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Spped Report

The document outlines a project focused on developing a vehicle overspeed detection system using RFID technology, aimed at improving traffic safety on Malaysian highways. The system will monitor vehicle speeds and alert drivers through an audio buzzer and text messages if they exceed speed limits. It includes a comprehensive methodology, system design, and implementation details to address the issue of speeding violations effectively.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
14 views84 pages

Spped Report

The document outlines a project focused on developing a vehicle overspeed detection system using RFID technology, aimed at improving traffic safety on Malaysian highways. The system will monitor vehicle speeds and alert drivers through an audio buzzer and text messages if they exceed speed limits. It includes a comprehensive methodology, system design, and implementation details to address the issue of speeding violations effectively.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 84

● VEHICLE OVERSPEED DETECTION WITH AUDIO BUZZER ALERT

SYSTEM ON HIGHWAYS.

VEHICLESPEEDMONITORINGANDENFORCEMENT

SYSTEM i

DECLARATIONOFORIGINALITY ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
ABSTRACT iv

LISTOFTABLES viii

LISTOFFIGURES ix

LISTOFABBREVIATIONS x

CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION 1

1-1: ProblemStatementandMotivation 1

1-2: ProjectScope 2

1-3: ProjectObjectives 2

1-4: ProposedApproach 3

1-5: BackgroundInformation 4

1-6: ReportOrganization 5

CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW 6

2-1: ReviewoftheExistingSystems/Applications 6

2-1-1:MannedSpeedTraps 6

2-1-2:DopplerGun 6

2-1-3:VehicleLicensePlateRecognition 7

2-1-4:ImageProcessing 8

2-1-5:RadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID) 9

2-2: CriticalRemarksofpreviousworks 10

CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN 12

3-1: SystemArchitecture 12

3-2: RequirementSpecification 15

3-2-1:Functional Requirements 15
3-2-2:Non-functionalRequirements 15

3-3: FunctionalModulesinthesystem 16

3-3-1:CollectdataModule 16

v
3-3-2:CalculatespeedModule 16

3-3-3:DisplayresultModule 17

3-3-4:NotificationModule 17

3-4: SystemFlow 18

CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS 20

4-1: DesignSpecification 20

4-1-1:Methodologies 20

4-1-2:Toolstouse 21

4-2: ExpectedChallenge 26

4-3: Timeline 27

4-4: EstimatedCost 29

CHAPTER5:IMPLEMENTATIONANDTESTING 30

5-1: HardwareSetup 30

5-1-1:ArduinoUnowithRFIDreaders 30

5-1-2:ArduinoUnowithstandardLCD16x2display 32

5-1-3:ArduinoUnowithGSMmodem 34

5-1-4:ArduinoUnowithbuzzer 35

5-2: SoftwareSetup 37

5-2-1:ArduinoSoftware(IDE) 37

5-2-2:RFIDlibrary 38

5-2-3:SPIlibrary 38

5-2-4:LiquidCrystallibraryandGSMlibrary 38

5-3: SystemOperation 39

5-4: SettingandConfiguration 44
5-5: Systemtesting 45

CHAPTER6:CONCLUSION 46

6.1Conclusion 46

6-2: Impact,SignificanceandContribution 47

6-3: FutureWork 47

Bibliography 48

vi
APPENDIXA: BIWEEKLYREPORT… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .A-1

APPENDIXB: POSTER… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..B-1

PLAGIARISMCHECKRESULT

CHECKLIST
vii
LISTOFTABLES

TableNumber Title Page


Table2-2 Critical Remarks of 10-11
previous works
Table4-3-T1 Gantt chart showing the 27
project timeline(FYP 1)
Table4-3-T2 Gantt chart showing the 28
project timeline(FYP 2)
Table4-4 Estimated Cost 29

Table5-1-1-T1 Wire Connection for 30


startRFIDreader
Table5-1-1-T2 Wire Connection for 31
stop RFIDreader
Table5-1-2 Wire Connection for 32-33
standard LCD 16x2
display
Table5-1-3 Wire Connection for 34
GSMmodem
Table5-1-4 Wire Connection for 35
buzzer
Table5-5 Systemtesting result 45
viii
LISTOFFIGURES

FigureNumber Title Page


Figure 3-1-F1 System architecture 12
Figure 3-1-F2 Block diagram 13
Figure 3-1-F3 Schematic diagram 14
Figure 3-1-F4 Screenshot of the 14
project after launch
theprogram
Figure 3-4 Flowchart of system 18
flow
Figure 4-1-1 Prototyping Model 20
Figure 4-1-2-1-F1 Arduino Uno 21
Figure 4-1-2-1-F2 Mifare RC522 RFID 22
Card Reader
Figure 4-1-2-1-F3 ISO14443A smart IC 22
cards
Figure 4-1-2-1-F4 Standard LCD 16x2 23
display
Figure 4-1-2-1-F5 Buzzer 23
Figure 4-1-2-1-F6 GSM SIM900A 24
Modem
Figure 4-1-2-2 Arduino IDE 25
Figure 5-1-1-F1 Arduino Uno pin 31
diagram
Figure 5-1-1-F2 Actual setup with RFID 32
readers
Figure 5-1-2 Actual setup with 33
standard LCD 16x2
display
Figure 5-1-3 Actual setup with 35
standard GSM modem
Figure 5-1-4 Actual setup with 36
buzzer
Figure 5-3-F1 Screenshotforretrieve 39
UIDfrom RFID readers
Figure 5-3-F2 Screenshot for vehicle 40
which does not
exceeds the
speed limit
Figure 5-3-F3 Screenshot for vehicle 40
which exceeds the
speed
limit
Figure 5-3-F4 Screenshot for serial 41
monitor
Figure 5-3-F5 LCD screen which 42
display the calculated
and pre
stored speed
Figure 5-3-F6 Screenshot for phone 43
message

