BASICS OF BUILDING STRUCTURE MECHANICS

PROJECT No 2

ANALYSIS OF
PLANE FRAME BY THE DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Białystok, 2023
BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

Table of contents
1 Solution for statically loaded frame...........................................................................4
1.1 Pin-connected system of the frame....................................................................4
1.2 The degree of kinematic indeterminacy of structure..........................................4
1.3 The primary system of the displacement method...............................................5
1.4 Analysis of a pin-connected system....................................................................5
1.5 Canonical equations and values of coefficients...................................................7
1.6 Calculation of unknowns displacements Z i........................................................12
1.7 Diagrams of internal forces in the structure.....................................................12
2 Verification...............................................................................................................15

The Displacement Method 2/17

BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

Use the Displacement Method for analysis of indeterminate struc-

ture and loading shown in a figure. Construct the final bending moment,
shear and axial force diagrams.

The flexural stiffness EJ is written next to the members of the structure.

F I

C
EJ 5 EJ 8

1l
l/2

2 EJ
3 E 6 H
B
EJ EJ

EJ 2EJ

1l
1l

1 7

G
EJ
A
4

1l
- member
numbers 2q
D

2l 1l

The Displacement Method 3/17

BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

1 Solution for statically loaded frame

1.1 Pin-connected system of the frame

A pin-connected system (hinged system/scheme, kinematic chain) is obtained

from the original structure by introducing hinges at all rigid joints and supports
while considering all members of the hinged scheme to be absolutely rigid.

5 8

2
3 6

1 7

1.2 The degree of kinematic indeterminacy of structure

The kinematic indeterminacy of a structure nk is the number of unknown

displacements: angles of rotation of the rigid joints ∑ φ and independent linear
displacements of joints (translations) ∑ Δ . We can use the formula to calculate
the degree of kinematic indeterminacy:

nk = ∑ φ + ∑
⏟Δ
determined in
a hinged system

∑φ=2 (joints/nodes: B and H)

∑ Δ = 2w − p
w - number of nodes (including support nodes)
p - number of members in hinged system (including support members/links)

∑ Δ = 2⋅9 − (8+9) = 1
n k = 2 + 1=3

The Displacement Method 4/17

BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

1.3 The primary system of the displacement method

The unknowns of the method are rotation angles of rigid joints and inde-
pendent linear translations. Imposing additional (fictitious) constraints to joints
(preventing displacements) we obtain kinematically determinate system:

F I

C
Z1 Z2
Z3
E
B H

G
A

In the primary system all displacements of joints are zero due to imposed addi -
tional constraints.

1.4 Analysis of a pin-connected system

It is important to know the relationship between angles  i (chord rotation)

and displacements of joints  i (relative vertical translation of member nodes in
the direction perpendicular to axis of non-displaced member) in a chain com-
posed by pin-connected frame members (hinged system). The values we determ-
ine analysing any continuous chains of members 1). The figure below shows the
system before and after (dashed lines) unit displacement Z3 = 1.

1) the values of displacements  i are obvious but the analysis will be done for teaching purposes

The Displacement Method 5/17

BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

5 8
5 8
2 2
3 6

 4= 5  7= 8
1 1
4 7 7

 1= 2 =Z3=1
4

For a displaced kinematic chain (hinged system) of 3 or 4 members, we can write

equations from which the displacements perpendicular to the axes of these mem-
bers could be determined. The equations have the general form
∑ liX ⋅ ψi = Δ Y n−Δ Y 0
∑ liY ⋅ ψi = Δ X n −Δ X 0
i = 1 ,... , number of members/links in a chain

l iX - length of the "i-th" member projection on the X axis

l iY - length of the "i-th" member projection on the Y axis
Δ X 0 ,n - displacement of the first/last joint in a chain along X axis
ΔY 0 ,n - displacement of the first/last joint in a chain along Y axis
Δ X n−Δ X 0 - the difference of displacement components
of the ending and starting node in the chain analysed along X axis
ΔY n −Δ Y 0 - the difference of displacement components
of the ending and starting node in the chain analysed along Y axis

(1) Chain of members 2 - 3 - 4

∑ l ix⋅ψi = 0 ⇒ 0⋅ψ2 + l 3⋅ψ3 +0⋅ψ4=0 ⇒ ψ3=0 ⇒ Δ3=0

∑ l iy⋅ψi = 0 ⇒ −l 2⋅ψ2 +0⋅ψ3 +l 4⋅ψ4 = 0

l
⇒ − ⋅ψ2 + 0⋅ψ3−2 l⋅ψ4 = 0
2
Δ2 1 2
⇒ ψ2 = = l =
l2 l
2
l 2
⇒ − ⋅ = 2 l⋅ψ4
2 l
Δ4 1
⇒ ψ4 = =− l ⇒ Δ4 = −1 |Δ 4| = |−1|
l4 2
(2) We know the displacements  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 of joints, the remaining dis-

