10/17/24, 3:18 PM Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation
A continuous-wave goes on continuously without any intervals and it is the baseband
message signal, which contains the information. This wave has to be modulated.

According to the standard definition, “The amplitude of the carrier signal varies in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.” Which means, the
amplitude of the carrier signal containing no information varies as per the amplitude of the
signal containing information, at each instant. This can be well explained by the following
figures.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_amplitude_modulation.htm 1/6
10/17/24, 3:18 PM Amplitude Modulation

The first figure shows the modulating wave, which is the message signal. The next one is
the carrier wave, which is a high frequency signal and contains no information. While, the
last one is the resultant modulated wave.

It can be observed that the positive and negative peaks of the carrier wave, are
interconnected with an imaginary line. This line helps recreating the exact shape of the
modulating signal. This imaginary line on the carrier wave is called as Envelope. It is the
same as that of the message signal.

Mathematical Expressions
Following are the mathematical expressions for these waves.

Time-domain Representation of the Waves

Let the modulating signal be,

m (t) = Am cos(2πfm t)

and the carrier signal be,

c (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)

Where,

Am and Ac are the amplitude of the modulating signal and the carrier signal respectively.

fm and fc are the frequency of the modulating signal and the carrier signal respectively.

Then, the equation of Amplitude Modulated wave will be

s(t) = [Ac + Am cos(2πfm t)] cos(2πfc t) (Equation 1)

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_amplitude_modulation.htm 2/6
10/17/24, 3:18 PM Amplitude Modulation

Modulation Index
A carrier wave, after being modulated, if the modulated level is calculated, then such an
attempt is called as Modulation Index or Modulation Depth. It states the level of
modulation that a carrier wave undergoes.

Rearrange the Equation 1 as below.

s(t) = Ac [1 + ( Am ) cos(2πfm t)] cos(2πfc t)

A
c

⇒ s (t) = Ac [1 + μ cos(2πfm t)] cos(2πfc t) (Equation 2)

Where, μ is Modulation index and it is equal to the ratio of Am and Ac . Mathematically, we

can write it as

Am
μ= Ac
(Equation 3)

Hence, we can calculate the value of modulation index by using the above formula, when
the amplitudes of the message and carrier signals are known.

Now, let us derive one more formula for Modulation index by considering Equation 1. We
can use this formula for calculating modulation index value, when the maximum and
minimum amplitudes of the modulated wave are known.

Let Amax and Amin be the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the modulated wave.

We will get the maximum amplitude of the modulated wave, when cos(2πfm t) is 1.

⇒ Amax = Ac + Am (Equation 4)

We will get the minimum amplitude of the modulated wave, when cos(2πfm t) is -1.

⇒ Amin = Ac − Am (Equation 5)

Add Equation 4 and Equation 5.

Amax + Amin = Ac + Am + Ac − Am = 2Ac

Amax +Amin
⇒ Ac = 2
(Equation 6)

Subtract Equation 5 from Equation 4.

Amax − Amin = Ac + Am − (Ac − Am ) = 2Am

Amax −Amin
⇒ Am = 2
(Equation 7)

The ratio of Equation 7 and Equation 6 will be as follows.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_amplitude_modulation.htm 3/6
10/17/24, 3:18 PM Amplitude Modulation

Am (Amax − Amin ) /2
=
Ac (Amax + Amin ) /2
Amax −Amin
⇒μ= Amax +Amin
(Equation 8)

Therefore, Equation 3 and Equation 8 are the two formulas for Modulation index. The
modulation index or modulation depth is often denoted in percentage called as Percentage
of Modulation. We will get the percentage of modulation, just by multiplying the
modulation index value with 100.

For a perfect modulation, the value of modulation index should be 1, which implies the
percentage of modulation should be 100%.

For instance, if this value is less than 1, i.e., the modulation index is 0.5, then the
modulated output would look like the following figure. It is called as Under-modulation.
Such a wave is called as an under-modulated wave.