ix
LISTOFABBREVIATIONS

Automated Enforcement System

Central Control Unit

Battery-Assisted Passive

ClosedCircuit Television

VehicleLicensePlate Recognition

OperatingSystem

RadioFrequency Identification

Mifare RC522

Reset

Ground

MasterInput,SlaveOutput

MasterOutput, SlaveInput

SerialClock

SerialData
SerialPeripheralInterface

Ultra High Frequency

Liquid Crystal Display

Global System forMobile communication

x
Integrated Development Environment

Identity

SubscriberIdentity Module

Unique Identity

Internet of Things

Slave Select
xi
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION

1-1: ProblemStatementandMotivation

Road plays an important role in the transportation field in Malaysia. At the same

time, the field of transportation has an irreplaceable role in coordinating all countries '

development plan.In fact, the increaseinhumanactivitiesindirectlyincreasesthe need of

human beings for various kinds of vehicles. Simultaneously, the demand for various kinds

of vehicles caused the number of vehicles onthe road increased. The rise in the number of

vehicles in Malaysia directly led to various kinds of traffic issues especially in road

crashes. Excessive speed when driving on the road is one of the factors that led to a car

accident.

In Malaysia, AES system is implemented in order to capture the picture of

vehicles which violating thespeed limits. TheseAES cameras areusuallyinstalled on

the roadside so the daily user of these roads can easily to aware them. After certain

time,the drivers will comein mind thelocations of theAES cameras. This may lead to a

very dangerous traffic situation. For example, when the drivers approaching the

enforcement zone, they will suddenly decelerate the vehicle speed and only to

accelerate again after passed through the enforcement zone and the problem

remains as it is. Besides, the drivers that aware the locations of the fixed cameras may

use the other roads in order to prevent the cameras, which may lead to traffic accident

on theotherroads.

In this project, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is proposed to

solve the speeding violations issue. The main reason for choosing the RFID

technology is because RFID technology is more difficult to aware by the drivers and

this willcausethedriverstoreduce the vehiclespeed inorder toavoid being fined.


1
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION

1-2: ProjectScope

This project develops a system that could monitor the speeds of vehicles

through the useof RFIDtechnology and able toinform who exceeds the speed limit by

sending a message to the owner of the vehicle. The monitoring system station

consists of two RFID readers and a Central Control Unit, which is Arduino Uno. Each car

has its RFID tag. Two RFID readers are connected to the Central Control Unit, which is

collecting data from them. The RFID reader will scan all the vehicles which are passing

through it even the vehicle speed is lower than the speed limit. The time count will start

when the vehicle pass through the start RFID reader and stop when the vehicle pass

through the stop RFID reader. The time difference for a vehicle to pass through two

consecutive readers are calculated. With thecalculated time difference and pre stored

constant distance the speed of the vehicle is calculated. A buzzer will sound up to alert

the driver and a text message will send to the driver if the vehicle exceeds the speed

limit.

1-3: ProjectObjectives

Therearethree primary objectives forthis project. And they are listed as follows:

1. One of theobjectives of this project is tosetup a connection between thetwoRFID

readers and Arduino Uno. The project will start off with connecting the two RFID

readers to the Arduino Uno by using jumper wire. The two consecutive RFID readers

must install below the road at determined distance. The determined distance in this

project is 100cm. Each vehicle has its own RFID tag. After successfully connected, the

two RFID readers will able to scan allthevehicles.

2. Besides, this project aims to create and upload a script to Arduino Uno in order to
calculatethe speed ofthe vehicle. Thisscript will create byusing C++ language.A running

algorithm is used to calculate the time required for a vehicle to pass through two

2
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION

consecutive readers. With the calculated time difference and pre stored constant

distance,thespeed of thevehicleis calculated.

3. Last but not least, this project also aims sound up a buzzer to alert the driver and

send a text message to the drivertoinform themabout the speed violation.

1-4: ProposedApproach

In this project we are going to develop a vehicle speed monitoring and

enforcement system by using RFID technology. This system not only can calculate the

vehicle speed and compare the calculated speed with the pre stored speed but also

manage to send a text message to the driver mobile phone if the value of calculated

speed is higher than the pre stored speed toinform them about the speeding violation.

The idea of this system make the driver hard to recognize the enforcement zone and

cause the driver to reduce the vehicle speed to avoid being fined. By using this system,

thespeeding violations issuein Malaysia would decrease significantly.


3
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION

1-5: BackgroundInformation

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless non-contact use of

radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purpose of automatically

identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. The RFID system is composed of two

main components, which are the RFID reader and RFID tag. The tag is composed of a

microchip connected to an antenna, the microchip can store a maximum of two kilobyte

of data, which can include the information of the product, destination of the product and

the manufacturing date. RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery-assisted

passive. An active tag has an on board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A

battery-assisted passive (BAP) has a small battery on board and is activated wheninthe

presence ofanRFID reader. A passivetag ischeaperand smallerbecauseit hasno battery.

In order to retrieve data from the tags, RFID reader is needed. The RFID reader

can be either passive or active. The passive reader can only receive radio signals from

the active tags. Active reader can transmit interrogator signals and also receives

authentication replies from thetags.

RFID technology is progressing every day and has proven its importance. RFID

is widely using in pharmaceuticals industry, healthcare industry, agriculture, livestock

tracking, human identification and lot more area. RFID isn’ t a new technology, but

people are beginning to pay attention to this technology which can directly benefit

theirdaily lifein unexpected ways.

