ELCN 421, ELC 521

Antennas & Wave Propagation

Spring Semester 2023/2024
CHAPTER 4
WIRE ANTENNAS
Week 6, Lecture 6

Dr. Ibrahim Amin

 Lecture’s Topics
 Last Lecture Revision
 Current Distribution of:
 Finite length dipole antennas
 Half wave dipole antennas
 Traveling wave antennas
 Finite Length Dipole Analysis
 Half Wave Dipole antennas Analysis
 Standing wave and traveling wave antennas
 V and Rhombic antennas.
 Summary
 Last Lecture Revision, Wire Antenna Summary
μ Ie −jkr 1 k I0
Ie Az = e dz Hϕ =μ (𝛻x 𝐴𝑠𝑝ℎ ) = j 4πr
sin𝜃 e−jkr dz Eθ = jη
k I0
sin𝜃 e−jkr dz
4πr 4πr

1 Eθ 2
Infinitesmal Wr = Re [ ]
2 η
λ Ie = I0
Dipole l <
50
2 𝑅≅𝑟 Prad = W . ds
Short 𝐼𝑒 ≅ 𝐼0 (1 - 𝑙 ) z
λ λ 2
Dipole < l < 𝐼𝑒 ≅ 𝐼0 (1 + 𝑙 ) z 4π Umax
50 10 D0 =
Prad
𝑙
Finit length 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼0 sin k (2 - z)
λ 𝑙 2 Prad
Dipole l > 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼0 sin k (2 + z) R r=
10 I0 2
R= 𝑟 − z cos 𝜃
Traviling wave λ2
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼0 e−jkz Aemax = D
Dipole l = λ’s 4π 0

G = e0 D0
 3. Finite Length (Symmetrical) Dipole
 Geometry:
 3. Finite Length (Symmetrical) Dipole
 Current:
 3. Finite Length (Symmetrical) Dipole

 Field Components:
3-Finite Length (Symmetrical) Dipole
 3. Finite Length (Symmetrical) Dipole
 Radiation Intensity:
 3. Finite Length (Symmetrical) Dipole

 Half wave dipole (l=λ/2)

- The most commonly used antenna.

- Its radiation resistance is 73 ohms.

- Its matching to the transmission line of

50-ohm or 75-ohm characteristic
impedances is simple.
 3. Finite Length (Symmetrical) Dipole
 Field Components
 3. Finite Length (Symmetrical) Dipole
 Power density and Intensity:
 3. Finite Length (Symmetrical) Dipole
 Power Radiated:

𝐈𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝛑 𝛑 𝟒
𝐏𝐫𝐚𝐝 = 𝛈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 d𝛉 𝐝𝛟
𝟖 𝛑𝟐 𝟎 𝟎

𝐈𝟎 𝟐 𝟑𝛑 𝟑 𝟐
= 𝛈 .2𝛑. = 𝛈 𝐈𝟎
𝟖 𝛑𝟐 𝟖 𝟑𝟐

 Directivity:
𝟐
𝐈
𝛈 𝟎𝟐 𝟏𝟔
𝟖𝛑
= = 4𝛑 𝟑 = ≅ 𝟏.69
𝛈 𝐈𝟎 𝟐 𝟑𝛑
𝟑𝟐
 3. Finite Length (Symmetrical) Dipole
 Radiation Resistance:
𝟑
𝟐 𝐏𝐫𝐚𝐝 𝟐. 𝛈 𝐈𝟎 𝟐 𝟔
𝟑𝟐
𝐑𝐫= 𝟐 = = 𝛈 ≅ 71
𝐈𝟎 𝐈𝟎 𝟐 𝟑𝟐

 Effective Aperture:
Field Pattern of Different Dipole Antennas
 Last Lecture Revision, Wire Antenna Summary
μ Ie −jkr 1 k I0
Ie Az = e dz Hϕ =μ (𝛻x 𝐴𝑠𝑝ℎ ) = j 4πr
sin𝜃 e−jkr dz Eθ = jη
k I0
sin𝜃 e−jkr dz
4πr 4πr

1 Eθ 2
Infinitesmal Wr = Re [ ]
2 η
λ Ie = I0
Dipole l <
50
2 𝑅≅𝑟 Prad = W . ds
Short 𝐼𝑒 ≅ 𝐼0 (1 - 𝑙 ) z
λ λ 2
Dipole < l < 𝐼𝑒 ≅ 𝐼0 (1 + 𝑙 ) z 4π Umax
50 10 D0 =
Prad
𝑙
Finit length 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼0 sin k (2 - z)
λ 𝑙 2 Prad
Dipole l > 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼0 sin k (2 + z) R r=
10 I0 2
R= 𝑟 − z cos 𝜃
Traviling wave λ2
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼0 e−jkz Aemax = D
Dipole l = λ’s 4π 0

G = e0 D0
 4. Traveling Wave Dipole Antenna
 In the previous sections, center-fed linear
wire antennas were discussed whose
amplitude current distribution was:

 Constant for infinitesimal dipoles:

(l ≤ λ/50)

 Linear (triangular) for short dipoles:

(λ/50 < l ≤ λ/10)

 Sinusoidal for finite length (long) dipoles:

(l > λ/10)
 4. Traveling Wave Dipole Antenna
 The sinusoidal current of finite length (long)
linear antenna is considered as a standing
wave of two waves of equal amplitude and
opposite direction.

 The voltage also is a standing wave which has

maxima (loops) at the end of the line instead
of nulls (nodes) as the current.