The Displacement Method 6/17

BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

placements of joints we determine analysing e.g., chain of members

1 - 3 - 6 - 7 or any other in witch we know at least one value of displace-
ment  i .
Eg. equations for chain 4 – 6 – 7 are as follows:

∑ l ix⋅ψi = 0 ⇒ 0⋅ψ4 + l 6⋅ψ6 + 0⋅ψ7 = 0 ⇒ ψ6 = 0 ⇒ Δ6 = 0

∑ l iy⋅ψi = 0 ⇒ l 4⋅ψ4 + 0⋅ψ6 − l 7⋅ψ7 = 0

ponieważ Δ4 = 1

1
⇒ 2 l⋅ = l⋅ψ7
2
1 Δ 7 Δ7
⇒ = ψ7 = = ⇒ Δ7 = 1
l l7 l

Because of  8 =  7 = 1 , all values of linear displacements of joints are

known:
1 = 2 = 4 = 5 = 7 = 8 = 1
3 = 6 = 0

1.5 Canonical equations and values of coefficients

The number of canonical equations equals to the degree of kinematic inde-

terminacy. General form of equations for this structure is as follows (nk = 3)

{
r 11 ⋅ Z 1  r 12 ⋅ Z 2  r 13 ⋅ Z 3  R 1q = 0
r 21 ⋅ Z 1  r 22 ⋅ Z 2  r 23 ⋅ Z 3  R 2q = 0
r 31 ⋅ Z 1  r 32 ⋅ Z 2  r 33 ⋅ Z 3  R 3q = 0

Coefficients rij are equal to the values of reactions in constraint “i” in kinematic-
ally determinate system caused by displacement Zj = 1 in direction “j” (the first
numeral in rij is the label of the constraint where the reactive moment or force
arises, and the second numeral is the label of the constraint, which is displaced).
Coefficients Riq are equal to reactions in the primary system due to external load.
We determine them in steps (1)-(4) of an analysis procedure presented below.
In a kinematically determinate system each member of a structure can be classi-
fied as single-span beam appropriately supported (according to imposed – artifi-
cial/fictitious and real constraints).
The static scheme of each frame member in kinematically determinate system is
depicted on the figure

The Displacement Method 7/17

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F I

B E H

G
A

The Displacement Method 8/17

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(1) The corresponding deflected shape of members φ1 , bending moments dia-

gram M1 and values of virtual reactions R1 for unit state Z1 = 1

Z2
Z1 =1
Z3

1

4EJ
l

8EJ
Z2
Z3 l

3EJ
l 3EJ
2l

M1

24EJ
l2
24EJ Z2
Z3 l2

3EJ
l2 3EJ 3EJ
4l 2 4l 2
3EJ
l2

R1

We get the following unit reactions

r 11 = 83
 2 l
3 EJ
= 12
1 EJ
2l
r 21 = 0
EJ EJ
r 31 = −243  2
= −21 2
l l

The Displacement Method 9/17

BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

(2) The corresponding deflected shape of members φ2 , bending moments dia-

gram M2 and values of virtual reactions R2 for unit state Z2 = 1

Z1
Z2 =1
Z3

2

2EJ
l

Z1 3EJ
l
Z3
4EJ
3⋅2EJ
l
l
6 EJ
=
l

M2

6EJ
l2

3EJ 3EJ
Z1 l2 l2
Z3
6EJ
6EJ l2
l2

6EJ
l2

R2

We get the following unit reactions

r 12 = 0
EJ EJ
r 22 =  346  = 13
l l
r 32 = 0

The Displacement Method 10/17

BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

(3) The corresponding deflected shape of members φ3 , bending moments dia-

gram M3 and values of virtual reactions R3 for unit state Z3 = 1

Z3 =1

 4= 5  7= 8

 1= 2 =Z3=1

3

6EJ
6EJ 24 EJ 24 EJ ⋅Δ 8=
⋅Δ= 2 ⋅Δ2 = 2 l2
L2 l l
6 EJ
= 2
l
24EJ 6EJ
⋅Δ 2
l2 Z1
⋅Δ 8 Z2
l2