If the value of the modulation index is greater than 1, i.e., 1.5 or so, then the wave will be
an over-modulated wave. It would look like the following figure.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_amplitude_modulation.htm 4/6
10/17/24, 3:18 PM Amplitude Modulation

As the value of the modulation index increases, the carrier experiences a 180o phase
reversal, which causes additional sidebands and hence, the wave gets distorted. Such an
over-modulated wave causes interference, which cannot be eliminated.

Explore our latest online courses and learn new skills at your own pace. Enroll and
become a certified expert to boost your career.

Bandwidth of AM Wave
Bandwidth (BW) is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies of the
signal. Mathematically, we can write it as

BW = fmax − fmin

Consider the following equation of amplitude modulated wave.

s (t) = Ac [1 + μ cos(2πfm t)] cos(2πfc t)

⇒ s (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t) + Ac μ cos(2πfc t) cos(2πfm t)

Ac μ Ac μ
⇒ s (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t) + 2
cos[2π (fc + fm ) t] + 2
cos[2π (fc − fm ) t]

Hence, the amplitude modulated wave has three frequencies. Those are carrier frequency
fc , upper sideband frequency fc + fm and lower sideband frequency fc − fm

Here,

fmax = fc + fm and fmin = fc − fm

Substitute, fmax and fmin values in bandwidth formula.

BW = fc + fm − (fc − fm )

⇒ BW = 2fm

Thus, it can be said that the bandwidth required for amplitude modulated wave is twice
the frequency of the modulating signal.

Power Calculations of AM Wave

Consider the following equation of amplitude modulated wave.

Ac μ Ac μ
s (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t) + 2
cos[2π (fc + fm ) t] + 2
cos[2π (fc − fm ) t]

Power of AM wave is equal to the sum of powers of carrier, upper sideband, and lower
sideband frequency components.

Pt = Pc + PUSB + PLSB

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_amplitude_modulation.htm 5/6
10/17/24, 3:18 PM Amplitude Modulation

We know that the standard formula for power of cos signal is

– 2
vrms 2 (vm /√2)
P= =
R 2
Where,

vrms is the rms value of cos signal.

vm is the peak value of cos signal.

First, let us find the powers of the carrier, the upper and lower sideband one by one.

Carrier power

– 2
(Ac /√2) Ac 2
Pc = =
R 2R
Upper sideband power

– 2
(Ac μ/2√2) Ac 2 μ 2
PUSB = =
R 8R
Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as that of the upper side band power.

Ac 2 μ 2
PLSB =
8R
Now, let us add these three powers in order to get the power of AM wave.

Ac 2 Ac 2 μ 2 Ac 2 μ 2
Pt = + +
2R 8R 8R

⇒ Pt = ( ) (1 +
Ac 2 μ2 μ2
+ )
2R 4 4

μ2
⇒ Pt = Pc (1 + )
2

We can use the above formula to calculate the power of AM wave, when the carrier power
and the modulation index are known.

If the modulation index μ = 1 then the power of AM wave is equal to 1.5 times the carrier
power. So, the power required for transmitting an AM wave is 1.5 times the carrier power
for a perfect modulation.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_amplitude_modulation.htm 6/6
10/19/24, 10:58 AM Analog Communication - AM Modulators

Analog Communication - AM Modulators

In this chapter, let us discuss about the modulators, which generate amplitude modulated
wave. The following two modulators generate AM wave.

Square law modulator

Switching modulator

Square Law Modulator

Following is the block diagram of the square law modulator

Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m (t) and A cos(2πfc t) respectively.
These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder) block. This summer block
produces an output, which is the addition of the modulating and the carrier signal.
Mathematically, we can write it as

V1 t = m (t) + Ac cos(2πfc t)

This signal V1 t is applied as an input to a nonlinear device like diode. The characteristics of
the diode are closely related to square law.

V2 t = k1 V1 (t) + k2 V12 (t) (Equation 1)

Where, k1 and k2 are constants.

