Lesson 1 EASA

Regulatory
Framework
John Christian H. De Leon
OVERVIEW
● In this lesson, students will learn the European aviation regulatory framework, focusing on the
roles of international bodies such as ICAO and national authorities. Students will learn EASA's
regulations for standardization safety and certification across EU states, including how regulations
are created and the advantages of a unified European market. The aim is to understand the key
functions of major civil aviation regulatory organizations.

Learning objective
● Describe the roles of international standards-setting organizations like ICAO
and how their standards are applied by regional and national regulatory
authorities.

● Explain the regulatory rulemaking and implementation process used by EASA

to develop harmonized rules for the European aviation industry.

● Identify the benefits to the industry of a single, harmonized regulatory

framework overseen by EASA across European Union member states
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
● Established in 1944 (Chicago Convention) as a
specialized agency of the UN that sets standards and
regulation necessary for aviation safety, security,
efficiency, regularity, and aviation environmental
protection.
● Oversees the development of international Standards
and Recommended Practices (SARPS) for air navigation.
● Currently has 193 member countries that are
signatories to the Chicago Convention.
ICAO Standards & Regulations

● The ICAO Council has elaborated and adopted 19

technical annexes concerning specific aspects of
international aviation.
● Each Annex addresses a specific area of aviation safety,
security, efficiency, or environmental protection.
● Set minimum standards that each member country must
comply with or explain non-compliance.
United Kingdom Legislation
● Primary legislations are the UK Air Navigation Order & British Civil
Airworthiness Requirements (BCARs).
● Air Navigation Order is a legal document that contains national civil
aviation regulations.
● BCARs contain technical standards that must be met for certification
of aircraft/parts in the UK.
● Administered by the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) for safety
oversight & regulation.
European Regulatory Bodies
● European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC)
coordinates civil aviation between European states.
● The European Commission is one of the institutions
of the European Union (EU).
● Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) previously developed
common regulatory standards across EU.
● European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) now
primarily responsible for EU regulations.
European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

● The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA or the

Agency) is the centerpiece of the European Union’s

strategy for aviation safety.

● Aims to provide highest common standards of of safety and

environmental protection in civil aviation.
● Based at Cologne, Germany and started operating by
September 2003.
EASA Regulations Structure

● Organized in 4 volumes: Air Operations, Flight Crew

Licensing, Continuing Airworthiness, Aerodromes
● Divided into parts, subparts & sections categorizing
various aspects of aviation regulation.
● Draws from ICAO SARPs, JAA structures & EU
policies to develop EU-wide regulations.
EASA Responsibilities

● Provide technical expertise to the EU for new

legislation.
● Implement and monitor the implementation of security
policies including inspections in member states.
● Conduct the certification of aircraft and equipment.
EASA Responsibilities

● Issue licenses to organizations providing design,

manufacture, and maintenance of aeronautical
products.
● Allow operators of third countries (those outside the
EU).
● Perform research and analysis into safety.
 Role of the Member States
● Roles of EASA Member States is limited to providing
expertise as appropriate for rulemaking and certification
tasks.
● They issue individual airworthiness certificates and
approvals to organizations and personnel in their territory.
Role of the National Authorities
● National authorities conduct regular
inspections and audits of aviation entities to
ensure compliance with EASA regulations.
Summary

● International & regional bodies help standardize civil aviation

globally & regionally.

● EASA oversees a single regulatory framework across the EU

with the goal of increased safety, efficiency & growth
opportunities in European aviation.
Lesson 2
Regulation (EC)
216/2008
Joannes B. Bisda
Learning Objective
- To understand the Regulation (EC) 216/2008 and its

implementing rules.
- To know the importance of Regulation (EC)
216/2008 in aviation safety of the EU.
Regulation (EC) 216/2008 of European Parliament

● Approved on February 20 2008 that established the

common rules of civil aviation and it established the
European Aviation.
● The regulation aims to ensure a high and uniform level of
civil aviation safety in Europe. Provides principles for the
certification and oversight of aircraft, operators, and
aviation personnel.
Regulation (EC) 216/2008 of European Parliament
● Governs the design, production, maintenance, and operation of

aeronautical products, parts, and appliances, along with the

personnel and organizations involved.

● Member States must ensure that such services are practicable

in their own countries and are aligned with objective set forth in

EC 216/2008.
Regulation (EC) 216/2008 of European Parliament

● The regulation covers various areas, including:

- Airworthiness of aircraft
- Licensing of aviation personnel
- Operations and maintenance of aircraft
- Safety management systems
Limitations of Regulation (EC) 216/2008

● EC 216/2008 does NOT apply when aviation

products, parts, appliances, personnel and
organizations are engaged in military, customs,
police, or similar services.
Regulation (EC) 216/2008 Implementing rules:
Difference of the 2 Implementing Rules
Reg no. 1702/2003 Reg no. 2042/2003
● establishes ● focused on the
requirements for the
design, production, maintenance and
and maintenance of airworthiness of
aircraft and aircraft and
aeronautical products
within the European aeronautical
Union. products.
Regulation EC 1702/2003
● Regulation 1702/2003 outlines the procedures for the
certification of Aircraft and their components, ensuring
they meet safety and environmental standards.
● Includes Part 21 and Certification Specification.
● Applies to all civil aircraft registered in EU member
states.
Regulation EC 2042/2003
● Regulation sets out requirements for the continuing

airworthiness of aircraft, which includes regular inspections,

maintenance protocols, and necessary repairs.

