Spped Report
Spped Report
SYSTEM ON HIGHWAYS.
VEHICLESPEEDMONITORINGANDENFORCEMENT
SYSTEM i
DECLARATIONOFORIGINALITY ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
ABSTRACT iv
LISTOFTABLES viii
LISTOFFIGURES ix
LISTOFABBREVIATIONS x
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION 1
1-1: ProblemStatementandMotivation 1
1-2: ProjectScope 2
1-3: ProjectObjectives 2
1-4: ProposedApproach 3
1-5: BackgroundInformation 4
1-6: ReportOrganization 5
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW 6
2-1: ReviewoftheExistingSystems/Applications 6
2-1-1:MannedSpeedTraps 6
2-1-2:DopplerGun 6
2-1-3:VehicleLicensePlateRecognition 7
2-1-4:ImageProcessing 8
2-1-5:RadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID) 9
2-2: CriticalRemarksofpreviousworks 10
CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN 12
3-1: SystemArchitecture 12
3-2: RequirementSpecification 15
3-2-1:Functional Requirements 15
3-2-2:Non-functionalRequirements 15
3-3: FunctionalModulesinthesystem 16
3-3-1:CollectdataModule 16
v
3-3-2:CalculatespeedModule 16
3-3-3:DisplayresultModule 17
3-3-4:NotificationModule 17
3-4: SystemFlow 18
CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS 20
4-1: DesignSpecification 20
4-1-1:Methodologies 20
4-1-2:Toolstouse 21
4-2: ExpectedChallenge 26
4-3: Timeline 27
4-4: EstimatedCost 29
CHAPTER5:IMPLEMENTATIONANDTESTING 30
5-1: HardwareSetup 30
5-1-1:ArduinoUnowithRFIDreaders 30
5-1-2:ArduinoUnowithstandardLCD16x2display 32
5-1-3:ArduinoUnowithGSMmodem 34
5-1-4:ArduinoUnowithbuzzer 35
5-2: SoftwareSetup 37
5-2-1:ArduinoSoftware(IDE) 37
5-2-2:RFIDlibrary 38
5-2-3:SPIlibrary 38
5-2-4:LiquidCrystallibraryandGSMlibrary 38
5-3: SystemOperation 39
5-4: SettingandConfiguration 44
5-5: Systemtesting 45
CHAPTER6:CONCLUSION 46
6.1Conclusion 46
6-2: Impact,SignificanceandContribution 47
6-3: FutureWork 47
Bibliography 48
vi
APPENDIXA: BIWEEKLYREPORT… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .A-1
PLAGIARISMCHECKRESULT
CHECKLIST
vii
LISTOFTABLES
ix
LISTOFABBREVIATIONS
Battery-Assisted Passive
ClosedCircuit Television
VehicleLicensePlate Recognition
OperatingSystem
RadioFrequency Identification
Mifare RC522
Reset
Ground
MasterInput,SlaveOutput
MasterOutput, SlaveInput
SerialClock
SerialData
SerialPeripheralInterface
x
Integrated Development Environment
Identity
SubscriberIdentity Module
Unique Identity
Internet of Things
Slave Select
xi
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION
1-1: ProblemStatementandMotivation
Road plays an important role in the transportation field in Malaysia. At the same
time, the field of transportation has an irreplaceable role in coordinating all countries '
human beings for various kinds of vehicles. Simultaneously, the demand for various kinds
of vehicles caused the number of vehicles onthe road increased. The rise in the number of
vehicles in Malaysia directly led to various kinds of traffic issues especially in road
crashes. Excessive speed when driving on the road is one of the factors that led to a car
accident.
the roadside so the daily user of these roads can easily to aware them. After certain
time,the drivers will comein mind thelocations of theAES cameras. This may lead to a
very dangerous traffic situation. For example, when the drivers approaching the
enforcement zone, they will suddenly decelerate the vehicle speed and only to
accelerate again after passed through the enforcement zone and the problem
remains as it is. Besides, the drivers that aware the locations of the fixed cameras may
use the other roads in order to prevent the cameras, which may lead to traffic accident
on theotherroads.
