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Lecture 2

The document explains the graphical representation of complex numbers in the complex plane, where the real part is plotted on the x-axis and the imaginary part on the y-axis. It covers concepts such as the modulus of a complex number, polar form, and the conversion between polar and rectangular forms, along with examples for clarity. Additionally, it discusses the multiplication and division of complex numbers in polar form, highlighting the properties of absolute values and arguments in these operations.

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2 views

Lecture 2

The document explains the graphical representation of complex numbers in the complex plane, where the real part is plotted on the x-axis and the imaginary part on the y-axis. It covers concepts such as the modulus of a complex number, polar form, and the conversion between polar and rectangular forms, along with examples for clarity. Additionally, it discusses the multiplication and division of complex numbers in polar form, highlighting the properties of absolute values and arguments in these operations.

Uploaded by

yeojaaleumdaum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Graphical Representation

Since a complex number Z = a + ib can also be represented by an ordered pair (a, b),
each point in the plane can be viewed as the graph of a complex number. Thus, the
graph of the complex number (a, b) or a + ib, is as shown in fig. 1. Since the real part a
of a + ib taken as the x-coordinate of P, in this context the x-axis is called the real axis.
Similarly, since the imaginary part b of a + ib is taken as y-coordinate of P, the y-axis is
called imaginary axis.

A plane on which the complex numbers are thus represented is often called a complex
plane. It is also sometimes called an Argand or Gauss Plane, after the French
Mathematician Jean Robert Argand and the great German Mathematician Carl Friedrich
Gauss.
Plotting a Complex Number in the Complex Plane

Example 12

Plot the complex number 2 – 3i in the complex plane.

Solution

From the origin, move two units in the positive horizontal direction and three units in the
negative vertical direction.
Modulus of Complex Number

The Modulus or the absolute value of the complex number Z = a + ib is denoted by r,


I Z I or I a + ib I and is given by,

Thus the modulus I a + ib I is just the distance from the origin to the point (a, b)

Note:

Since

Finding the Absolute Value of a Complex Number with a Radical

Example 13: Find the absolute value of z = √5 – i

Solution
Using our formula, we have
Finding the Absolute Value of a Complex Number

Example 14: Given z = 3 – 4i, find I z I

Solution
Using our formula, we have

The absolute value z is 5


Example 15: Find the modulus of (3, - 5) and -7 –i

Polar Form of a Complex Number

In the fig. 2, we join the point P with the origin, we obtain the line r and the angle .
Then the numbers or order pair (r, ) are called the polar coordinates of the point P to
distinguish them from the rectangular co-ordinates (x, y).

We call r the absolute value or modulus of z and , the angle from the positive real axis
to this line, as the argument or amplitude of z and is denoted by arg z i.e.,  = arg z.
By use of Pythagorean theorem we have

Therefore, the complex number

This is sometimes written as Z = r Cis 

The right hand side of equation (1) is called the Trigonometric or polar form of Z.

The argZ has any one of an infinite number of real values differing by integral multiple
2k, where k = 0, + 1, + 2,………The values satisfying the relation.  <  <  is called
the principle value of the arg Z, denoted by Arg. Z.

Thus arg Z = Arg Z + 2 k 


Example 16: Express the complex number 4i using polar coordinates.

Solution

On the complex plane, the number z=4i is the same as z=0+4i . Writing it in polar
form, we have to calculate r first.

Solution

Next, we look at x . If a=rcosθ , and a=0 , then . In polar coordinates, the

complex number z=0+4i can be written as


Example 17: Express the complex number 1 + i √3 in polar form.

Solution

Example 18: Find the magnitude (modulus) and argument of ( 4 + 7i ) ( 3 – 2i )

Solution
Example 19: Find z such that I Z I = √2 and arg Z =

Solution

IZI= ; = arg z =

a = r Cos b = r Sin

= Cos = Sin

= . = .

= =

= =

a = 1 b = 1

Z = a + bi

Z= 1+i
Converting a Complex Number from Polar to Rectangular Form

Converting a complex number from polar form to rectangular form is a matter of


evaluating what is given and using the distributive property. In other words, given
z=r(cosθ+isinθ) , first evaluate the trigonometric functions cosθ and sinθ . Then,
multiply through by r .

Converting from Polar to Rectangular Form

Example 20: Convert the polar form of the given complex number to rectangular form:

Solution

We begin by evaluating the trigonometric expressions.

After substitution, the complex number is

We apply the distributive property:

The rectangular form of the given point in complex form is 6√3 + 6i .


Multiplication and Division of Complex Number in Polar Form
Generally addition and subtraction are better dealt with using Cartesian forms, but the
multiplication and division of complex numbers can be found quite easily when the
complex numbers are written in Trigonometric or polar form.

Multiplication
Let

Hence the absolute value of the product of two complex numbers is the product of their
absolute values and the argument of the product of two complex numbers is the sum of
their arguments.

Note: Since the product of two complex numbers is itself a complex number, we may
find the product of any number of complex numbers by repeated application of this
theorem.
A repeated application of this process, we get,

Example 21: Multiply 4( Cos 30 + i Sin 30 ) by 2( Cos 60 + i Sin 60 )

Solution

Example 22: Find the product of z1z2,


given z1 = 4(Cos(80°) + i Sin(80°)) and z2 = 2(Cos(145°) + i Sin(145°)).

Solution
Division

Hence the absolute value of the quotient of two complex numbers is the quotient of their
absolute values and the argument of the quotient is the angle of the dividend minus the
angle of the divisor.

Example 23:

Find the quotient of z1 = 2(Cos(213°) + i Sin(213°)) and z2 = 4(Cos(33°) + i Sin(33°)).

Solution

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