Bài 2: OPERATIONS WITH RATIONAL NUMBERS

Real-world problem: A high-rise building has two basement levels. Basement B1

has a height of 2.7 m. Basement B2 has a height equal to 4/3 times the height of
basement B1. Calculate the total height of the building's basements relative to
ground level.
1. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF TWO RATIONAL NUMBERS
A submersible, initially at sea level, dives down 43 1/6 m. It then continues to dive
down another 5.4 m. What is the submersible's depth relative to sea level?
To add or subtract two rational numbers x and y, we can express them as fractions
and then apply the rules for adding or subtracting fractions.
Example 1: Calculate:
a) (-0.25) - (4/5)
b) (1/2) - (-3/10)
Solution:
Convert decimals to fractions, find common denominators, and apply the rules of
fraction addition and subtraction.
Practice 1: Calculate:
a) 0.6 + (1/5)
b) (-1) - (-0.8)
Practice 2: The current temperature in a cold storage room is -5.8°C. To preserve
goods, the manager lowers the temperature by another 5/2 °C. What is the
temperature in the storage room after this change?
2. PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS
Given the expression M = (1/2) + (1/3) + (-1/5) + (1/4). Calculate the value of M in
two ways:
a) Perform the calculations from left to right.
b) Group appropriate terms and then perform the calculations.
The addition of rational numbers follows the same properties as the addition of
integers: commutative, associative, and additive identity (0).
Example 2: Calculate the sum A = (-3/5) + (7/8) + (2/5) + (-1/8) in a streamlined
way.
Solution: Rearrange terms using commutative property, group terms using
associative property, and simplify using additive identity.
Practice 3: Calculate the value of the following expression in a streamlined way:
B = (1/7) + (-10/13) + (16/23) + (-3/13) + (7/23) + (1/11)
Application 1: The amount of coffee imported and exported by a coffee export
company over 6 weeks is recorded in the table below.

Week Description Amount (tons)

1 Import +32

2 Export to Europe -18.5

3 Export to Japan -5.25

4 Import +18.3

5 Domestic Sales -12

6 Export to USA -4

Calculate the total coffee stock after these 6 weeks.

3. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO RATIONAL NUMBERS
The temperature measured on a winter evening in Sa Pa is -1.8°C. The temperature
in the afternoon of that day was equal to -2/3 of the evening temperature. What was
the temperature in Sa Pa that afternoon?
For two rational numbers x = a/b and y = c/d (b≠0, d≠0), we have x * y = (ac) /
(bd)
Example 3: Calculate:
a) (-3/4) * (7/3)
b) (-1.25) * (-3/5)
Solution: Convert decimals to fractions, multiply numerators and denominators,
simplify.
Example 4: A rectangular garden has a width of 25.8 m and a length equal to 3/2
times the width. Calculate the area of the garden.
Solution: Calculate length, then area using the formula: Area = length * width.
Practice 4: Calculate:
a) (-3.5) * (5/12)
b) (-2/9) * (-5/4)
4. PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS
Given the expression M = (-1/7) * (1/8) + (-1/7) * (-5/8). Calculate the value of M
in two ways:
a) Perform the multiplications and then add the results.
b) Apply the distributive property of multiplication over addition.
Multiplication of rational numbers follows the same properties as multiplication of
integers: commutative, associative, multiplicative identity (1), and distributive
property over addition.
Example 5: Calculate in a streamlined way:
a) A = (-5/7) * (1/8) * (-7/5) * (-24)
b) B = 46 * [(-1/6) + (7/23) - (27/46)]
Solution: Use commutative and associative properties for (a), distributive property
for (b).
Practice 5: Calculate:
a) A = (5/11) * (-3/23) * (11/5) * (-4.6)
b) B = (-7/9) * (13/25) + (13/25) * (2/9)
Application 2: Solve the problem from page 11.
5. DIVISION OF TWO RATIONAL NUMBERS
A store sold 324 motorcycles in September, which is equal to 2/5 of the number of
motorcycles sold in August. Calculate the number of motorcycles sold in August.
For two rational numbers x = a/b and y = c/d (y≠0), we have x / y = (a/b) / (c/d) =
(ad) / (bc)
Example 6: Calculate:
a) (2/3) / (-5/9)
b) (-3.5) / (-2 1/4)
Solution: Convert mixed numbers to improper fractions, then apply the division
rule.
Practice 6: Calculate:
a) (5/14) / (7/15)
b) (-2) / (-0.32)
Note: The quotient of the division of a rational number x by a non-zero rational
number y is called the ratio of x and y, denoted as x/y or x:y.
Example 7: The ratio of -3.15 and 7.24 is written as -3.15/7.24 or (-3.15) : 7.24.
Practice 7: A rectangular room has a width of 15/4 m and a length of 27/5 m.
Calculate the ratio of the length to the width of the room.
Application 3: A warehouse contains 45 tons of rice. The warehouse manager
distributed 1/3 of the rice to flood victims, then sold 7/2 tons and finally imported
another 8 tons. Calculate the remaining amount of rice in the warehouse.
EXERCISES (Page 15) - translation of exercises omitted for brevity, but can be
provided if needed.
(Remainder of page 16 and 17 are similarly translated below):
6. Two sections of pipe have lengths of 0.8 m and 1.35 m, respectively. The two
pipes are joined together to form a new pipe. The length of the joint is 1/25 m.
What is the total length of the new pipe?
7. A factory completed 4/15 of its monthly plan in the first week, 2/30 of the plan
in the second week, and 7/10 of the plan in the third week. What fraction of the
plan must the factory complete in the final week to fulfill the monthly plan?
8. In June, the listed price of a 42-inch TV at an electronics store was 8,000,000
VND. In September, the store offered a 5% discount on each TV. In October, the
store offered another discount, and the price of a 42-inch TV was only 6,840,000
VND. What percentage discount did the store offer in October compared to the
price in September?
9. A bookstore has the following promotion: Members receive a 10% discount on
the total bill. Lan is a member and buys 3 books, each priced at 120,000 VND. She
gives the cashier 350,000 VND. How much change does she receive?
10. The diameter of Venus is 5/6 of the diameter of Uranus. The diameter of
Uranus is 25/14 of the diameter of Jupiter.
a) What fraction of Jupiter's diameter is Venus's diameter?
b) Given that Jupiter's diameter is approximately 140,000 km, calculate the
diameter of Venus.
11. In the troposphere, the temperature decreases with altitude. For every 100 m
increase in altitude, the air temperature decreases by approximately 0.6°C
(According to: Geography Textbook 6 – 2020 – Vietnam Education Publishing
House).
a) Calculate the air temperature outside a hot air balloon flying at an altitude of 2.8
km, given that the temperature on the ground is 28°C.
b) The temperature outside a hot air balloon flying at an altitude of 22/5 km is -
8.5°C. What is the ground temperature in the area where the hot air balloon is
flying?
12. Connect the numbers on the petals using addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and parentheses to create an expression that equals the number in the
center of the flower.
After this lesson, what have you learned?
 Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations within
the set of rational numbers.
 Apply the commutative and associative properties of addition and
multiplication, and the distributive property of multiplication over addition
for streamlined calculations.
 Solve real-world problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division of rational numbers.