● Includes part M, part 145, part 66, and part 147.

● Applies to all aircraft registered in EU member states.

Regulation 216/2008 & Annex Part 21
● Part 21 is part of the regulatory framework created by Regulation
216/2008.
● Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 provides the overarching legal
framework for aviation safety, while Annex Part 21 offers the
specific procedural details necessary for certifying aircraft and
components, thus supporting the objectives of the regulation.
Summary
● Regulation (EC) 216/2008 empower (EASA) to oversee and
enforce compliance, streamlining regulatory processes and
improving overall air safety management.
● Regulation (EC) 216/2008 has two implementing rules which
are the Regulation 1702/2003 and Regulation 2042/2003.
● The implementing rules are vital framework for aviation
safety, ensuring that all aircraft and aeronautical products
meet stringent safety standards throughout their lifecycle.
Lesson 3 Various
Annexes (Parts)
and Their Relations
Joannes B. Bisda
Learning Objective
● To introduce the various parts such as Part 21,
Part-M, Part-145, Part-66, Part-147, and Air
Operations and study their underlying concepts and
purpose in EASA.
● Explain how these parts works with each other and
the importance of their relationships.
Part 21- Certification of Aircraft, Parts and Appliances

● Establishes requirements for the design and production

of aircraft and related products.

● Manufacturers must demonstrate compliance with

airworthiness standards during the design phase.

Part M - Continuing Airworthiness
● Part M establishes requirements to ensure that aircraft
remain airworthy throughout their operational life in
accordance with the basic regulations.
● Scope:
- Commercial air transport operators.

- General aviation operators.

RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER PARTS

● Part-M works in conjunction with other parts, such as Part-21

(airworthiness certification) and Part-145 (maintenance

organization approval), ensuring a cohesive approach to

aviation safety.
Part 145 - Maintenance Organization Approval

● Part 145 establishes the requirements for organizations that

carry out maintenance on aircraft and aircraft components,
ensuring that maintenance is performed to high safety and
quality standards.
● applies to all maintenance organizations in EU member
states.
Part 147 - Training Organization Approval

● Part 147 establishes the requirements for

organizations that conduct training programs for
individuals seeking to obtain EASA aircraft
maintenance licenses (Part 66).
● EASA and national authorities conduct regular
audits and inspections of Part 147 organizations
to ensure compliance with training standards.
Relationship to Other Parts
● Part 147 sets requirements for organizations that provide

training to personnel seeking certification under Part-66.

● Part-147 directly supports the effectiveness of maintenance

personnel who will operate within the frameworks of Part-145

and Part-M.
Part 66- Aircraft Maintenance License

● Part 66 establishes the requirements for

obtaining and maintaining licenses for
individuals who perform maintenance on
aircraft, ensuring that personnel are qualified
and competent. Outlines training and
experience needed.
Air Operations

● Air operations are governed primarily by Regulation (EU) No

965/2012, which lays down the detailed rules for the operation of
aircraft within the European Union.
● The regulation aims to ensure a high level of safety and consistency
in air operations across Europe by setting out comprehensive
operational requirements for commercial air transport and other
aircraft operations.
Scope of Air Operations - Regulation (EU) No 965/2012

● Commercial air transport (CAT)

● Non-commercial operations (NCO)
● Specialized operations (SPO), such as aerial work and air
ambulance services
Summary of Relationships:
● Part 21 establishes the airworthiness framework.
● Part-M ensures continuing airworthiness post-certification.
● Part-145 regulates maintenance organizations that ensure compliance
with Part-M.
● Part-66 certifies the qualifications of maintenance personnel working in
Part-145 organizations.
● Part-147 approves the training organizations to ensure preparation of
personnel under Part-66.
● Air Operations ensures that only airworthy aircraft operated by qualified
personnel adhere to safety standards.
Summary

● Various annexes (Parts) works in conjunction

with each other.
● These parts create a cohesive regulatory
environment that ensures the safety and
reliability of civil aviation in Europe.
Lesson 4 EASA
Certifying Staff
- Maintenance
Joannes B. Bisda
OVERVIEW
● In this lesson, students will learn about the EASA system for certifying maintenance
engineers. They will explore the different license categories under Part-66 and the
associated privileges, experience, training requirements and validity rules. The conversion
process for engineers with national licenses will also be examined. The goal is for students
to understand the structure and standards of the aircraft maintenance licensing system
implemented across Europe.

Learning Objective
1. Describe the various license categories defined in EASA Part-66 for aircraft
maintenance engineers and their privileges.

2. Explain the experience, training and continued validity requirements to obtain

and maintain license categories under the EASA system.