3⋅(2EJ) 6 EJ
3EJ 3 EJ ⋅Δ 7 =
⋅Δ 1= 2 2 2
L2 l l l
Δ1 =Z 1 =1

M3
3EJ 3 EJ
⋅Δ 4 = 2
4l 2 4l

12EJ
l3

96EJ
l3
96EJ 12EJ
l3 l3
Z1 Z2
3EJ 3EJ 6EJ
l3 8l 3 l3

3EJ 6EJ
l3 l3

R3 3EJ
8l 3

We get the following unit reactions

EJ EJ
r 13 = −243  = −21
l2 l2
EJ EJ
r 23 = −66  2 = 0 2
l l

 3
r 33 = 963 126
8  EJ
l 3
= 117
3 EJ
8 l3

The Displacement Method 11/17

BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

(4) The corresponding deflected shape of members φq , bending moments dia-

gram Mq and values of virtual reactions Rq for static external load q

z3 Z2
Z1

q

Z3 Z2
Z1

Mq 2q

ql2

z3 Z1 Z2
3ql
2

Rq
5ql 2q
2

We get the following reactions in primary system subjected to external loads

R1q = 0
R2q = 0
3
R3q = − ql
2

The Displacement Method 12/17

BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

1.6 Calculation of unknowns displacements Zi

The system of canonical equations of displacement method in the example

takes the form

{
1 EJ EJ
12 ⋅ Z1 + 0⋅ Z 2 - 21 2
⋅ Z3 + 0 = 0
2 l l
EJ
0⋅ Z 1 + 13 ⋅ Z2 + 0⋅ Z 3 + 0 = 0
l
EJ 3 EJ 3
−21 2
⋅ Z1 + 0⋅ Z 2 + 117 ⋅ Z3 - ql = 0
l 8 l3 2

The matrix of coefficients of the canonical equations is symmetrical with respect

to the main diagonal r ij = r ji . The values of displacements we obtain solving the
system of equations, we get:

168 ql3 336 ql3

Z1 = =
5473 EJ 10946 EJ
Z2 = 0
4 4
100 ql 200 ql
Z3 = =
5473 EJ 10946 EJ

1.7 Diagrams of internal forces in the structure

(1) Bending moment diagram

Using the principle of superposition M = M 1⋅Z 1 + M2⋅Z 2 + M3⋅Z 3 + Mq , we ob-
tain

1344

2688
1008
504

1
M1*Z1 × [ ql2 ]
10946

The Displacement Method 13/17

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1200

4800

4800 1200
600 1200

1
M3*Z3 × [ ql 2 ]
10946

150

Mq ×
1
10946
[ ql2 ]

10946

1200

3456

2112 1200
1608 1200
504
x0

Mmax

1
M ×
10946
[ ql2 ]

11096

The Displacement Method 14/17

BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

(2) Shear force diagram

11136
+
+
16344
1608 - 2400
+

x0
252
- -

1200

V ×
1
10946
[ ql ]
-

27440

The value of the maximum bending moment M max in member DE:

16344 8172
V (x)= ql − 2 q⋅x 0 = 0 ⇒ x0 = l ≈ 0.75 l
10946 10946

Mmax = M (x 0) =
16344
10946
ql⋅
8172
10946
l − 2q⋅
8172 1 8172
l⋅ ⋅
10946 2 10946
l = (
16695396 2
29953729 )
ql ≈ 0.5574ql
2

(3) Axial force diagram

3600
-
252 +

-
12744

1
N ×
10946
[ ql ] 252

- compression
+ tension

The Displacement Method 15/17

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2 Verification
The method of verification is independent of the method used in the structure
analysis (it is the same after analysis by the force or the displacement method).
We will verify only three displacement 2 along directions of real support constrains
(real displacement are zero). For the sake of simplicity we decompose final bend-
ing moment diagram into simple areas as shown below:

1200

3456

2112 1200
1608 1200
504
10946

1
M ×
10946
[ ql2 ]

11096

(1) Calculation of rotation value C for support C

1
 c =?

 1 [-]
M
2

{  
l
1
M⋅M 1 ql 3 1 1 1 1 1 2
C = ∫ dl = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅2112⋅1  ⋅ ⋅3456⋅−1  ⋅1⋅1608⋅ ⋅1 
0 EJ 10946 EJ 2 2 2 2 2 3
2 1 2
 ⋅2⋅10946⋅1  ⋅2⋅11096⋅ − ⋅2 = 0
3 2 3  }
2 this type of verification should be carried out in a number equals to degree of statical indeterminacy of a structure

The Displacement Method 16/17

BUT – PB DGSM BBSM

(2) Calculation of vertical displacement value v C for support C

v c =?
2l

2l

 2 [-]
M
4l

{    
l
2
M⋅M 1 ql 4 1 2 1 2 2
vC = ∫ dl = ⋅ ⋅1⋅1608⋅ − ⋅2  ⋅2⋅504⋅ ⋅2  ⋅2⋅10946⋅−2 
0 EJ 10946 EJ 2 3 2 3 3
1 2
 }
 ⋅2⋅11096⋅ ⋅4 = 0
2 3

(3) Calculation of horizontal displacement value u A for support A

3
l
1l 2

u A =?  3 [-]
M

{
l

() ) ( ) (
M⋅M̄3 1 ql4 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
uA =∫ dl = ⋅ ⋅1⋅1608⋅ − ⋅1 + ⋅ ⋅2112⋅ − ⋅1 + ⋅ ⋅3456⋅ ⋅1 +
0 EJ 10946 EJ 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3

3 2 }
⋅ ⋅1⋅1200⋅( ⋅ ) + ⋅1⋅1200⋅( ⋅ ) + ⋅1⋅1200⋅(− ⋅ ) = 0
1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 3
+
⏟
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2
because of
GH member
stiffness
equals to 2EJ

The Displacement Method 17/17