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Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach

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 Problems 649

PROBLEMS

Section 8-1
1. Find the inductance and capacitance per unit length and
the characteristic impedance for the wire above plane and two
wire line shown in Figure 8-3. (Hint: See Section 2-6-4c.)
2. The inductance and capacitance per unit length on a
lossless transmission line is a weak function of z as the dis-
tance between electrodes changes slowly with z.

+
t
Re(Voe"' )

0 1

(a) For this case write the transmission line equations as

single equations in voltage and current.
(b) Consider an exponential line, where

L(z) = Lo e"', C(z)= Co e -a

If the voltage and current vary sinusoidally with time as

v(z, t) = Re [i(z) e*"'], i(z, i) = Re [i(z) e""']

find the general form of solution for the spatial distributions

of i~(z) and i(z).
(c) The transmission line is excited by a voltage source
Vo cos wt at z = 0. What are the voltage and current dis-
tributions if the line is short or open circuited at z = 1?
(d) For what range of frequency do the waves strictly
decay with distance? What is the cut-off frequency for wave
propagation?
(e) What are the resonant frequencies of the short
circuited line?
(f) What condition determines the resonant frequencies of
the open circuited line.
3. Two conductors of length I extending over the radial
distance a- r5 b are at a constant angle a apart.
(a) What are the electric and magnetic fields in terms of the
voltage and current?
(b) Find the inductance and capacitance per unit length.
What is the characteristic impedance?
650 Guided Electromagnetic Waves

b r

4. A parallel plate transmission line is filled with a conducting

plasma with constitutive law

J=oPeE
at

Re(Voe "t)

itj- Y
0Z
0

(a) How are the electric and magnetic fields related?

(b) What are the transmission line equations for the voltage
and current?
(c) For sinusoidal signals of the form ei ( "' ) , how are
w and k related? Over what frequency range do we have
propagation or decay?
(d) The transmission line is short circuited at z = 0 and
excited by a voltage source Vo cos wt at z = -1. What are the
voltage and current distributions?
(e) What are the resonant frequencies of the system?
5. An unusual type of distributed system is formed by series
capacitors and shunt inductors.

VIZ - •z,
'')I i (z + Az, t)

I I 1 I1
z - Az z z + Az

(a) What are the governing partial differential equations

relating the voltage and current?
 Problems 651

(b) What is the dispersion relation between w and k for

signals of the form ei<'-k)?
(c) What are the group and phase velocities of the waves?
Why are such systems called "backward wave"?
(d) A voltage Vo cos wt is applied at z = -1 with the z = 0
end short circuited. What are the voltage and current dis-
tributions along the line?
(e) What are the resonant frequencies of the system?
Section 8-2
6. An infinitely long transmission line is excited at its center
by a step voltage Vo turned on at t = 0. The line is initially at
rest.

Zo V(t) Zo

(a) Plot the voltage and current distributions at time T.

(b) At this time T the voltage is set to zero. Plot the voltage
and current everywhere at time 2 T.
7. A transmission line of length I excited by a step voltage
source has its ends connected together. Plot the voltage and
current at z = 1/4, 1/2, and 31/4 as a function of time.
0

+
V0

8. The dc steady state is reached for a transmission line

loaded at z = 1with a resistor RL and excited at z = 0 by a dc
voltage Vo applied through a source resistor R,. The voltage
source is suddenly set to zero at t = 0.
(a) What is the initial voltage and current along the line?
652 Guided Electromagnetic Waves

V) R,

"1 Vt) Z R

(b) Find the voltage at the z = I end as a function of time.

(Hint: Use difference equations.)
9. A step current source turned on at t= 0 is connected to the
z = 0 end of a transmission line in parallel with a source
resistance R,. A load resistor RL is connected at z = i.

(a) What is the load voltage and current as a function of

time? (Hint: Use a Thevenin equivalent network at z = 0
with the results of Section 8-2-3.)
(b) With R, = co plot versus time the load voltage when
RL = co and the load current when RL = 0.
(c) If R, = co and Rt = co, solve for the load voltage in the
quasi-static limit assuming the transmission line is a capacitor.
Compare with (b).
(d) If R, is finite but RL = 0,what is the time dependence of
the load current?
(e) Repeat (d) in the quasi-static limit where the trans-
mission line behaves as an inductor. When are the results of
(d) and (e) approximately equal?
10. Switched transmission line systems with an initial dc
voltage can be used to generate high voltage pulses of short
time duration. The line shown is charged up to a dc voltage
Vo when at t = 0 the load switch is closed and the source
switch is opened.
Opens at t = 0 Closes at t = 0