Inthis project, two active readersand multiple passive tagsare used to monitorthe

vehicle speed. The RFIDreaderstransmit radio wavesand receivedby the tag.Theseradio

waves activate the microchip of the tag and then the data get transmitted. This system

once completed canbe installed on demand in high accident zones to monitor the vehicle

speed.
4
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION

1-6: ReportOrganization

There will be total of 6 chapters in this report. Chapter 1 introduce about the

background information, problem statement and motivation, project scope, objective

and proposed approach also included. In chapter two, there will be 5 different types of

solutions tocompareintheliteraturereview.

While there is also the system architecture, block diagram, schematic diagram,

screenshot for the completed project and system flowchart inside the chapter 3. Next

chapter 4 will determine about the tools to develop the project and the methodology of

this project. Besides, in chapter 5 there is the implementation and testing part for the

real project. Finally, the chapter 6 conclusion which include is the conclusion, impact,

significance,contribution and future work of this project.


5
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW

CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW

There are several solutions have been proposed to monitor the vehicle speed and

reducethespeeding violationissue.

2-1: ReviewoftheExistingSystems/Applications

2-1-1:MannedSpeedTraps

In order to reduce the number of speeding violation, many traffic regulators use

speed trap deviceswhich act as manual patrolling methods(KevinRansom, 2016). Speed

trap systems have been implemented on demand in high accident zones in many

countries as a way to control the vehicles speed. In Malaysia, manned speed trap is one of

the methods that used to arrest the speeding drivers. A manned speed trap is a method

that one or more police officers intentionally hiding themselves in any place in order to

catch the speeding drivers. Forexample, the police officers can hide themselves ina low

ditch, behind the billboard, a place which next to a sharp turnor anywhere that the drivers

cannot seethem. Thisaction mayhelp to reduce thepresence of the police officerssothat

they can easily to arrest the speeding drivers. In this case, when the police officers believe

that the car is speeding, they will flip on the Doppler gun that transmits radio waves at

particular frequencies. The waves will bounce off the vehicle and then picked up by the

receiver. The police officers can know how fast the car is driving, according to the shift of

frequencies. The strength of manned speed traps is that drivers are less aware where

exactly police officers will appeared. The limitationisthat theyrequiremore manpower.

2-1-2:DopplerGun

TheDopplergunis a device usedtomeasure the speed of moving vehiclesand has


beenwidelyused bypoliceofficersto arrest thespeeding driversby detecting the shift of

frequencies which caused by DopplerEffect.The DopplerEffect canbedescribed as the

6
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW

change in frequency or wavelength of a wave caused by the motion of the observer

relative to the wave source. When the target is approaching, the reflected frequency

will be higher than the transmitted frequency. Conversely, when the target is receding,

the reflected frequency will be lower than the transmitted frequency. Doppler gun has

been widely used within the country because the size of the Doppler gun is smaller and

convenient to move from one location to another location. Besides, the price of the

Doppler gun is only RM2600 and is cheaper compare to the other devices which used

tomonitorthevehicle speed.

The Doppler radar may cause innocent people to be arrested due to some

technical problems. The technicalities include the cosine error, calibration errors,

ghosting errors and lack of target specificity (Goodson, 1985). There are some

limitations to the use of the Doppler speed gun. For example, Doppler gun can only

capture one vehicle at a time. This may cause some drivers to drive behind the

speeding car because they know that only thecar in front of them will be stopped and

arrested. Besides, when two cars are in parallel, the Doppler radar cannot differentiate

which car is the speeding car. An arrested driver may argue that his or her car does not

exceed the speed limit because the device only captures thespeed of the vehicle.

2-1-3:VehicleLicensePlateRecognition

Vehicle License Plate Recognition (VLPR) is a technology that can detect the

vehicles on monitored roads and automatically extract vehicle license plate information

for processing. VLPR technology is one of the important aspects in the intelligent traffic

system and it is widely been used. By using image processing, pattern recognition,

computer vision and other technologies, it analyzes the images or video sequences of the

vehicles captured bythecamera to obtainthe unique license plate numberof each vehicle,

thuscompletingthe recognition process.Through some subsequent processingmeans,

it can be implementing into different sectors such as parking management, traffic flow
measurement, vehicle positioning, red light enforcement, highway toll station, vehicle

speed monitoring, and so on. The license plate number is the only “ identity” of the

vehicle.

7
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW

The automatic license plate recognition technology can automatically register and

verify the “ identity” of the car without causing any changes to the car. The strength

of this technology is real time monitoring and surveillance. The limitation is that bad

weather or hindrancecan make vehiclelicense platerecognition systems ineffective.

The license plate recognition technology combined with the speed measuring device

can be used for monitoring the speeding violations of vehicles. The specific

applications are divided intosixsteps asfollows:

1. Setting speed monitoring points on the road.

2. Capturing speeding vehicles and identifying license platenumbers.

3. Sending license plate numbers and picturesof illegal vehicles tovarious exits.

4. Setting penalty pointat eachexit.

5. Using the license plate recognition device to identify the passing vehicle and

compare the number with the number of the speeding vehicle that has been

received.

6. Once the numbers are the same, an alert device is activated to notify the police

officer tostop and arrestthespeeding driver.

2-1-4:ImageProcessing

Image processing is a technology that can convert an image into digital form

and perform various image processing techniques such as image enhancement and

restoration, noise removal, image histogram, image compression, image

segmentation, image difference, image classification and image transformation to

extract useful information from the image (Ekta Saxena and Mrs. Neha Goswami,

2015). Image processing is a type of signal disbursement in which input is an image,


like video frame or photograph and output may be image or characteristics

associated with thatimage.

