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6 - Physical Layer

The document discusses transmission media in computer networks, categorizing them into guided (twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cables) and unguided (wireless) types. Guided media directs signals through physical mediums, while unguided media transmits electromagnetic waves without physical conductors. It also covers the characteristics and applications of various cable types and wireless transmission methods.

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Nisha Mehta
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8 views24 pages

6 - Physical Layer

The document discusses transmission media in computer networks, categorizing them into guided (twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cables) and unguided (wireless) types. Guided media directs signals through physical mediums, while unguided media transmits electromagnetic waves without physical conductors. It also covers the characteristics and applications of various cable types and wireless transmission methods.

Uploaded by

Nisha Mehta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks

(CSPC-207)
Dr Samayveer Singh

Physical Layer
Transmission Media
Transmission medium

A transmission media can be defined as anything that can carry


information from source to destination.
The transmission medium is usually free space, metallic cable or
fiber-optic cable.

Figure: Transmission media


2
Transmission Media: Guided and Unguided
Media

Figure: Transmission media types

3
Guided Transmission media

Twisted pair cable


Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic cable

A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and


contained by the physical limits of the medium.
Types of signals in medias:
Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic (copper)
conductors that accept and transport signals in the form of
electric current.
Optical fiber is a cable that accepts and transports signals in
the form of light.

4
Twisted-pair cable

Figure: Twisted-pair cable

A twisted pair consist of two conductors (normally copper), each


with its own plastic insulation and twisted together.
One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver, and the
other is used only as a ground reference.
The receiver uses the difference between the two.

5
UTP and STP cables

Figure: Shielded and unshielded Cables

6
UTP & STP Connector

Figure: Shielded and unshielded Cable Connector

7
Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables

8
Performance

9
Coaxial cable

Figure: Co-axial cable


Coaxial cable has a central core conductor of solid wire (usually
copper) enclosed in an insulating sheath, which is, in turn, encased
in an outer conductor of metal foil, braid, or a combination of two.
The outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise
and as the second conductor.
The outer conductor is enclosed in an insulating sheath, and the
whole cable is protected by a plastic cover.
10
BNC connectors

11
Categories of coaxial cables

12
Performance

13
Optical fiber

Optical fiber based communication is based on the phenomenon of total


internal reflection

Figure: Internal view of an Optical fibre

14
Fiber connection

15
Fiber-optic cable connectors

16
Fiber types

17
Performance

18
UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS

Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical


conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.

Figure: Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication

19
Bands

20
Wireless transmission waves

Figure: Categories of wireless transmission

21
Categories of wireless transmission

Radio waves (3KHz to 1GHz) are used for multicast transmission


like radio, television etc.
• RW are omnidirectional hence antenna alignment is not
necessary.
• Low frequency RW can penetrate walls.
Microwave (1 − 300 GHz) is used for unicast transmission like
cellular telephone, satellite networks and wireless LANs.
• Microwave based communciation is unidirectional.
IR signals are used for short distance communication like TV
remote etc.

22
Omnidirectional antenna

23
Unidirectional antenna

24

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