Substitute V1 (t) in Equation 1

V2 (t) = k1 [m (t) + Ac cos(2πfc t)] + k2 [m (t) + Ac cos(2πfc t)]2

⇒ V2 (t) = k1 m (t) + k1 Ac cos(2πfc t) + k2 m2 (t) +

k2 A2c cos2 (2πfc t) + 2k2 m (t) Ac cos(2πfc t)

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_am_modulators.htm 1/4
10/19/24, 10:58 AM Analog Communication - AM Modulators

⇒ V2 (t) = k1 m (t) + k2 m2 (t) + k2 A2c cos2 (2πfc t)+

k1 Ac [1 + ( ) m (t)] cos(2πfc t)
2k2
k1

The last term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and the first three
terms of the above equation are unwanted. So, with the help of band pass filter, we can
pass only AM wave and eliminate the first three terms.

Therefore, the output of square law modulator is

2k2
s (t) = k1 Ac [1 + ( ) m (t)] cos(2πfc t)
k1

The standard equation of AM wave is

s (t) = Ac [1 + ka m (t)] cos(2πfc t)

Where, Ka is the amplitude sensitivity

By comparing the output of the square law modulator with the standard equation of AM
2k2
wave, we will get the scaling factor as k1 and the amplitude sensitivity ka as .
k1

Switching Modulator
Following is the block diagram of switching modulator.

Switching modulator is similar to the square law modulator. The only difference is that in
the square law modulator, the diode is operated in a non-linear mode, whereas, in the
switching modulator, the diode has to operate as an ideal switch.

Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m (t) and c (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)
respectively. These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder) block.
Summer block produces an output, which is the addition of modulating and carrier signals.
Mathematically, we can write it as

V1 (t) = m (t) + c (t) = m (t) + Ac cos(2πfc t)

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_am_modulators.htm 2/4
10/19/24, 10:58 AM Analog Communication - AM Modulators

This signal V1 (t) is applied as an input of diode. Assume, the magnitude of the
modulating signal is very small when compared to the amplitude of carrier signal Ac . So,
the diode’s ON and OFF action is controlled by carrier signal c (t) . This means, the diode
will be forward biased when c (t) > 0 and it will be reverse biased when c (t) < 0.

Therefore, the output of the diode is

V1 (t) if c (t) > 0

V2 (t) = {
0 if c (t) < 0

We can approximate this as

V2 (t) = V1 (t) x (t) (Equation 2)

1
Where, x (t) is a periodic pulse train with time period T = fc

The Fourier series representation of this periodic pulse train is

2 ∞ (−1) − 1
n
1
x (t) = + ∑ cos(2π (2n − 1) fc t)
2 π n=1 2n − 1

1 2 2
⇒ x (t) = + cos(2πfc t) − cos(6πfc t)+. . . .
2 π 3π
Substitute, V1 (t) and x (t) values in Equation 2.

V2 (t) = [m (t) + Ac cos(2πfc t)] [ 12 + π2 cos(2πfc t) − 2

3π
cos(6πfc t)+. . . . . ]
m(t) Ac 2m(t) 2Ac
V2 (t) = 2
+ 2
cos(2πfc t) + π
cos(2πfc t) + π
cos2 (2πfc t)−
2m(t) 2Ac
3π
cos(6πfc t) − 3π
cos(2πfc t) cos(6πfc t)+. . . . .

(1 + ( πA ) m (t)) cos(2πfc t) +
Ac 4 m(t) 2Ac
V2 (t) = 2 2
+ π
cos2 (2πfc t)−
c

2m(t) 2Ac
3π
cos(6πfc t) − 3π
cos(2πfc t) cos(6πfc t)+. . . . .

The 1st term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and the remaining
terms are unwanted terms. Thus, with the help of band pass filter, we can pass only AM
wave and eliminate the remaining terms.

Therefore, the output of switching modulator is

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_am_modulators.htm 3/4
10/19/24, 10:58 AM Analog Communication - AM Modulators

4
(1 + ( ) m (t)) cos(2πfc t)
Ac
s (t) =
2 πAc

We know the standard equation of AM wave is

s (t) = Ac [1 + ka m (t)] cos(2πfc t)

Where, ka is the amplitude sensitivity.