The image processing technology combined with the vehicle license plate
recognition technology can be used to monitoring the speeding violations and

obtained the information of speeding car such as license plate number and illegal
video image. Thespecific applications aredivided into fivesteps as follows:
8
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW

1. Using CCTV to capturevideoimages on highways and then digitizing the images.

2. Thedigitalized imageis preprocessed.

3. Determining the presence of vehicle in the field of view according to the

pre-processed image and determining the motion track and the speed of the

vehicle.

4. Identifying the vehicle's license platewhich appeared in step 3.

5. If the vehicle exceeds the speed limit, the number plate and video image will

send to the monitoring center.

This solution depends on implementing a large number of CCTV cameras within

the country in order to monitor the vehiclespeed. The limitation is that the CCTV may

be interfered by the bad weather or any kind of hindrances and caused the system

become ineffective. Besides, this system also required some time to preprocessing

the video image. There is a lot of redundant data for image processing in an image.

Themoredata forimage processing,themore timeis needed for preprocessing it.

2-1-5:RadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless non-contact use of

radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purpose of automatically

identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. Farrukh Hafeez, Mohammad Al

Shammrani, Omar Al Shammary (2015) have proposed a system which using RFID

technology to calculate the vehicle speed and charge them fine for speeding violation.

Two RFID readers and tags are included in this system. The two RFID readers are installed

at a specific distance and the RFID tags are attached to each vehicles. The two RFID

readers are connected to the Central Control Unit which collecting data from them. The

vehicle speed can be calculated by using Speed - Time – Distance formula. If the vehicle
speed is exceeds the speed limit, the owner of the speeding vehicle will be fined. By

implementing this technology, the drivers will become more difficult to aware the

enforcement zone andthis will cause themtoreduce the vehiclesspeed inorderto avoid

being fined. The limitation of this method isspeeding driver may argue that hisor her car

doesnot exceed

9
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW

the speed limit because this system only scan the tag of the vehicle but does not

provide other evidencesuch as picture or videotoprove theircrime.

2-2: CriticalRemarksofpreviousworks

Existing Advantages Disadvantages Critical


System Comments

Manned ∙ Less aware ∙ Require This method


Speed more
Traps where manpower. requires
many
exactly police
officers to
police patrol
manually in
officers will different
areas
appeared. which can
easily
aware by the
drivers.

DopplerGun ∙ Smaller and ∙ Can only Doppler


radarmay
convenient captureone cause
innocent
tomove to vehicleat a people to be
other time. arrested due
to
location. ∙ Cannot some
technical
differentiate problems.
whichcaris
the
speeding
car when
two
cars are in
parallel.

Vehicle ∙ Supportreal ∙ Bad weather Drivers can


License easily
Plate time or any aware the
Recognition presence
monitoring hindrance of the
camera and
CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW

and will affect may use the


the other
surveillance system. roads.

Image ∙ Supportreal ∙ Required Drivers can


Processing easily
time some time aware the
to presence
monitoring preprocessi of the
ng camera and
and the video may use the
other
surveillance image. roads.

Radio ∙ Difficult to ∙ Does not RFID


Frequency technology
is
Identificatio aware the provide very suitable
n for
enforcemen enough this project
t as
zone. evidence drivers
become
such as hard to
aware the
pictureor enforcemen
tzone.
video.

CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN
14
CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN

3-2: RequirementSpecification

3-2-1:Functional Requirements

· Theprogramshould be abletoconnect the twoRFIDreaders.

· Theprogramshould be abletoscantheRFIDtags.

· Theprogramshould be abletoretrieve the uniqueID from the RFIDreaders.

· Theprogramshould be abletodisplaytheuniqueIDon the serialmonitor.

· The program should be able to calculate the time difference the vehicle pass
through consecutiveRFIDreaders.

· The program should be able to calculate the vehicle speed based on the time
difference.

· The program should be able to do the comparison between the calculated


speed and prestored speed.

· The program should be able to send a text message to the driver if the vehicle
exceeds the speed limit.

· The driver should be able to receive a text message if the vehicle exceeds the
speed limit.

3-2-2:Non-functionalRequirements

· Theprogramshould be abletodisplaythetimedifference on theserial monitor.

· The program should be able to display the calculated speed and pre stored
speed on theLCDscreen.
· The program should be able to trigger the buzzer if the vehicle speed exceeds
thespeed limit.

15
CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN

3-3: FunctionalModulesinthesystem

3-3-1:CollectdataModule

In this module,all the setting for the RFID readerwill be written in C++codeand

implemented. This module is responsible for collecting the data from the RFID reader

every time the reader scan the vehicle. Each vehicle has its own RFID tag. Basically in

this module, when the system runs, the RFID readers will continue to wait for vehicle

until the start RFID reader scan the vehicle. The start RFID reader will not able to scan

for the other vehicle until the first vehicle pass through the stop RFID reader. If the

vehicle choose to pass through the stop RFID reader first, the stop RFID reader will not

scan the vehicle. The start RFID reader will continue to wait for vehicle after the

previous vehicle passed through the stop RFID reader. In order to communicate and

collect data from the RFID readers,theSPI library and RFID library are needed toinstall

in Arduino IDE. The RFID library allows theArduinoUnoto read data from tag by using

the two RFID readers. Besides that, the SPI library allows the Arduino Uno to

communicatewiththeSPI device, with the ArduinoUnoas a master device.

3-3-2:CalculatespeedModule

This module is responsible for calculating the speed of the vehicle. An

algorithm which written in C++ language is uploaded to the Arduino Uno board in order

to calculate the vehicle speed. Firstly, the time count will start when the vehicle pass

through the start RFID reader and the time count will stop when the vehicle pass

through the stop RFID reader. The time difference for a vehicle to pass through the two

consecutive RFID readers are calculated. With the calculated timedifference and pre

stored constant distance the speed of the vehicle is calculated. After the vehicle

speed is calculated, the calculated speed will compare with the pre stored speed to

determinewhetherthevehicle speed is exceeds the speed limit or not.


