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 Two dimensional state of stress, and the stress element
Y F4 Stress
F3 Fn sy Element
txy

txy
Y

txy
P P sy
M sx sx sx txy
M sx X
X txy cw
F2 sy txy
F1 ccw
txy
sy
When a set of co-planer external forces and moments act on a body,
the stress developed at any point ‘P’ inside the body
can be completely defined by the two dimensional state of stress:
sx = normal stress in X direction,
sy = normal stress in Y direction, and
txy = shear stress which would be equal but opposite in
X (cw) and Y (ccw) directions, respectively.
The 2D stress at point P is described by a box drawn with its faces perpendicular to X
& Y directions, and showing all normal and shear stress vectors (both magnitude and
direction) on each face of the box. This is called the stress element of point P.
The stress formulae that we have learnt thus far, can determine the 2D stresses
developed inside a part, ONLY ALONG A RECTANGULAR AXIS SYSTEM X -Y, that
is defined by the shape of the part.
For example, X axis for a cantilever beam is parallel to its length,
and Y axis is perpendicular to X. Y
For a combined bending and axial

V
loading (F1, F2 etc.) of this cantilever sy
txy
beam:

txy

txy
the normal and shear stress at a point sx P sx X
P, can be determined using the Y F1 f
txy
formulae, such as, sy U
sx= Mv/I+P/A, P F2
X
txy=VQ/(Ib).

Note that, these formulae can only determine stresses parallel to X and Y
axis, and the stress element is aligned with X-Y axis.
The question is, what would be the values of normal and shear stresses at
the same point P, if the stresses are measured along another rectangular
axis system U-V, rotated at an angle f with the X-Y axis system ?
Knowing the 2D stresses at point P along XY coordinate system,
we want to determine the 2D stresses for the same point P, when measured
along a new coordinate system UV,
which is rotated by an angle f with respect to the XY system.
Y sy v
v
txy s
tu v

v
tu
s v

txy
sx
f u

txy
sx
t s X
X

v
tu
u
txy F uv
Y s f
Y F1 sy v v
u
F2 F2
P P
X f X

u u

The Problem is: given sx, sy, txy and f,

can we determine su, sv, tuv ?
THIS IS HOW WE CAN ACHIEVE THAT
2. To maintain static equilibrium,
let the internal normal and shear
1. We cut the stress
stresses su & tuv, respectively
element by an arbitrary
plane at an angle f. This are developed on the cut plane
sy
plane is normal to u-axis
txy
Y sy

txy
txy
sx
f s

v
tu
u
txy

f
txy

sx Lsinf
sx
Lcosf

X
txy f
4. If the thickness of the
L

txy(LBcosf) sy(LBsinf)
sy
element is B, then the force
U

txy(LBsinf)
acting on each face of the
element will be equal to the
)B
3. Let, L be the length
sx(LBcosf) f
(L

s stress multiplied by the area

v

of the cut side. Then (L

tu

u
B ) of the face.
the other two sides are
Lsinf & Lcosf
 s

f
CONTINUING

os
y LB

fc
s in 2 s tx

in
x LB f yL

Bs
5. Forces co f f Bs
in

yL
acting on the s2 fc

s
f

txy(LBcosf)
sy(LBsinf) os

f
in 2
faces = force x f f

os 2 nf

Bs
txy(LBsinf)

i
area

fs

yL
6. Resolving

os

f
tx
c
tx

LB

B)
B
LB each force in u

Bc
sx(LBcosf) f
(L
y

v (L
s

x
s
s s

yL
v
tu (L in (L & v directions

tu
u
B fc f f u

tx
) os B )
f

Equating forces in u-direction:

suLB = sxLBcos2f + syLBsin2f + 2txyLBsinfcosf
Or, su = sxcos2f + sysin2f + 2txysinfcosf ………..(1)
Equating forces in v-direction:
tuvLB = txyLBcos2f - txyLBsin2f - sxLBsinfcosf+ syLBsinfcosf
Or, tuv = txy(cos2f - sin2f) – (sx-sy) sinfcosf ……. (2)
  u  x cos 2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos 
x y
u  (1  cos 2 )  (1  cos 2 )   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y x  y
  cos 2   xy sin 2 ..........(3)
2 2
Replacing the square  uv  xy (cos   sin 2  )   x sin cos   y sin cos
2