By comparing the output of the switching modulator with the standard equation of AM
4
wave, we will get the scaling factor as 0.5 and amplitude sensitivity ka as .
πAc

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_am_modulators.htm 4/4
10/19/24, 10:59 AM Analog Communication - DSBSC Modulation

Analog Communication - DSBSC Modulation

In the process of Amplitude Modulation, the modulated wave consists of the carrier wave
and two sidebands. The modulated wave has the information only in the sidebands.
Sideband is nothing but a band of frequencies, containing power, which are the lower and
higher frequencies of the carrier frequency.

The transmission of a signal, which contains a carrier along with two sidebands can be
termed as Double Sideband Full Carrier system or simply DSBFC. It is plotted as
shown in the following figure.

However, such a transmission is inefficient. Because, two-thirds of the power is being

wasted in the carrier, which carries no information.

If this carrier is suppressed and the saved power is distributed to the two sidebands, then
such a process is called as Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply
DSBSC. It is plotted as shown in the following figure.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_dsbsc_modulation.htm 1/4
10/19/24, 10:59 AM Analog Communication - DSBSC Modulation

Mathematical Expressions
Let us consider the same mathematical expressions for modulating and carrier signals as
we have considered in the earlier chapters.

i.e., Modulating signal

m (t) = Am cos(2πfm t)

Carrier signal

c (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)

Mathematically, we can represent the equation of DSBSC wave as the product of

modulating and carrier signals.

s (t) = m (t) c (t)

⇒ s (t) = Am Ac cos(2πfm t) cos(2πfc t)

Bandwidth of DSBSC Wave

We know the formula for bandwidth (BW) is

BW = fmax − fmin

Consider the equation of DSBSC modulated wave.

s (t) = Am Ac cos(2πfm t) cos(2πfc t)

Am Ac A A
⇒ s (t) = cos[2π (fc + fm ) t] + m c cos[2π (fc − fm ) t]
2 2

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_dsbsc_modulation.htm 2/4
10/19/24, 10:59 AM Analog Communication - DSBSC Modulation

The DSBSC modulated wave has only two frequencies. So, the maximum and minimum
frequencies are fc + fm and fc − fm respectively.

i.e.,

fmax = fc + fm and fmin = fc − fm

Substitute, fmax and fmin values in the bandwidth formula.

BW = fc + fm − (fc − fm )

⇒ BW = 2fm

Thus, the bandwidth of DSBSC wave is same as that of AM wave and it is equal to twice
the frequency of the modulating signal.

Explore our latest online courses and learn new skills at your own pace. Enroll and
become a certified expert to boost your career.

Power Calculations of DSBSC Wave

Consider the following equation of DSBSC modulated wave.

Am Ac Am Ac
s (t) = cos[2π (fc + fm ) t] + cos[2π (fc − fm ) t]
2 2
Power of DSBSC wave is equal to the sum of powers of upper sideband and lower sideband
frequency components.

Pt = PUSB + PLSB

We know the standard formula for power of cos signal is

– 2
vrms 2 (vm √2)
P= =
R R
First, let us find the powers of upper sideband and lower sideband one by one.

Upper sideband power

– 2
(Am Ac /2√2) Am 2 Ac 2
PUSB = =
R 8R
Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as that of upper sideband power.

Am 2 Ac 2
PUSB =
8R
Now, let us add these two sideband powers in order to get the power of DSBSC wave.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_dsbsc_modulation.htm 3/4
10/19/24, 10:59 AM Analog Communication - DSBSC Modulation

Am 2 Ac 2 Am 2 Ac 2
Pt = +
8R 8R
Am 2 Ac 2
⇒ Pt =
4R
Therefore, the power required for transmitting DSBSC wave is equal to the power of both
the sidebands.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_dsbsc_modulation.htm 4/4
10/19/24, 11:00 AM Analog Communication - DSBSC Modulators

Analog Communication - DSBSC Modulators

In this chapter, let us discuss about the modulators, which generate DSBSC wave. The
following two modulators generate DSBSC wave.

Balanced modulator

Ring modulator

Balanced Modulator
Following is the block diagram of the Balanced modulator.

Balanced modulator consists of two identical AM modulators. These two modulators are
arranged in a balanced configuration in order to suppress the carrier signal. Hence, it is
called as Balanced modulator.