16
CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN

3-3-3:DisplayresultModule

This module is responsible for displaying the calculated speed and the pre

stored speed on the LCD screen. When the vehicle pass through the RFID readers, the

unique ID of the tag, the time difference for the vehicle to pass through the two

consecutive RFID readers, the calculated speed and the pre stored speed will display

on the serial monitor. Only the calculated speed and the pre stored speed will display

on the LCD screen. This LCD is prepared for the situation when the result is unable to

display on the serial monitor such as the USB cable which connect the Arduino Uno

board with the laptop is unplug fromthe USB port. After theprogram is uploaded to the

ArduinoUnoboard,theprogramcan run automatically when thereis an externalpower

supply to power up the board. In order to display the calculated speed and pre stored

speed on the LCD screen, the LiquidCrystal library is needed to install in the Arduino

IDE. This LiquidCrystal library allows the Arduino Uno board to control the LCD based

on theHitachi HD44780 chipset,which is found onmost text-based LCD.

3-3-4:NotificationModule

This module is responsible for notifying the driver if the vehicle exceeds the

speed limit. There are two hardware implement in this module. The first

implementation is a buzzer and the second implementation is a GSM modem. When

thevehicleis exceeds the speed limit,thebuzzer will sound up to alert thedriverand a

text message will send to the driver to inform them about the speeding violation via

GSM modem. GSM modem is a GSM phone without display, keypad and battery. It

accepts a SIM card and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator just like a

mobile phone. In this project, the GSM modem is controlled by the Arduino Uno to send

a text message to the driver when the vehicle exceeds the speed limit. In order to

executethis function,the GSM library isneeded to installin theArduinoIDE.


17
CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN

3-4: SystemFlow
18
CHAPTER3:SYSTEMDESIGN

The system flow of this project will be represented in a flowchart form. From

the flowchart,it emulates a situation where the start RFID reader will scan the vehicle

every time the vehicle pass through it. Then, the time count will start until the vehicle

pass through thestop RFID reader. The timecountwillnotstop if the vehicledoes not

pass through the stop RFID reader. The time difference for a vehicle to pass through

two consecutive readers are calculated. With the calculated time difference and pre

stored constant distance the speed of the vehicle is calculated. Then, the calculated

speed and the pre stored speed will display on the LCD screen. If the vehicle exceeds

the speed limit, the buzzer will sound up and a text message will send to the driver to

inform themabout the speeding violation.


19
CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS

CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS

4-1: DesignSpecification

In this section themethodologies adopted will bedescribed,whilethere willbe

listof tools used for development of theproject.

4-1-1:Methodologies

The prototype model refers to a working prototype of the system that should be

built before the actual software development. A prototype is an analog implementation of

the system and generally has limited functionality, lower reliability, and insufficient

performance compared to actual software. Several shortcuts are often used to build

prototypes. These shortcuts may include the use of inefficient, imprecise, and virtual

functions. A prototype is usually a crude version of the actual system. The prototype

model obtains user feedback by providing prototypes to the user so that the developed

software can truly reflect the user's needs. By using this model, the client can get an

“ actual feel” of the system much earlier instead of they have to wait for the final system

to be completed. This allow any misunderstanding of requirements, additional features

and possible errors to be detected much earlier, before the actually system is finalized.

This model is most suitable for projects whose requirements cannot be known in detail

ahead oftime.
20
CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS

In this project, prototype model was selected after discussed and studied. As

this project is not a very large scale project, hence the prototype model is suitable.

Besides, user can actually understand more on this system earlier instead of waiting

for the final system to be complete by using this model. Furthermore, this model

allows any changes or modification tomadein order to reducefailure.

4-1-2:Toolstouse

This project will be employing an Arduino Unoconnected with twoRFIDreaders

which are MFRC522 in order to scan the vehicle. Each carhas its own RFIDtag. A LCD

is implemented to display the calculated speed and the pre stored speed. A buzzer

and a GSM modemareimplemented tonotify thedrivers whentheyexceed thespeed

limit. ThesoftwarecomponentsincludeArduino Software (IDE) and C++language.

4-1-2-1: Hardware

ArduinoUno

The Arduino Uno is the heart of the entire system. It is capable to receive input

from the RFID readers and produce result as output after process. Besides, it is

reasonablein pricing and easy to get.


21

Technical Specifications:

Title o f the P roje ct : Ve hicle o ve r sp e ed d e tec tio n w ith a ud io

b uzz er a lert system o n highw a ys

D o m a in : E m be d de d S yste m s

M icro c ontro lle r : A R D U IN O U N O

D ispla y : 1 6X 2 L C D

C o m m unica tio n : 2 IR SE N SO R S

So ftw a re : A RD U IN O ID E
ABSTRACT

This pro je ct p rese nts a d e vice to d ete ct ra sh d riv ing o n hig hw a ys a nd to a le rt

the tra ffic a uthorities in ca se o f a ny vio la tio n. In p a st, lo t of d ev ice s to de tec t

ra sh d riv in g o n h ig hw a ys ha s b e en m a d e . M ost o f the a p p roa che s re q uire

hum a n c o nce ntra tion a n d invo lve a lo t of e ffo rt, w hic h is d iffic ult to

im ple m en t. In this

p roje c t w e inten d to d esig n a syste m a im ed a t e a rly d e tec tio n a n d a le rt of

d a ng ero us ve hicle d riving pa tte rns rela te d to ra sh d riv ing . T he e ntire

im ple m en ta tio n req uires a n IR Se nsotrs, a co ntro l c irc uit a nd a b uzz er. The

sp ee d lim it is set b y the p olice w ho use the syste m de p end ing upo n the

tra ffic a t the v ery lo ca tio n. Th e tim e ta ken by the ve hicle to tra v e l from one

se t p o int to th e o th er is c a lcula te d b y c o ntrol circ uit a nd disp la ys tha t o n LC D .