solve the speeding violations issue. The main reason for choosing the RFID
technology is because RFID technology is more difficult to aware by the drivers and
1-2: ProjectScope
This project develops a system that could monitor the speeds of vehicles
through the useof RFIDtechnology and able toinform who exceeds the speed limit by
sending a message to the owner of the vehicle. The monitoring system station
consists of two RFID readers and a Central Control Unit, which is Arduino Uno. Each car
has its RFID tag. Two RFID readers are connected to the Central Control Unit, which is
collecting data from them. The RFID reader will scan all the vehicles which are passing
through it even the vehicle speed is lower than the speed limit. The time count will start
when the vehicle pass through the start RFID reader and stop when the vehicle pass
through the stop RFID reader. The time difference for a vehicle to pass through two
consecutive readers are calculated. With thecalculated time difference and pre stored
constant distance the speed of the vehicle is calculated. A buzzer will sound up to alert
the driver and a text message will send to the driver if the vehicle exceeds the speed
limit.
1-3: ProjectObjectives
Therearethree primary objectives forthis project. And they are listed as follows:
readers and Arduino Uno. The project will start off with connecting the two RFID
readers to the Arduino Uno by using jumper wire. The two consecutive RFID readers
must install below the road at determined distance. The determined distance in this
project is 100cm. Each vehicle has its own RFID tag. After successfully connected, the
2. Besides, this project aims to create and upload a script to Arduino Uno in order to
calculatethe speed ofthe vehicle. Thisscript will create byusing C++ language.A running
algorithm is used to calculate the time required for a vehicle to pass through two
2
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION
consecutive readers. With the calculated time difference and pre stored constant
3. Last but not least, this project also aims sound up a buzzer to alert the driver and
1-4: ProposedApproach
enforcement system by using RFID technology. This system not only can calculate the
vehicle speed and compare the calculated speed with the pre stored speed but also
manage to send a text message to the driver mobile phone if the value of calculated
speed is higher than the pre stored speed toinform them about the speeding violation.
The idea of this system make the driver hard to recognize the enforcement zone and
cause the driver to reduce the vehicle speed to avoid being fined. By using this system,
1-5: BackgroundInformation
identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. The RFID system is composed of two
main components, which are the RFID reader and RFID tag. The tag is composed of a
microchip connected to an antenna, the microchip can store a maximum of two kilobyte
of data, which can include the information of the product, destination of the product and
the manufacturing date. RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery-assisted
passive. An active tag has an on board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A
battery-assisted passive (BAP) has a small battery on board and is activated wheninthe
In order to retrieve data from the tags, RFID reader is needed. The RFID reader
can be either passive or active. The passive reader can only receive radio signals from
the active tags. Active reader can transmit interrogator signals and also receives
RFID technology is progressing every day and has proven its importance. RFID
tracking, human identification and lot more area. RFID isn’ t a new technology, but
people are beginning to pay attention to this technology which can directly benefit
Inthis project, two active readersand multiple passive tagsare used to monitorthe
waves activate the microchip of the tag and then the data get transmitted. This system
once completed canbe installed on demand in high accident zones to monitor the vehicle
speed.
4
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION
1-6: ReportOrganization
There will be total of 6 chapters in this report. Chapter 1 introduce about the
and proposed approach also included. In chapter two, there will be 5 different types of
solutions tocompareintheliteraturereview.
While there is also the system architecture, block diagram, schematic diagram,
screenshot for the completed project and system flowchart inside the chapter 3. Next
chapter 4 will determine about the tools to develop the project and the methodology of
this project. Besides, in chapter 5 there is the implementation and testing part for the
real project. Finally, the chapter 6 conclusion which include is the conclusion, impact,
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW
There are several solutions have been proposed to monitor the vehicle speed and
reducethespeeding violationissue.