The same carrier signalc (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t) is applied as one of the inputs to these two
AM modulators. The modulating signal m (t) is applied as another input to the upper AM
modulator. Whereas, the modulating signal m (t) with opposite polarity, i.e., −m (t) is
applied as another input to the lower AM modulator.

Output of the upper AM modulator is

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_dsbsc_modulators.htm 1/3
10/19/24, 11:00 AM Analog Communication - DSBSC Modulators

s1 (t) = Ac [1 + ka m (t)] cos(2πfc t)

Output of the lower AM modulator is

s2 (t) = Ac [1 − ka m (t)] cos(2πfc t)

We get the DSBSC wave s (t) by subtracting s2 (t) from s1 (t). The summer block is used
to perform this operation. s1 (t) with positive sign and s2 (t) with negative sign are
applied as inputs to summer block. Thus, the summer block produces an output s (t)
which is the difference of s1 (t) and s2 (t) .

⇒ s (t) = Ac [1 + ka m (t)] cos(2πfc t) − Ac [1 − ka m (t)] cos(2πfc t)

⇒ s (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t) + Ac ka m (t) cos(2πfc t) − Ac cos(2πfc t)+

Ac ka m (t) cos(2πfc t)

⇒ s (t) = 2Ac ka m (t) cos(2πfc t)

We know the standard equation of DSBSC wave is

s (t) = Ac m (t) cos(2πfc t)

By comparing the output of summer block with the standard equation of DSBSC wave, we
will get the scaling factor as 2ka

Ring Modulator
Following is the block diagram of the Ring modulator.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_dsbsc_modulators.htm 2/3
10/19/24, 11:00 AM Analog Communication - DSBSC Modulators

In this diagram, the four diodes D 1 ,D 2 ,D 3 and D4 are connected in the ring structure.
Hence, this modulator is called as the ring modulator. Two center tapped transformers
are used in this diagram. The message signal m (t) is applied to the input transformer.
Whereas, the carrier signals c (t) is applied between the two center tapped transformers.

For positive half cycle of the carrier signal, the diodes D1 and D3 are switched ON and the
other two diodes D2 and D4 are switched OFF. In this case, the message signal is
multiplied by +1.

For negative half cycle of the carrier signal, the diodes D2 and D4 are switched ON and
the other two diodes and
D3 are switched OFF. In this case, the message signal is
D1
multiplied by -1. This results in 1800 phase shift in the resulting DSBSC wave.

From the above analysis, we can say that the four diodes D1 , D2 , D3 and D4 are
controlled by the carrier signal. If the carrier is a square wave, then the Fourier series
representation of c (t) is represented as

4 ∞ (−1)
n−1
c (t) = ∑ cos[2πfc t (2n − 1)]
π n=1 2n − 1

We will get DSBSC wave s (t), which is just the product of the carrier signal c (t) and the
message signal m (t) i.e.,

4 ∞ (−1)
n−1
s (t) = ∑ cos[2πfc t (2n − 1)]m (t)
π n=1 2n − 1

The above equation represents DSBSC wave, which is obtained at the output transformer
of the ring modulator.

DSBSC modulators are also called as product modulators as they produce the output,
which is the product of two input signals.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_dsbsc_modulators.htm 3/3
10/19/24, 11:01 AM Analog Communication - SSBSC Modulation

Analog Communication - SSBSC Modulation

In the previous chapters, we have discussed DSBSC modulation and demodulation. The
DSBSC modulated signal has two sidebands. Since, the two sidebands carry the same
information, there is no need to transmit both sidebands. We can eliminate one sideband.

The process of suppressing one of the sidebands along with the carrier and transmitting a
single sideband is called as Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply
SSBSC. It is plotted as shown in the following figure.

In the above figure, the carrier and the lower sideband are suppressed. Hence, the upper
sideband is used for transmission. Similarly, we can suppress the carrier and the upper
sideband while transmitting the lower sideband.

This SSBSC system, which transmits a single sideband has high power, as the power
allotted for both the carrier and the other sideband is utilized in transmitting this Single
Sideband.

