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Module 1: Variables, Operators, Conditions

Logistics:

Press Shift + Enter keys to run each block of code on Google Colab environment or copy and paste the
codes/comments into a python file.
Conceptual introductions and explanations are provided in text blocks. Code-related explanations are
included as comments above the codes.
Exercises/practice problems are labeled in each module. For coding exercises, you could download an
external Python IDE (e.g. Anaconda) to program and test your implementation. One possible
implementation of the exercise are provided under the problem.

Learning Objectives:

1. Define and modify variables of various data types. Convert between data types.
2. Understand the characteristics and uses of each operation and the corresponding output.
3. Understand and correctly these statements for checking conditions.

1.1: Variables

1.1.1: Variable Assignment

Variables are the same as variables in math, except math variables are often letters, but programming
variables could be words.

Variable: a container that holds some information.

Note about variable declaration:

Case-sensitive
MUST start with either a letter or underscore; CANNOT start with numbers.
CANNOT be the same name as Python keywords (e.g. class, finally, etc.)
do NOT specify type of information stored in the variable. (Refer to the following codes for an example.)

In [ ]: # Examples of variable declarations

width = 10

# Notice the "H" is capitalized

Height = 5

area = 0

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In [ ]: width

Out[ ]: 10

In [ ]: # Expect an ERROR because the "height" variable is case-sensitive.

# ERROR CODE: "height" is not defined.

height

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
NameError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-6-d56756f3e5e3> in <module>()
2 # ERROR CODE: "height" is not defined.
3
----> 4 height

NameError: name 'height' is not defined

In [ ]: Height

Out[ ]: 5

In [ ]: # Using a python keyword as a variable name

# ERROR CODE: invalid syntax

global = 1

global

File "<ipython-input-8-4909dc42d849>", line 4

global = 1
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

In [ ]: # More declarations for different variable types

# storing a string
helloMessage = "Hello World!"
first_name = "John"

# storing a char
character_example = 'a'

# storing a float
_newFloat = 1.0

# storing a boolean value

bool_Condition = True

In [ ]: helloMessage

Out[ ]: 'Hello World!'

In [ ]: character_example

Out[ ]: 'a'

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In [ ]: _newFloat

Out[ ]: 1.0

In [ ]: bool_Condition

Out[ ]: True

1.1.2: Type Casting

From Topic 1.1.1, we learned how to properly declare a variable name for different date types. In this topic,
we will explore how to "cast" or convert data type between one another.

Helpful function: type() defines the type of the data

In [ ]: # From declaration above, width = 10 and 10 is an int, so we expects the fu

nction to return int
type(width)

Out[ ]: int

In [ ]: type(helloMessage)

Out[ ]: str

In [ ]: type(bool_Condition)

Out[ ]: bool

In [ ]: # Let's cast a float into an int and vice verse

# We will cast the type and the store it in a new variable
width_float = float(width)

type(width_float)

Out[ ]: float

In [ ]: # Cast from float to int

width_int = int(width_float)

type(width_int)

Out[ ]: int

In [ ]: # Cast between string and int

# Recall that width stores an int

# convert width to string

width_string = str(width)
type(width_string)

Out[ ]: str

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In [ ]: # convert width_string back to an int

type(int(width_string))

Out[ ]: int

1.2: Operators

1.1.1 Mathematical Operators

In [ ]: # Basic mathematical operations with Numbers

# Addition
print(5+23)

# Subtraction
print(100-25)

# Multiplication
print(5*10)

# Power/Exponent
# ** operator is equivalent to exponent
print(5**2)

# 5*5 = 5^2 = 5**2

print(5*5)

# Division (float)
# Return the actual decimal value of division
print(36/4)
print(10/3)

# Division (int)
# Return an int. If the actual quotient is a decimal value, only whole numb
er is returned
print(10//3)
print(19//6)

# Modular Division: return the remainder of division

print(10%3)

28
75
50
25
25
9.0
3.3333333333333335
3
3
1

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In [ ]: # Operations with Strings and Characters

print("foo" * 5)
print('x'*3)

foofoofoofoofoo
xxx

In [ ]: # ERROR: compiler treats x as a variable, not a character

print(x*3)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
NameError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-23-47a2cb16f654> in <module>()
1 # ERROR: compiler treats x as a variable, not a character
----> 2 print(x*3)