2-1: ReviewoftheExistingSystems/Applications
2-1-1:MannedSpeedTraps
In order to reduce the number of speeding violation, many traffic regulators use
trap systems have been implemented on demand in high accident zones in many
countries as a way to control the vehicles speed. In Malaysia, manned speed trap is one of
the methods that used to arrest the speeding drivers. A manned speed trap is a method
that one or more police officers intentionally hiding themselves in any place in order to
catch the speeding drivers. Forexample, the police officers can hide themselves ina low
ditch, behind the billboard, a place which next to a sharp turnor anywhere that the drivers
they can easily to arrest the speeding drivers. In this case, when the police officers believe
that the car is speeding, they will flip on the Doppler gun that transmits radio waves at
particular frequencies. The waves will bounce off the vehicle and then picked up by the
receiver. The police officers can know how fast the car is driving, according to the shift of
frequencies. The strength of manned speed traps is that drivers are less aware where
2-1-2:DopplerGun
6
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW
relative to the wave source. When the target is approaching, the reflected frequency
will be higher than the transmitted frequency. Conversely, when the target is receding,
the reflected frequency will be lower than the transmitted frequency. Doppler gun has
been widely used within the country because the size of the Doppler gun is smaller and
convenient to move from one location to another location. Besides, the price of the
Doppler gun is only RM2600 and is cheaper compare to the other devices which used
tomonitorthevehicle speed.
The Doppler radar may cause innocent people to be arrested due to some
technical problems. The technicalities include the cosine error, calibration errors,
ghosting errors and lack of target specificity (Goodson, 1985). There are some
limitations to the use of the Doppler speed gun. For example, Doppler gun can only
capture one vehicle at a time. This may cause some drivers to drive behind the
speeding car because they know that only thecar in front of them will be stopped and
arrested. Besides, when two cars are in parallel, the Doppler radar cannot differentiate
which car is the speeding car. An arrested driver may argue that his or her car does not
exceed the speed limit because the device only captures thespeed of the vehicle.
2-1-3:VehicleLicensePlateRecognition
Vehicle License Plate Recognition (VLPR) is a technology that can detect the
vehicles on monitored roads and automatically extract vehicle license plate information
for processing. VLPR technology is one of the important aspects in the intelligent traffic
system and it is widely been used. By using image processing, pattern recognition,
computer vision and other technologies, it analyzes the images or video sequences of the
vehicles captured bythecamera to obtainthe unique license plate numberof each vehicle,
it can be implementing into different sectors such as parking management, traffic flow
measurement, vehicle positioning, red light enforcement, highway toll station, vehicle
speed monitoring, and so on. The license plate number is the only “ identity” of the
vehicle.
7
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW
The automatic license plate recognition technology can automatically register and
verify the “ identity” of the car without causing any changes to the car. The strength
of this technology is real time monitoring and surveillance. The limitation is that bad
The license plate recognition technology combined with the speed measuring device
can be used for monitoring the speeding violations of vehicles. The specific
3. Sending license plate numbers and picturesof illegal vehicles tovarious exits.
5. Using the license plate recognition device to identify the passing vehicle and
compare the number with the number of the speeding vehicle that has been
received.
6. Once the numbers are the same, an alert device is activated to notify the police
2-1-4:ImageProcessing
Image processing is a technology that can convert an image into digital form
and perform various image processing techniques such as image enhancement and
extract useful information from the image (Ekta Saxena and Mrs. Neha Goswami,
The image processing technology combined with the vehicle license plate
recognition technology can be used to monitoring the speeding violations and
obtained the information of speeding car such as license plate number and illegal
video image. Thespecific applications aredivided into fivesteps as follows:
8
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW
pre-processed image and determining the motion track and the speed of the
vehicle.
5. If the vehicle exceeds the speed limit, the number plate and video image will
the country in order to monitor the vehiclespeed. The limitation is that the CCTV may
be interfered by the bad weather or any kind of hindrances and caused the system
become ineffective. Besides, this system also required some time to preprocessing
the video image. There is a lot of redundant data for image processing in an image.
2-1-5:RadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)
Shammrani, Omar Al Shammary (2015) have proposed a system which using RFID
technology to calculate the vehicle speed and charge them fine for speeding violation.
Two RFID readers and tags are included in this system. The two RFID readers are installed
at a specific distance and the RFID tags are attached to each vehicles. The two RFID
readers are connected to the Central Control Unit which collecting data from them. The
vehicle speed can be calculated by using Speed - Time – Distance formula. If the vehicle
speed is exceeds the speed limit, the owner of the speeding vehicle will be fined. By
implementing this technology, the drivers will become more difficult to aware the
enforcement zone andthis will cause themtoreduce the vehiclesspeed inorderto avoid
being fined. The limitation of this method isspeeding driver may argue that hisor her car
doesnot exceed
9
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW
the speed limit because this system only scan the tag of the vehicle but does not
2-2: CriticalRemarksofpreviousworks
CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN
14
CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN
3-2: RequirementSpecification
3-2-1:Functional Requirements
· Theprogramshould be abletoscantheRFIDtags.