Mathematical Expressions
Let us consider the same mathematical expressions for the modulating and the carrier
signals as we have considered in the earlier chapters.

i.e., Modulating signal

m (t) = Am cos(2πfm t)

Carrier signal

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_ssbsc_modulation.htm 1/3
10/19/24, 11:01 AM Analog Communication - SSBSC Modulation

c (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)

Mathematically, we can represent the equation of SSBSC wave as

Am Ac
s (t) = 2
cos[2π (fc + fm ) t] for the upper sideband

Or

Am Ac
s (t) = 2
cos[2π (fc − fm ) t] for the lower sideband

Bandwidth of SSBSC Wave

We know that the DSBSC modulated wave contains two sidebands and its bandwidth is
2fm . Since the SSBSC modulated wave contains only one sideband, its bandwidth is half
of the bandwidth of DSBSC modulated wave.

2f m
i.e., Bandwidth of SSBSC modulated wave = 2 = fm

Therefore, the bandwidth of SSBSC modulated wave is fm and it is equal to the frequency
of the modulating signal.

Explore our latest online courses and learn new skills at your own pace. Enroll and
become a certified expert to boost your career.

Power Calculations of SSBSC Wave

Consider the following equation of SSBSC modulated wave.

Am Ac
s (t) = 2
cos[2π (fc + fm ) t] for the upper sideband

Or

Am Ac
s (t) = 2
cos[2π (fc − fm ) t] for the lower sideband

Power of SSBSC wave is equal to the power of any one sideband frequency components.

Pt = PUSB = PLSB

We know that the standard formula for power of cos signal is

– 2
vrms 2 (vm /√2)
P= =
R R
In this case, the power of the upper sideband is

– 2
(Am Ac /2√2) Am 2 Ac 2
PUSB = =
R 8R

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_ssbsc_modulation.htm 2/3
10/19/24, 11:01 AM Analog Communication - SSBSC Modulation

Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as that of the upper side band power.

Am 2 Ac 2
PLSB =
8R
Therefore, the power of SSBSC wave is

Am 2 Ac 2
Pt = PUSB = PLSB =
8R

Advantages

Bandwidth or spectrum space occupied is lesser than AM and DSBSC waves.

Transmission of more number of signals is allowed.

Power is saved.

High power signal can be transmitted.

Less amount of noise is present.

Signal fading is less likely to occur.

Disadvantages

The generation and detection of SSBSC wave is a complex process.

The quality of the signal gets affected unless the SSB transmitter and receiver have
an excellent frequency stability.

Applications

For power saving requirements and low bandwidth requirements.

In land, air, and maritime mobile communications.

In point-to-point communications.

In radio communications.

In television, telemetry, and radar communications.

In military communications, such as amateur radio, etc.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_ssbsc_modulation.htm 3/3
10/19/24, 11:01 AM Analog Communication - SSBSC Modulators

Analog Communication - SSBSC Modulators

In this chapter, let us discuss about the modulators, which generate SSBSC wave. We can
generate SSBSC wave using the following two methods.

Frequency discrimination method

Phase discrimination method

Frequency Discrimination Method

The following figure shows the block diagram of SSBSC modulator using frequency
discrimination method.

In this method, first we will generate DSBSC wave with the help of the product modulator.
Then, apply this DSBSC wave as an input of band pass filter. This band pass filter produces
an output, which is SSBSC wave.

Select the frequency range of band pass filter as the spectrum of the desired SSBSC wave.
This means the band pass filter can be tuned to either upper sideband or lower sideband
frequencies to get the respective SSBSC wave having upper sideband or lower sideband.

Phase Discrimination Method

The following figure shows the block diagram of SSBSC modulator using phase
discrimination method.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_ssbsc_modulators.htm 1/3
10/19/24, 11:01 AM Analog Communication - SSBSC Modulators

This block diagram consists of two product modulators, two −900 phase shifters, one local
oscillator and one summer block. The product modulator produces an output, which is the
product of two inputs. The −900 phase shifter produces an output, which has a phase lag
of −900 with respect to the input.