= Zo
 Problems 653

(a) What are the initial line voltage and current? What are
V+ and V_?
(b) Sketch the time dependence of the load voltage.
11. For the trapezoidal voltage excitation shown, plot versus
time the current waveforms at z = 0 and z = L for RL = 2Zo
and RL = jZo.
Rs =Z 0

I 2Zo
T 3T 4T 22o
0 i

12. A step voltage is applied to a loaded transmission line

with RL = 2Zo through a matching source resistor.
R, =Z

v(t)
+R
V0 V(t) Zu, T = C :RL = 2Zo

2Vo

-> T 2T T 2T _t

- VC

(a) Sketch the source current i,(t).

(b) Using superposition of delayed step voltages find the
time dependence of i,(t) for the various pulse voltages
shown.
(c) By integrating the appropriate solution of (b), find i,(t)
if the applied voltage is the triangle wave shown.
13. A dc voltage has been applied for a long time to the
.transmission line circuit shown with switches S1 and S2 open
654 Guided ElctromagnticWaves

when at t = 0:
(a) S2 is suddenly closed with SI kept open;
(b) S, is suddenly closed with S 2 kept open;
(c) Both S, and S2 are closed.

S2

For each of these cases plot the source current i,(t) versus time.

14. For each of the transmission line circuits shown, the

switch opens at t = 0 after the dc voltage has been applied for
a long time.

Opens at t = 0

I I
0 1

Opens at t = 0

_3

(a) What are the transmission line voltages and currents

right before the switches open? What are V+ and V_ at t = 0?
(b) Plot the voltage and current as a function of time at
z=1/2.

15. A transmission line is connected to another transmission

line with double the characteristic impedance.
(a) With switch S 2 open, switch S, is suddenly closed at
t = 0. Plot the voltage and current as a function of time half-
way down each line at points a and b.
(b) Repeat (a) if S 2 is closed.
 Problems 655

=
--- 11= cl T, - - 12 C2T 2
-

Section 8-3
16. A transmission line is excited by a voltage source Vo cos wt
at z = -1. The transmission line is loaded with a purely reac-
tive load with impedance jX at z = 0.

+
Vo cosw,

g
0 -

(a) Find the voltage and current distribution along the line.
(b) Find an expression for the resonant frequencies of the
system if the load is capacitive or inductive. What is the
solution if IXI = Zo?
(c) Repeat (a) and (b) if the transmission line is excited by a
current source Io cos wt at z = -1.
17. (a) Find the resistance and conductance per unit lengths
for a coaxial cable whose dielectric has a small Ohmic
conductivity o- and walls have a large conductivity o,,
(Hint: The skin depth 8 is much smaller than the radii or
thickness of either conductor.)

(b) What is the decay rate of the fields due to the losses?
(c) If the dielectric is lossless (o = 0) with a fixed value of
656 Guided Electromagnetic Waves

outer radius b, what value of inner radius a will minimize the

decay rate? (Hint: 1+1/3.6·-ln 3.6.)
18. A transmission line of length I is loaded by a resistor RL.

VOC
0 Wa RL
1
-
0

(a) Find the voltage and current distributions along the

line.
(b) Reduce the solutions of (a) when the line is much
shorter than a wavelength.
(c) Find the approximate equivalent circuits in the long
wavelength limit (kl < 1) when RL is very small (RL << Zo) and
when it is very large (RL >> Zo)

Section 8-4
19. For the transmission line shown:

~y\n

· VOCos • JY jB Zo = 50 Z• = 100(1 -j)

=4
4

(a) Find the values of lumped reactive admittance Y = jB and

non-zero source resistance R, that maximizes the power delivered
by the source. (Hint: Do not use the Smith chart.)
(b) What is the time-average power dissipated in the load?
20. (a) Find the time-average power delivered by the source
for the transmission line system shown when the switch is
open or closed. (Hint: Do not use the Smith chart.)

400 4

Vo cos wr S=100

(b) For each switch position, what is the time average

power dissipated in the load resistor RL?
 Probl•m 657

(c) For each switch position what is the VSWR on each

line?

21. (a) Using the Smith chart find the source current
delivered (magnitude and phase) for the transmission line
system shown, for I= A/8, A/4, 3A/8, and A/2.

=
Vocosw• Zo = 50 L 50(1 - 2j)

(b) For each value of 1,what are the time-average powers

delivered by the source and dissipated in the load impedance
ZL?
(c) What is the VSWR?