3. Identify the process for holders of national licenses such as LAA and BCAR
67 to convert them to EASA Part-66 licenses.
EASA Part-66 Aircraft Maintenance License
(AML)
● establishes the requirements for obtaining
and maintaining licenses for individuals who
perform maintenance on aircraft, ensuring
that personnel are qualified and competent.
Importance of Part 66 Certification
● Safety Assurance

- Ensures competent personnel maintain aircraft.

● Industry Standards

- Promotes uniformity and consistency in maintenance practices.

● Regulatory Compliance

- Aligns with EASA’s broader safety framework.

License Categories
● Category A - Component maintenance
● Category B1 - Minor aircraft maintenance
● Category B2 - Avionics maintenance
● Category C - Base maintenance up to and incorporate
minor alterations
Privileges
● Category A - Unrestricted component work
● Category B1 - Minor line maintenance on
aircraft <5700kg
● Category B2 - Avionics, electrical and
instrument systems
● Category C - Base maintenance, minor
modifications
Experience & Training Requirements
● Category A: 3 years relevant technical
experience
● Category B1/B2: 3 years relevant
experience or Part 147 training
● Category C: 5 years relevant experience and
Part 147 training
General Requirements for Licensing
● Theoretical Knowledge

- Specific subjects required for each license category

● Practical Experience

- Minimum required hours of practical training

● Examinations

- Written and practical assessments

Language & Continued Validity
● Exams taken in language of an EASA
member state
● License remains valid by working in last
60 months
Type Training & Ratings

● B1/B2/C license holders need type

training for new aircraft/components
● Category C includes practical training
assessment
Conversion from National Licenses

● UK LAA/BCAR 67 engineers can convert

licenses by 28 September 2026.
Minor Maintenance Privileges

● A1 license holders can issue CRS for

minor scheduled line maintenance
on piston aircraft < 2730 kg.
SUMMARY
● Part 66 is crucial for maintaining a skilled workforce in aviation

maintenance, enhancing safety and operational integrity across

the European Union.

● The purpose of each license category is to Differentiates areas of

competence and responsibility.

LESSON 5 Approved
Maintenance
Organization

Joannes B. Bisda
OVERVIEW
● In this lesson, students will learn about EASA Part-145 requirements for aircraft
maintenance organizations. They will explore the approval process and requirements for
facilities, personnel, procedures and record keeping that organizations must meet. Key
aspects like the role of certifying staff and use of forms like the EASA Form 1 will be
covered. The goal is for students to understand the standards organizations need to
comply with to conduct certified maintenance activities across the European Union.

Learning Objective
1. Describe the approval process under EASA Part-145 for aircraft maintenance
organizations and the associated oversight functions.

2. Explain the facility, personnel and procedural requirements an organization

must satisfy to obtain a Part-145 approval.

3. Identify the roles of certifying staff and records/forms like the EASA Form 1
that organizations use to certify aircraft maintenance work
EASA Part-145 (Maintenance Organization
Approval)
● Contains regulatory process that ensures aircraft
maintenance organizations meet essential
standards for conducting maintenance, repairs, and
inspections.
● Approval overseen by national aviation
authority (CAA in UK) or EASA if outside EU
Approval Process
● Organizations submit MOEx detailing how
they will comply with Part-145
● Authority reviews and may approve the
organization upon satisfactory demonstration
 APPLICATION

● An application for the issue or change of an approval

shall be made to the competent authority in a form and
manner established by such authority.
TERMS OF APPROVAL

● The organization must clearly define what maintenance tasks

and services it is allowed to perform.

● There’s a specific list (found in Appendix IV to Annex I, also

known as Part-M) that details types of maintenance tasks and
services. Each task has a classification or rating of what kind of
work can be done.
Facility Requirements

● Hangars, workshops, storage areas of

suitable size, environment etc.
● Accommodate aircraft/components, tools,
material and personnel
Personnel Requirements
● Nominated post holders like quality manager,
maintenance managers.
● Certifying staff qualified under Part-66 in
appropriate categories.
Certifying Staff

● Responsible for signing off maintenance

tasks and issuing CRS.
● Must be trained/qualified on specific
aircraft/component types.
Maintenance Procedures

● Organization determines maintenance

tasks and describes in procedures.
● Subject to MOE amendments and
quality monitoring.
Continued Airworthiness Records

● essential documents that ensure the ongoing

safety and reliability of aircraft including technical
logbook and files.
● Kept for 2 years after aircraft is permanently
withdrawn from service.
Privileges and Controls

● Authorized scope of maintenance

approval classes and ratings
● Subject to oversight; findings could
limit future approvals.
EASA Form 1 Release Certificate

● Certifies that a specific component, part, or

appliance has been maintained, inspected, or
repaired in accordance with the relevant EASA
regulations and is deemed airworthy.
● Includes identifying aircraft, work performed, certifying
staff details.
EASA Part M Subpart F
● This Subpart establishes the requirements to be met by
an organization to qualify for the issue or continuation
of an approval for the maintenance of aircraft and
components.
Summary
● EASA Part 145 established the requirements needed for maintenance
organizations across EU.
● Ensures organizations have adequate facilities, personnel,
processes to conduct certified maintenance subject to
regulatory oversight through national aviation authorities and
EASA.
● Part M subpart F is for continuation of airworthiness or
approval.