NameError: name 'x' is not defined

In [ ]: # ERROR: cannot concatenate an int to a string --> need to cast int to stri
ng
print("hello" + 5)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
TypeError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-24-8beae78f288a> in <module>()
1 # ERROR: cannot concatenate an int to a string --> need to cast in
t to string
----> 2 print("hello" + 5)

TypeError: must be str, not int

In [ ]: # Fix
print("hello " + str(5))

hello 5

In [ ]: # String addition = concatenation

print("hello " + "world")

hello world

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1.1.2: Other Operators

In [ ]: # Comparators: return boolean value

# Equality ==
# Note: MUST be Double equal signs, single equal sign is assignment
print(5 == 5.0)

# Greater than >

print(7 > 1)

# Less than <

print(1.5 < 90)

# Greater than or equal to >=

print(5.0 >= 5)
print(5.0 >= 4)
print(5 >= 13)

# Less than or equal to <=

print(10 <= 10.0)
print(10 <= 20)
print(8 <= 3)

True
True
True
True
True
False
True
True
False

In [ ]: # Comparators on Strings

print("hello" < "world")

print("hello" == "world")
print("hello" > "world")

print("hello" == "hello")

print("cat" < "dog")

True
False
False
True
True

1.3: Conditional Statements

1.3.1: If Conditions

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Important Notices:

Order of the conditions matter!

If more than one conditions are satified, then the actions associated with the first satifying condition
will execute and skip the remaining conditions and codes.
"elif" = "else if"
"elif" denotes the same meaning as "else if"
At least one condition MUST be provided for both if and elif clauses, else ERROR!
Parentheses for if and elif is optional. Your code will work with or without the ().

In [ ]: x = 7
y = 14

if (2*x == y):
print("y is double of x")
elif (x**2 == y):
print("y is the squared of x")
else:
print("y is NOT double of x")

y is double of x

In [ ]: x = 7
y = 49

if (2*x == y):
print("y is double of x")
elif (x**2 == y):
print("y is the squared of x")
else:
print("y is NOT related to x")

y is the squared of x

In [ ]: x = 7
y = 50

if (2*x == y):
print("y is double of x")
elif (x**2 == y):
print("y is the squared of x")
else:
print("y is NOT double nor squared of x")

y is NOT double nor squared of x

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1.3.2: Switch Cases

Python does NOT have an implementation for the switch cases, but one way to implement the switch case is
with the dictionary, a data structure that stores the key-value pair (Module 3).

The switch conditions are stored as keys in the dictionary, and actions stored as the value.
If there is a series of actions for each case, then consider writing a function for each case and use
the function calls as the value.
The default condition is manually listed as a key-value in the get().

In [ ]: def switcher(number):

# dictionary (from Module 3) to store switch cases

# If not found, then get() the default value
return {
'0':"Entered 0",
'1':"Entered 1",
'2':"Entered 2",
'3':"Entered 3",
'4':"Entered 4",
'5':"Entered 5",
'6':"Entered 6",
'7':"Entered 7",
'8':"Entered 8",
'9':"Entered 9",
}.get(number,"Invalid number!")

# input() reads in an user input from stdin

number = input("Dial a number")
switcher(number)

Dial a number9

Out[ ]: 'Entered 9'

In [ ]: """
EXERCISE: implement the above switch case example using if/else conditions

Prompt: For each digit between 0-9, the program will print a confirmation
for the entered value or print "invalid inputs" for all other numbers.
"""

Out[ ]: '\nEXERCISE: implement the above switch case example using if/else conditi
ons\n\nPrompt: For each digit between 0-9, the program will print a confir
mation \nfor the entered value or print "invalid inputs" for all other num
bers.\n'

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

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DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

DO NOT LOOK AT THE SOLUTION BELOW BEFORE YOU TRY THE EXERCISE!

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In [ ]: number = input("Dial a number")

if number == '0':
print("Entered 0")
elif number == '1':
print("Entered 1")
elif number == '2':
print("Entered 2")
elif number == '3':
print("Entered 3")
elif number == '4':
print("Entered 4")
elif number == '5':
print("Entered 5")
elif number == '6':
print("Entered 6")
elif number == '7':
print("Entered 7")
elif number == '8':
print("Entered 8")
elif number == '9':
print("Entered 9")
else:
print("Invalid number!")

Dial a number9
Entered 9

In [ ]:

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