M o reo ve r, if the ve hic le cro sse s the sp e ed lim it, a b uzz er sou nds a lerting the

p olice a nd sp e ed b re a ker a c tiv a tes to lim it th e sp ee d o f ve hicle .

INTRODUCTION
Ind ia is a c o untry w here the m a x im u m num b er of d ea ths oc cu rs du e to

ro a d a cc ide nts a nd m o st o f these o cc ur d ue to ov er spe ed ing . Va rio us

a tte m pts ha ve be en m a de to pro d uce relia b le a nd effic ie nt m e a ns of

d ete cting o ve r sp ee d ing v eh ic les. The ha nd he ld ov er spe e ding d ete cto r is

o ne such de vic e. The d isa dv a nta g e o f suc h a d e vice w a s tha t it w a s he a vy

a nd re q uire d e xp e rt ha nd s fo r its op era tio n; a lso b y the tim e a sp ee d re a ding

is o b ta ined , the v ehicle w o uld ha v e g on e.

R a sh d riv in g is the c a use of m a ny roa d a c cid ents a ll ov er the w orld . A tota l

o f 4 ,7 3 ,08 4 tra ffic a cc id e nts w ere re po rted d uring the yea r 20 0 1 in Ind ia . The

tra ffic p op ula tion ha s inc rea se d c on sid e ra bly in In dia a s there is no m ea ns to

c ontro l or m o nitor the spe ed o f v ehicle s running o n ro a ds. This syste m

p rov es hig hly e ffec tive in d ete c tio n o f o ve r sp e ed driv ing . It is no t a t a ll

ne ce ssa ry tha t suc h a c c id e nts a re results o f driving und e r the influenc e of

a lco ho l a s e ve n a pe rson w ho ha sn’ t co nsum e d a lc oho l ca n d rive in a

re ckless m a nne r [3 ]-[5]. To o ve rco m e this p ro b lem a nd de cre a se de a th ra te

d ue to a c cid en ts, intro d uctio n o f ne w a nd innov a tive spe e d e nforc em e nt

te chno log y is ne ce ssa ry.

N ow a d a ys, ra sh d riving c a use s a se rio us da n ge r to the d riv er a s w e ll a s

g ene ra l p ub lic .

E X IS TIN G S YS TE M
D esp ite th e fa ct tha t ra sh d riving is a serio us p rob lem , its c urren t m etho d s of

d ete ctio n b y p a trol o ffice rs la c k sufficie ncy . First o f a ll, giv en the huge

m ilea g e of d rive w a ys, the num b er o f p a trol o ffice rs is fa r from eno ug h to

o bse rve a nd a na lyze ev ery drive r's be ha v io rs. Se co nd , the g uide line s o f ra sh

d riv ing p a tte rns a re only d esc riptive a nd v isua l o b serv a tions c a nno t sp ec ify

the de ta ils of d riv in g a t nig ht o r in p oo r w ea th er. T his is a n in effe ctive

p roc ess a s a fte r de tec ting o ne ha s to info rm the sa m e a n d a lo t of tim e is

w a sted . W ith the num b er o f v ehic le s inc re a sing d a y b y da y, this m e thod

c a nno t b e truste d w ith th e liv es o f p eo ple .


PROPOSED SYSTEM

In the p rese nt syste m , to d ete ct ra sh driving p o lic e ha s to use a ha nd he ld

ra d a r g un a nd a im a t the v ehicle to rec ord its sp ee d. If the sp e ed o f the

ve hicle e xc ee d s the sp e ed lim it, b uz ze r w ill giv e a lert a nd sp ee d b rea ke r

a c tiv a tes to re du ce spe e d o f ve hicle. A fte r kee p ing a ll these c onsid era tio ns

in m ind , w e ha ve d e sig ne d a m od e l o f highw a y ov er-spe e ding v ehic le

d ete cting circuit to c on tro l ra sh d riving b y the use o f d iffere nt elec tro nic

d ev ic e s suc h a s tim e r, co unte r , se nsors , m o tor, b uzz er & L CD d ispla y .


BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER SUPPLY

B L O C K D IA G R A M D ISC R IP T IO N

BLO

BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

IR se nso rs to de tec t the pre se nce o f a ve hic le. A set p o in t co nsists o f a pa ir

o f se nso rs co m p rising o f a n IR tra nsm itter a nd a n IR rec eive r, e a ch of w h ic h

a re insta lle d on either sid e s of the roa d. W he ne ve r IR ra ys a re interrup te d b y

a v eh ic le d uring first se nso r the co unt u p tim e r is sta rte d. W h en th e o the r IR

se nsor sense s the p re senc e of v ehic le , the c o unt up tim e r is sto p pe d. The
sp ee d lim it se t by the de vic e is kep t a t the v ery loc a tion d ep e nd ing up on the

tra ffic. The tim e ta ke n by the ve hicle to tra v el from o ne set p oint to the othe r

is c a lc ula ted b y a m ic ro co ntroller pro g ra m . B a sed o n tha t tim e it the n

c a lc ula tes the spe ed . The LC D is u sed to d isp la y the sp ee d of the ve hicle . If

the ve hicle c rosse s the sp ee d lim it, a b uzz er so und s a le rtin g th e po lic e a nd

sp ee d b rea ker a c tiv a tes thro ug h m oto r driv er .Th e m icro c ontro lle r is use d to

m o nitor the a ll co ntro l o pe ra tions ne ed e d.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

● A R D U IN O U N O

● IR SE N S O R

● L 29 3 D

● B U Z ZER

● L CD

● P O W E R SU P P L Y
● D C M O TO R
● CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS


● StandardLCD16x2Display

● A standard LCD 16x2 display is use to display the calculated speed and the pre

stored speed for this project. This standard LCD 16x2 display is connected to the

ArduinoUnobyusing jumper cable.



