· The program should be able to calculate the time difference the vehicle pass
through consecutiveRFIDreaders.
· The program should be able to calculate the vehicle speed based on the time
difference.
· The program should be able to send a text message to the driver if the vehicle
exceeds the speed limit.
· The driver should be able to receive a text message if the vehicle exceeds the
speed limit.
3-2-2:Non-functionalRequirements
· The program should be able to display the calculated speed and pre stored
speed on theLCDscreen.
· The program should be able to trigger the buzzer if the vehicle speed exceeds
thespeed limit.
15
CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN
3-3: FunctionalModulesinthesystem
3-3-1:CollectdataModule
In this module,all the setting for the RFID readerwill be written in C++codeand
implemented. This module is responsible for collecting the data from the RFID reader
every time the reader scan the vehicle. Each vehicle has its own RFID tag. Basically in
this module, when the system runs, the RFID readers will continue to wait for vehicle
until the start RFID reader scan the vehicle. The start RFID reader will not able to scan
for the other vehicle until the first vehicle pass through the stop RFID reader. If the
vehicle choose to pass through the stop RFID reader first, the stop RFID reader will not
scan the vehicle. The start RFID reader will continue to wait for vehicle after the
previous vehicle passed through the stop RFID reader. In order to communicate and
collect data from the RFID readers,theSPI library and RFID library are needed toinstall
in Arduino IDE. The RFID library allows theArduinoUnoto read data from tag by using
the two RFID readers. Besides that, the SPI library allows the Arduino Uno to
3-3-2:CalculatespeedModule
algorithm which written in C++ language is uploaded to the Arduino Uno board in order
to calculate the vehicle speed. Firstly, the time count will start when the vehicle pass
through the start RFID reader and the time count will stop when the vehicle pass
through the stop RFID reader. The time difference for a vehicle to pass through the two
consecutive RFID readers are calculated. With the calculated timedifference and pre
stored constant distance the speed of the vehicle is calculated. After the vehicle
speed is calculated, the calculated speed will compare with the pre stored speed to
3-3-3:DisplayresultModule
This module is responsible for displaying the calculated speed and the pre
stored speed on the LCD screen. When the vehicle pass through the RFID readers, the
unique ID of the tag, the time difference for the vehicle to pass through the two
consecutive RFID readers, the calculated speed and the pre stored speed will display
on the serial monitor. Only the calculated speed and the pre stored speed will display
on the LCD screen. This LCD is prepared for the situation when the result is unable to
display on the serial monitor such as the USB cable which connect the Arduino Uno
board with the laptop is unplug fromthe USB port. After theprogram is uploaded to the
supply to power up the board. In order to display the calculated speed and pre stored
speed on the LCD screen, the LiquidCrystal library is needed to install in the Arduino
IDE. This LiquidCrystal library allows the Arduino Uno board to control the LCD based
3-3-4:NotificationModule
This module is responsible for notifying the driver if the vehicle exceeds the
speed limit. There are two hardware implement in this module. The first
text message will send to the driver to inform them about the speeding violation via
GSM modem. GSM modem is a GSM phone without display, keypad and battery. It
accepts a SIM card and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator just like a
mobile phone. In this project, the GSM modem is controlled by the Arduino Uno to send
a text message to the driver when the vehicle exceeds the speed limit. In order to
3-4: SystemFlow
18
CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN
The system flow of this project will be represented in a flowchart form. From
the flowchart,it emulates a situation where the start RFID reader will scan the vehicle
every time the vehicle pass through it. Then, the time count will start until the vehicle
pass through thestop RFID reader. The timecountwillnotstop if the vehicledoes not
pass through the stop RFID reader. The time difference for a vehicle to pass through
two consecutive readers are calculated. With the calculated time difference and pre
stored constant distance the speed of the vehicle is calculated. Then, the calculated
speed and the pre stored speed will display on the LCD screen. If the vehicle exceeds
the speed limit, the buzzer will sound up and a text message will send to the driver to
CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS
4-1: DesignSpecification
4-1-1:Methodologies
The prototype model refers to a working prototype of the system that should be
the system and generally has limited functionality, lower reliability, and insufficient
performance compared to actual software. Several shortcuts are often used to build
prototypes. These shortcuts may include the use of inefficient, imprecise, and virtual
functions. A prototype is usually a crude version of the actual system. The prototype
model obtains user feedback by providing prototypes to the user so that the developed
software can truly reflect the user's needs. By using this model, the client can get an
“ actual feel” of the system much earlier instead of they have to wait for the final system
and possible errors to be detected much earlier, before the actually system is finalized.