 In each pattern, the maxima and minima

repeat every integral number of half
wavelengths.
 4. Traveling Wave Dipole Antenna
 Standing wave or Resonant antennas:
 linear antenna
 current and voltage are standing wave form
 formed by reflections from the open end of
the wire.

 Traveling wave or Non Resonant antennas:

 linear antenna
 current and voltage are traveling wave form
along the wire.
 4. Traveling Wave Dipole Antenna
 Traveling wave antennas can be designed by
properly terminating the antenna wire so that
the reflections are minimized if not
completely eliminated.

 An example of such an antenna is a long wire

that runs horizontal to the earth, as shown
4. Travelling Wave Dipole Antenna
4. Traveling Wave Dipole Antenna
4. Traveling Wave Dipole Antenna
Example: l=λ/2, and ν = (1 - 0.6)c

ν=c ν = 0.8 c
4. Traveling Wave Dipole Antenna

ν = 0.6 c
 4. Traveling Wave Dipole Antenna
Example: l = 5 λ
 4. Traveling Wave Dipole Antenna
Example: l = 5 λ
 4. Traveling Wave Dipole Antenna
Example: l = 5 λ
 4. Traveling Wave Dipole Antenna
 Advantages:
It is used when it is desired to radiate or receive
predominantly from one direction.
 Disadvantages
As the length increases, the maximum of the
main lobe shifts closer toward the axis and the
number of lobes increase.
 4.1 V- Antenna
 Drawbacks of single long-wire antenna:
(1) its directivity is low.
(2) its side lobes are high.
(3) its main beam is inclined at an angle, which
is controlled by its length.

 These drawbacks of single long-wire antennas

can be overcame by utilizing an array of wires.

 A very practical array of long wire antenna is

the V antenna formed by using two wires each
with one of its ends connected to a feed line.
 4-1 V- Antenna
 V antennas can be designed to have:
1) Unidirectional radiation patterns
2) Bidirectional radiation patterns

 To achieve the unidirectional characteristics,

the wires of the V antenna must be non
resonant.

 This can be done by:

1) Increase the thickness of inclined V wires.
2) Attach a resistor equal in value to the open
end characteristic impedance of the V-wire .
4-1 V- Antenna
 4-1 V- Antenna

 Drawbacks of V–Antenna of arm length > 1.25λ:

 Side lobes increases
 Directivity diminishes

 Treatment:
 Decreasing the included angle of a V-dipole.

 Field Pattern:
 The patterns of each V antenna wires is of
conical form
 They are inclined at an angle 𝛉𝟎 from its axes.
 4.1 V- Antenna

 The patterns of each leg can be added in the

direction of the line bisecting the angle of the
V to form one major lobe if: 2𝜽𝟎 = 2𝜽𝒎

 𝟐𝜽𝟎 = the total included angle of the V wires.

 2𝜽𝒎 = the angle bet. cone maximum and its
axis.

 When this is done, beams 2 and 3 are aligned

and add constructively.
 4.2 Rhombic Antenna
 Two V antennas can be connected at their
open ends to form Rhombic antenna.

 The antenna is usually terminated at one end

in a resistor, of 600–800 ohms, in order to
reduce or eliminate reflections.

 However:
 If each leg is long enough > 5λ, sufficient
leakage occurs along it that it may not be
necessary to terminate the rhombus with this
resistor.
 4.2 Rhombic Antenna
 To achieve the single main lobe, beams 2, 3, 6,
and 7 are aligned and add constructively.
 Lecture 6 Learning Outcomes
 For Finite Length dipole and half wave dipole
antennas you will be able to do the following:

 Defining the current characteristics

 Evaluating the power density and intensity

for finite length dipole antenna given the
field component 𝑬𝜽

 Evaluating the different antenna parameters

for half wave dipole antenna given 𝑬𝜽 or the
approximated formula of 𝑾𝒂𝒗
 Lecture 6 Learning Outcomes
 Determining the advantages of half wave
dipole antenna

 Graphing the Field patterns at different

lengths of finite length dipole antennas.

 Determining the Difference between

standing wave and traveling wave
antennas, (compare the field patterns)

 Defining the current characteristics in case

of traveling wave antenna.
 Lecture 6 Learning Outcomes
 Determining the advantage and
disadvantage of traveling wave antenna,
using field patterns

 Descripting the main features of V and

Rhombic antennas.

 Determining the advantages and

disadvantages of V and Rhombic antennas.
 Last Lecture Revision, Wire Antenna Summary
μ Ie −jkr 1 k I0
Ie Az = e dz Hϕ =μ (𝛻x 𝐴𝑠𝑝ℎ ) = j 4πr
sin𝜃 e−jkr dz Eθ = jη
k I0
sin𝜃 e−jkr dz
4πr 4πr

1 Eθ 2
Infinitesmal Wr = Re [ ]
2 η
λ Ie = I0
Dipole l <
50
2 𝑅≅𝑟 Prad = W . ds
Short 𝐼𝑒 ≅ 𝐼0 (1 - 𝑙 ) z
λ λ 2
Dipole < l < 𝐼𝑒 ≅ 𝐼0 (1 + 𝑙 ) z 4π Umax
50 10 D0 =
Prad
𝑙
Finit length 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼0 sin k (2 - z)
λ 𝑙 2 Prad
Dipole l > 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼0 sin k (2 + z) R r=
10 I0 2
R= 𝑟 − z cos 𝜃
Traviling wave λ2
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼0 e−jkz Aemax = D
Dipole l = λ’s 4π 0

G = e0 D0