disease surveillance — exposure. This can lead to outbreaks of
active process of monitoring, surveying and disease when a group of susceptible
checking if there are diseases, the number of individuals accumulates.
cases as they occur. Analyze the data and to
be able to predict trends and signals of
disease outbreak.

Incidence of a particular disease —

number of new cases of the disease. Not yet
reported previously.
Prevalence of a particular disease —
totality of new and existing diseases.
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