This model is most suitable for projects whose requirements cannot be known in detail
ahead oftime.
20
CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS
In this project, prototype model was selected after discussed and studied. As
this project is not a very large scale project, hence the prototype model is suitable.
Besides, user can actually understand more on this system earlier instead of waiting
for the final system to be complete by using this model. Furthermore, this model
4-1-2:Toolstouse
which are MFRC522 in order to scan the vehicle. Each carhas its own RFIDtag. A LCD
is implemented to display the calculated speed and the pre stored speed. A buzzer
4-1-2-1: Hardware
ArduinoUno
The Arduino Uno is the heart of the entire system. It is capable to receive input
from the RFID readers and produce result as output after process. Besides, it is
Technical Specifications:
D o m a in : E m be d de d S yste m s
D ispla y : 1 6X 2 L C D
C o m m unica tio n : 2 IR SE N SO R S
So ftw a re : A RD U IN O ID E
ABSTRACT
hum a n c o nce ntra tion a n d invo lve a lo t of e ffo rt, w hic h is d iffic ult to
im ple m en t. In this
im ple m en ta tio n req uires a n IR Se nsotrs, a co ntro l c irc uit a nd a b uzz er. The
sp ee d lim it is set b y the p olice w ho use the syste m de p end ing upo n the
tra ffic a t the v ery lo ca tio n. Th e tim e ta ken by the ve hicle to tra v e l from one
M o reo ve r, if the ve hic le cro sse s the sp e ed lim it, a b uzz er sou nds a lerting the
INTRODUCTION
Ind ia is a c o untry w here the m a x im u m num b er of d ea ths oc cu rs du e to
o f 4 ,7 3 ,08 4 tra ffic a cc id e nts w ere re po rted d uring the yea r 20 0 1 in Ind ia . The
tra ffic p op ula tion ha s inc rea se d c on sid e ra bly in In dia a s there is no m ea ns to
g ene ra l p ub lic .
E X IS TIN G S YS TE M
D esp ite th e fa ct tha t ra sh d riving is a serio us p rob lem , its c urren t m etho d s of
d ete ctio n b y p a trol o ffice rs la c k sufficie ncy . First o f a ll, giv en the huge
o bse rve a nd a na lyze ev ery drive r's be ha v io rs. Se co nd , the g uide line s o f ra sh
d riv ing p a tte rns a re only d esc riptive a nd v isua l o b serv a tions c a nno t sp ec ify
a c tiv a tes to re du ce spe e d o f ve hicle. A fte r kee p ing a ll these c onsid era tio ns
d ete cting circuit to c on tro l ra sh d riving b y the use o f d iffere nt elec tro nic
POWER SUPPLY
B L O C K D IA G R A M D ISC R IP T IO N
BLO
se nsor sense s the p re senc e of v ehic le , the c o unt up tim e r is sto p pe d. The
sp ee d lim it se t by the de vic e is kep t a t the v ery loc a tion d ep e nd ing up on the
tra ffic. The tim e ta ke n by the ve hicle to tra v el from o ne set p oint to the othe r
c a lc ula tes the spe ed . The LC D is u sed to d isp la y the sp ee d of the ve hicle . If
the ve hicle c rosse s the sp ee d lim it, a b uzz er so und s a le rtin g th e po lic e a nd
sp ee d b rea ker a c tiv a tes thro ug h m oto r driv er .Th e m icro c ontro lle r is use d to
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
● A R D U IN O U N O
● IR SE N S O R
● L 29 3 D
● B U Z ZER
● L CD
● P O W E R SU P P L Y
● D C M O TO R
● CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS
●
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● StandardLCD16x2Display
●
● A standard LCD 16x2 display is use to display the calculated speed and the pre
stored speed for this project. This standard LCD 16x2 display is connected to the
and Arduino Uno. The types of jumper cable that use in this project are
construction base for prototyping where it use to connect buzzer and Arduino Uno
write code and upload thecode to the Arduino board. This application is written in
versions of UNIX. In this project, a C++ script is created and uploaded to the
ArduinoUnoas a masterdevice.