The local oscillator is used to generate the carrier signal. Summer block produces an
output, which is either the sum of two inputs or the difference of two inputs based on the
polarity of inputs.

The modulating signal Am cos(2πfm t) and the carrier signal Ac cos(2πfc t) are directly
applied as inputs to the upper product modulator. So, the upper product modulator
produces an output, which is the product of these two inputs.

The output of upper product modulator is

s1 (t) = Am Ac cos(2πfm t) cos(2πfc t)

Am Ac
⇒ s1 (t) = {cos[2π (fc + fm ) t] + cos[2π (fc − fm ) t]}
2
The modulating signal Am cos(2πfm t) and the carrier signal Ac cos(2πfc t) are phase
0
shifted by −90 before applying as inputs to the lower product modulator. So, the lower
product modulator produces an output, which is the product of these two inputs.

The output of lower product modulator is

s2 (t) = Am Ac cos(2πfm t − 900 ) cos(2πfc t − 900 )

⇒ s2 (t) = Am Ac sin(2πfm t) sin(2πfc t)

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_ssbsc_modulators.htm 2/3
10/19/24, 11:01 AM Analog Communication - SSBSC Modulators
Am Ac
⇒ s2 (t) = 2
{cos[2π (fc − fm ) t] − cos[2π (fc + fm ) t]}

Add s1 (t) and s2 (t) in order to get the SSBSC modulated wave s (t) having a lower
sideband.

Am Ac
s (t) = 2
{cos[2π (fc + fm ) t] + cos[2π (fc − fm ) t]} +
Am Ac
2
{cos[2π (fc − fm ) t] − cos[2π (fc + fm ) t]}

⇒ s (t) = Am Ac cos[2π (fc − fm ) t]

Subtract s2 (t) from s1 (t) in order to get the SSBSC modulated wave s (t) having a upper
sideband.

Am Ac
s (t) = 2
{cos[2π (fc + fm ) t] + cos[2π (fc − fm ) t]} −
Am Ac
2
{cos[2π (fc − fm ) t] − cos[2π (fc + fm ) t]}

⇒ s (t) = Am Ac cos[2π (fc + fm ) t]

Hence, by properly choosing the polarities of inputs at summer block, we will get SSBSC
wave having a upper sideband or a lower sideband.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_ssbsc_modulators.htm 3/3
ISB Modulation
Independent sideband (ISB) transmission utilizes amplitude modulation but without
transmitting the carrier wave itself. In conventional AM, the carrier is modulated by the
baseband signal, producing symmetric upper and lower sidebands centered around the carrier
frequency. But in ISB, only the sidebands are transmitted - the carrier is suppressed.
Generation of ISB Signals
ISB signals can be generated using a balanced modulator. This produces DSBSC (double
sideband suppressed carrier) which contains both AM sidebands. A DSBSC signal can also
be created by taking a conventional AM signal and filtering out the carrier while passing the
sidebands.

 ISB essentially consists of two SSB channels added to form two sidebands around the
reduced carrier. Each sideband is quite independent of the other. It can simultaneously
convey totally different transmissions.
 Each 100 Hz - 6 KHz channel is fed to its own balanced modulator, each modulator
also receiving the output of the 100 KHz crystal oscillator. Each modulator modulates
each message (100Hz to 6KHz) on the frequency of 100 KHz.
 The USB filter and LSB filter suppress the unwanted sideband in such a way that one
filter suppresses the lower sideband and the other filter suppresses the upper side band
respectively.
USB = 100.1 - 106 KHz
LSB = 94 - 99.9 KHz
 Both outputs are added at the hybrid adder with the 10% reduced carrier.
 The output is then fed to the balanced mixer where it is mixed with the output of the
crystal oscillator, the frequency is then raised to 28.1 MHz +- 6 KHz.
 The resulting RF ISB signal is then amplified by the linear amplifier, until it reaches
the ultimate level then is fed to the antenna for transmission.

Merits of ISB Demerits of ISB

 Twice the bandwidth efficiency More complex
 Prevents carrier interference Required perfect carrier suppression
 Saves transmitter power

Applications of ISB
Efficient Voice communications, Radar and navigation systems, Satellite communications.