● Buzzer

● A buzzer will sound up when the vehicle exceeds the speed limit in order to alert the

driverabout the speeding violation.

























● 23


● CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS


● .
























● Other Components(JumperCable,Breadboard,SIMCard)

● Jumper wire is an electrical wire where it use to connect between the RFID readers

and Arduino Uno. The types of jumper cable that use in this project are

male-to-female jumper cable and female-to-female jumper cable. Breadboard is a

construction base for prototyping where it use to connect buzzer and Arduino Uno

toform a basic circuit. ASIM card is placed in theSIM900AGSMmodem inorder to

send a text message when the vehicleexceeds the speed limit.






● Personal Computer(Laptop)

● Windowsbased operating system laptopwasuse to run the Arduino Software (IDE).

● Thecodeis createon ArduinoIDEand then upload totheArduinoUnoboard.

● 24


● CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS


● 4-1-2-2: Software


● ArduinoSoftware(IDE)



























● Arduino IDE is an open-source cross-platform application that make user easy to

write code and upload thecode to the Arduino board. This application is written in

java languagebutthescriptthatwrite to run thisproject isC++ language.






● C++language

● C++ is a middle-level language and is an extension of the C language. C++

language support multiple platform such as Windows, MAC OS and various

versions of UNIX. In this project, a C++ script is created and uploaded to the

ArduinoUnoboard through ArduinoIDE.











● 25


● CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS


● LibrariesUsed

● Thereis a list of libraries that used inthis project.

● RFID libraryallowstheArduinoUnotoread data from tagby usingthe two RFIDreaders.

● SPI library allows the Arduino Uno to communicate with the SPI device, with the

ArduinoUnoas a masterdevice.

● LiquidCrystallibrary allows theArduinoUnoboard tocontrolLCD.

● GSM library allows the ArduinoUno board tosend messagetothemobile phone.




● 4-2: ExpectedChallenge


● The challenge to be expected in this project will be the number of vehicle that can

enter the enforcement zone at one time. When a vehicle pass through the start

RFID reader, the start RFID reader will scan the first vehicle and then will become

unable to scan for the other vehicle until the first vehicle pass through the stop

RFIDreader. This method will increase the accuracy when calculate the speed for

each vehicle but also limit the number of vehicle that can enter the enforcement

zoneat one time.


























● 26


● CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS


● 4-3: Timeline


Task ProjectWeek

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Data
Colle
ction

Defin
e
proje
ct
objec
tive
and
scop
e

Analy
sis
for
literat
ure
revie
w

Defin
e
techn
ologi
es
invol
ved

Deter
mine
syste
m
devel
opme
nt
mode
l

Deter
mine
syste
m
and
functi
onal
requir
emen
ts

Outli
ne
syste
m
archit
ectur
e

Outli
ne
syste
m
flow

Creat
e
datab
ase
and
insert
all the
infor
matio
n of
the
tag.

Prese
ntatio
n

Docu
ment
ation



















● 27


● CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS


Task ProjectWeek

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Calcu
late
time
differ
ence

Calcu
late
vehic
le
spee
d

Set
the
spee
d
limit

Add a
LCD
to
displ
ay
the
calcu
lated
spee
d
and
pre
store
d
spee
d.

Add a
functi
on
whic
h
can
send
atext
mess
age
to
infor
m the
vehic
le
owne
r
about
the
spee
ding
violat
ion.

Add a
buzz
er
whic
h
will
soun
d up if
the
vehic
le
exce
eds
the
spee
d
limit.

Finali
zing
the
functi
onal
requir
emen
t,
syste
m
archit
ectur
eand
syste
m
flow

Finali
zing
syste
m for
prese
ntatio
n

Syste
m
testin
g and
perfo
rman
ce

Prese
ntatio
n

Docu
ment
ation










● 28


● CHAPTER4:METHODOLOGYANDTOOLS


● 4-4: EstimatedCost



Items ForFinalYearProject ForCommercialization
Development

ArduinoUno RM0 RM45.00

MFRC522 readers and tags RM0 RM60.00

GSM Modem RM0 RM130.00

Standard LCD 16x2 display RM0 RM20.00

Jumper wire RM0 RM27.00

Breadboard RM0 RM20.90

Buzzer RM0 RM3.50

ArduinoSoftware(IDE) RM0 --

C++ language RM0 --

RM0 RM306.40





● Based on the table above, there will be no spending needed as the required items

are mostly personal belonging of mine. As for commercialization, Arduino Uno,

MFRC522 readers and tags, GSM Modem, Standard LCD 16x2 display, jumper wire,

breadboard and buzzer will cost RM45.00, RM60.00, RM130.00, RM20.00,

RM27.00,RM20.90 and RM3.50 respectively.






















● 29


● CHAPTER5:IMPLEMENTATIONANDTESTING



● CHAPTER5:IMPLEMENTATIONANDTESTING


● 5-1: HardwareSetup


● 5-1-1:ArduinoUnowithRFIDreaders


● The entire system of this project generally involves Arduino Uno. The two RFID

readers (MFRC522) were connected to Arduino Uno by using jumper cable to

perform read function for the system. The wire connection for start RFID reader is

as table 5-1-1-T1. The wire connection for stop RFID reader is as table 5-1-1-T2.