●
● LiquidCrystallibrary allows theArduinoUnoboard tocontrolLCD.
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● GSM library allows the ArduinoUno board tosend messagetothemobile phone.
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● 4-2: ExpectedChallenge
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● The challenge to be expected in this project will be the number of vehicle that can
enter the enforcement zone at one time. When a vehicle pass through the start
RFID reader, the start RFID reader will scan the first vehicle and then will become
unable to scan for the other vehicle until the first vehicle pass through the stop
RFIDreader. This method will increase the accuracy when calculate the speed for
each vehicle but also limit the number of vehicle that can enter the enforcement
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Data
Colle
ction
Defin
e
proje
ct
objec
tive
and
scop
e
Analy
sis
for
literat
ure
revie
w
Defin
e
techn
ologi
es
invol
ved
Deter
mine
syste
m
devel
opme
nt
mode
l
Deter
mine
syste
m
and
functi
onal
requir
emen
ts
Outli
ne
syste
m
archit
ectur
e
Outli
ne
syste
m
flow
Creat
e
datab
ase
and
insert
all the
infor
matio
n of
the
tag.
Prese
ntatio
n
Docu
ment
ation
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Task ProjectWeek
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Calcu
late
time
differ
ence
Calcu
late
vehic
le
spee
d
Set
the
spee
d
limit
Add a
LCD
to
displ
ay
the
calcu
lated
spee
d
and
pre
store
d
spee
d.
Add a
functi
on
whic
h
can
send
atext
mess
age
to
infor
m the
vehic
le
owne
r
about
the
spee
ding
violat
ion.
Add a
buzz
er
whic
h
will
soun
d up if
the
vehic
le
exce
eds
the
spee
d
limit.
Finali
zing
the
functi
onal
requir
emen
t,
syste
m
archit
ectur
eand
syste
m
flow
Finali
zing
syste
m for
prese
ntatio
n
Syste
m
testin
g and
perfo
rman
ce
Prese
ntatio
n
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Items ForFinalYearProject ForCommercialization
Development
ArduinoSoftware(IDE) RM0 --
RM0 RM306.40
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● Based on the table above, there will be no spending needed as the required items
MFRC522 readers and tags, GSM Modem, Standard LCD 16x2 display, jumper wire,
perform read function for the system. The wire connection for start RFID reader is
as table 5-1-1-T1. The wire connection for stop RFID reader is as table 5-1-1-T2.
Besides that, a figure of Arduino Uno pin diagram and the actual setup with RFID
3.3V 3.3V
GND GND
MISO ArduinoPin 12
MOSI ArduinoPin 11
SCK ArduinoPin 13
SDA(SS) ArduinoPin 10
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RFID reader(Stop) ArduinoUno
3.3V 3.3V
RST ArduinoPin 7
GND GND
MISO ArduinoPin 12
MOSI ArduinoPin 11
SCK ArduinoPin 13
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ADVANTAGE:
● It is e a sy to im p le m en t.
DISADVANTAGES:
a c cid ent c a ses a nd to p rov id e a sa fe jo urne y b y co ntro lling hig h spe ed o f the
ve hicle . It a lso m inim ize s the d iffic ultie s o f tra ffic p olice d ep a rtm e nt a nd
m a ke e a se to co ntro l the ra sh
d riv ing on highw a ys. The p olice c a n pe rfo rm the ir d uties w hile sitting in
1 , p p . 1-6
[5 ] A va ila b le on
[http s://m e dv inla w .co m /re ckless-driv ing -in-v irginia -w hile -into xic a ted -o r-w ith -
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