22. (a) Without using the Smith chart find the voltage and
current distributions for the transmission line system shown.

S4

V o coswot ZL = 100

(b) What is the VSWR?

(c) At what positions are the voltages a maximum or a
minimum? What is the voltage magnitude at these positions?

23. The VSWR on a 100-Ohm transmission line is 3. The

distance between successive voltage minima is 50 cm while the
distance from the load to the first minima is 20 cm. What are
the reflection coefficient and load impedance?

Section 8-5
24. For each of the following load impedances in the single-
stub tuning transmission line system shown, find all values of
the length of the line 11 and stub length 12 necessary to match
the load to the line.
(a) ZL = 100(1-j) (c) ZL=25(2-j)
(b) ZL = 50(1 + 2j) (d) ZL = 2 5(l + 2j)
658 Guided Electromagnetic Waves

25. For each of the following load impedances in the double-

stub tuning transmission line system shown, find stub lengths
1 and 12 to match the load to the line.

-"----8
8x

(a) ZL = 100(1-j) (c) ZL =25(2-j)

(b) ZL = 50(l+2j) (d) ZL=25(1+2j)
26. (a) Without using the Smith chart, find the input
impedance Zi, at z = -1= -A/4 for each of the loads shown.
(b) What is the input current i(z = -1, t) for each of the
loads?
 Problems 659

4 RL=- Zo

+
Zo
Vo
0 cosw o
L =-
.o

I 1 -
--I 0

V0 coiwof C= 1

(c) The frequency of the source is doubled to 2wo. The line

length I and loads L and C remain unchanged. Repeat (a) and
(b).
(d) The frequency of the source is halved to fao. Repeat (a)
and (b).

Section 8-6
27. A rectangular metal waveguide is filled with a plasma
with constitutive law

-'i= ow
1 E

(a) Find the TE and TM solutions that satisfy the boundary

conditions.
(b) What is the wavenumber k along the axis? What is the
cut-off frequency?
(c) What are the phase and group velocities of the waves?
(d) What is the total electromagnetic power flowing down
the waveguide for each of the modes?
(e) If the walls have a large but finite conductivity, what is
the spatial decay rate for TE1 o propagating waves?

28. (a) Find the power dissipated in the walls of a waveguide

with large but finite conductivity o, for the TM,,, modes
(Hint: Use Equation (25).)
(b) What is the spatial decay rate for propagating waves?
29. (a) Find the equations of the electric and magnetic field
lines in the xy plane for the TE and TM modes.
(b) Find the surface current field lines on each of the
660 Guided Electromagnetic Waves

waveguide surfaces for the TEr,modes. Hint:

J tan xdx = -In cos x

J cot xdx = In sin x

(c) For all modes verify the conservation of charge relation

on the x = 0 surface:

V - K+Lt= 0

30. (a) Find the first ten lowest cut-off frequencies if a = b=

1 cm in a free space waveguide.
(b) What are the necessary dimensions for a square free
space waveguide to have a lowest cut-off frequency of 10'0,
108, 106, 10', or 102 Hz?
31. A rectangular waveguide of height b and width a is short
circuited by perfectly conducting planes at z = 0 and z = 1.
(a) Find the general form of the TE and TM electric and
magnetic fields. (Hint: Remember to consider waves travel-
ing in the +z directions.)
(b) What are the natural frequencies of this resonator?
(c) If the walls have a large conductivity a, find the total
time-average power <Pd> dissipated in the TE 1 01 mode.
(d) What is the total time-average electromagnetic energy
< W> stored in the resonator?
(e) Find the Q of the resonator, defined as

Qo< W>
Q= <Pd>
where wo is the resonant frequency.

Section 8.7
32. (a) Find the critical frequency where the spatial decay
rate a is zero for all the dielectric modes considered.
(b) Find approximate values of a, k,, and k, for a very thin
dielectric, where kd << 1.
(c) For each of the solutions find the time-average power
per unit length in each region.
(d) If the dielectric has a small Ohmic conductivity o, what
is the approximate attenuation rate of the fields.
33. A dielectric waveguide of thickness d is placed upon a
perfect conductor.
(a) Which modes can propagate along the dielectric?
(b) For each of these modes, what are the surface current
and charges on the conductor?
 Problems 661

E0 ,p 0

(c) Verify the conservation of charge relation:

° =
V, - K+ -0
at
(d) If the conductor has a large but noninfinite Ohmic
conductivity oar, what is the approximate power per unit area
dissipated?
(e) What is the approximate attenuation rate of the fields?