Besides that, a figure of Arduino Uno pin diagram and the actual setup with RFID

readers are also shown.






RFID reader(Start) ArduinoUno

3.3V 3.3V

RST Arduino Pin 9

GND GND

MISO ArduinoPin 12

MOSI ArduinoPin 11

SCK ArduinoPin 13

SDA(SS) ArduinoPin 10










● 30


● CHAPTER5:IMPLEMENTATIONANDTESTING


RFID reader(Stop) ArduinoUno

3.3V 3.3V

RST ArduinoPin 7

GND GND

MISO ArduinoPin 12

MOSI ArduinoPin 11

SCK ArduinoPin 13

SDA (SS) ArduinoPin 8






































ADVANTAGE:

● The y re d uce the risk o f a c c id e nts.

● It is e a sy to im p le m en t.

● It red uc es the e ffo rt o f m a ny m e n.

DISADVANTAGES:

So m e tim e s the c irc uit g o t fa ilu re a nd c a use s v a riou s p ro ble m s


APPLICATIONS

● It use s in high w a ys to a v ert a c cid ents.

● It a lert tra ffic a utho ritie s a b out the sp e ed of v eh ic le.


CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

Sinc e num b er of a c cid en ts o n hig hw a ys incre a ses d a y b y d a y so it is

ne ce ssa ry to c he ck sp ee d of the v eh ic les o n high w a ys so a s to rem o ve

a c cid ent c a ses a nd to p rov id e a sa fe jo urne y b y co ntro lling hig h spe ed o f the

ve hicle . It a lso m inim ize s the d iffic ultie s o f tra ffic p olice d ep a rtm e nt a nd

m a ke e a se to co ntro l the ra sh

d riv ing on highw a ys. The p olice c a n pe rfo rm the ir d uties w hile sitting in

c ontro l ro om a nd c a n pro vid e the ir serv ic e w ith m o re ea se a nd a c cura c y.

This c on ce pt c a n b e ex tend e d in future by inte gra ting a c a m e ra w ith the

system w h ic h c ou ld c a p ture th e im a g e of the num b e r p la te o f the v eh ic le to

se nds tha t to the tra ffic a utho ritie s.

The sp ee d che cke r fo r hig hw a ys‖ is a n em e rg ing fie ld a n d the re is a huge

sc op e fo r re sea rc h a nd d e ve lo p m ent. VEHICLE OVERSPEED DETECTION WI

AUDIO BUZZER ALERT SYSTEM ON HIGHWAYS c a n be furthe r a dv a nc ed b y

using a C C TV c a m e ra in the c ircuit. W hen ev er a ny ve hic le c rosse s spe ed

lim it, c a m e ra c a pture s the im a g e o f num b er p la te a nd throu gh tra nspo rt

d a ta b a se find s the a d d ress of the o w n er a nd se nd s fine.


R EFE R EN C E S

[1 ] D inesh M o ha n, O m e r Tsim ho ni, M ic ha el Siva k, M ic ha el J Fla nna g a n

– Re p ost num be rU M TR I-2 0 09 -1

http :/ /w w w .d e ep blue .lib.um ic h.e d u \

[2 ] M a nisha R uika r, , Jo urna l

o f O rtho pa e d ic s, Tra um a to log y a nd R e ha b ilita tion, 2 3 Se p . 20 1 3, v ol. 6 , issue

1 , p p . 1-6

[3 ] D a nie l B ro o koff, C ha rle s S . C o ok, C ha rle s W illia m s, a n d C a lv in S. M a nn,

, The N e w En gla nd Jo urna l

o f M e dic ine , A ug. 2 5 , 19 9 4, p p. 5 1 8-52 2

[4 ] Jia n gp e ng D a i , Jin T eng , X ia o le B a i , Zha ohu i She n,a nd D o ng X ua n

in P erv a sive C o m pu ting

Te chn olo gie s fo r H e a lthca re (P erv a sive H e a lth), 2 0 10 4 th Intern a tio na l

C o nfe renc e . http ://iee e xp lo re .iee e.org

[5 ] A va ila b le on

[http s://m e dv inla w .co m /re ckless-driv ing -in-v irginia -w hile -into xic a ted -o r-w ith -
e le va te d -b lo o da lc oh ollev el-b a c -ne w -20 1 3-ca se -la w /]

[6 ] L a fa ya tte po lice de p a rtm ent

[7 ] H a rp er Finch L a w ye rs, . A va ila b le o n:

[http ://w w w .tra ffic la w q ld .co m .a u/H a rpe rFinchL a w yers2 0 56 /P a ge /2 15 9 0/ S

p ee dD e tec tion M etho d s.a sp x]

[8 ] A v a ila b le o n:

[http ://w w w .cne t.c om / new s/p o lic e-ra d a r-g un-tha t-sho w s-if-yo ure -tex ting/ #!]

[9 ] A va ila ble o n: [http :/ /en.w ikip ed ia .o rg/w iki/LID AR _ spe ed _g un]

[1 0 ] A v a ila b le o n:

[http s://w w w .elp ro c us.c om / spe ed -c he cke r-to -d ete ct-ra sh-d riv in g-on-hig hw a

ys/]

[1 1 ]Shyr-L o ng Je ng, W ei-H ua Ch ie ng , a nd H sia ng -P inL u

, IE EE Tra nsa c tions o n

Inte llig ent Tra n spo rta tion Syste m s, Vo l. 1 5 , N o . 2, A p ril 2 01 4 , p p . 60 7 - 6 14

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