terms of trigonometric x  y
functions by double angle  xy cos 2  sin 2 ....................(4)
2
terms and rearranging : Also , if we cut the stress element by a plane perpendicu lar
to the v  axis , then it can be shown that
 x  y  x   y
v   cos 2   xy sin 2 .......(5)
2 2

Equations 3, 4 & 5 gives us the 2D stress Y sy v

values, if measured along U-V axis which is txy s
at an angle f from X-Y axis. tu v

v
txy

tu
s v

txy
sx f
u
Since both sets of stresses refer to the
stress of the same point, the two sets of X tu s X

v
tu
txy u

stresses are also equivalent.

v

sy s f
v
u
  x  y x  y
Mohr’s circle u   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
implements these three equations
x  y
by a graphical aid, which simplifies  uv  xy cos 2  sin 2
computation and visualization of the 2
changes in stress values (su, sv & tuv)  x  y x  y
v   cos 2   xy sin 2
with the rotation angle f of the 2 2 t
measurement axis.

Mohr circle is plotted on a rectangular coordinate system

in which the positive horizontal axis represents positive -s s
(tensile) normal stress (s), and the positive vertical axis
represents the positive (clockwise) shear stress (t).
Thus the plane of the Mohr circle is denoted as s-t -t
plane.
In this s-t plane, the stresses acting on two faces of the sx sx X
stress element are plotted. cw
Y x faces have stress: txy
sy (sx & txy) Y
txy sy
For a stress element sx sx X txy
Y faces have stress:
txy (sy,-txy)
ccw

sy txy
sy
 DRAWING MOHR CIRCLE
Y V
1. Start by drawing the original stress element sy sv
with its sides parallel to XY axis, and show the txy tuv
normal and the shear stress vectors on the X s X
element. sx sx u
f
2. Draw the s-t rectangular axis and label them. txy su U
3. On the s-t plane, plot X with normal and
tuv
sy sv
shear stress values of sx and txy, and Y with
values sy and –txy. t

)
su

tx y
4. Join X and Y points by a straight line, which

x,
(s
intersects the horizontal s axis at C. C

Shear stress

X
denotes the average normal stress
savg=(sx+sy)/2 .

axis (t)
5. The line CX denotes X axis, and line CY
sx U

is

txy
denotes Y axis in Mohr circle. Name them.

ax
sy
s

2f
X

tuv
6. Draw the Mohr circle using C as the center,
and XY line as the diameter. -s C Normal
7. To find stress along the new UV axis system,

tuv
stress
draw a line UV rotated at an angle 2f from

xis
axis (s)

txy
Ya
the XY line. CU line denotes U axis, and CV V
denotes V axis. sv
8. The normal and shear stress values of the
points U and V on the s-t plane denote the Y(sy,-txy)
stresses in U and V directions, respectively.
9. This way we can find stresses for an element savg=(sx+sy)/2
rotated at any desired angle f. -t
 PROOF a sin( 2  2 )

)
Shear stress axis

tx y
a (sin 2 cos 2  cos 2 sin 2 )

x,
(s
 xy x  y

X
,tu
v) a ( cos 2  sin 2 )
s u a 2a
U(

xis
sx

Xa
 x  y

txy
sy  xy cos 2  sin 2

2f
-s 2

2q
Normal Stress axis
(t)

a
xis

(s) a cos( 2  2 )
Ya

)
v, txy a(cos 2 cos 2  sin 2 sin 2 )
(s
V
  
Y(sy,txy) a( x y cos 2  xy sin 2 )
2a a
savg=(sx+sy)/2  
 x y cos 2   xy sin 2
Y 2
V
sy sv
txy tuv  x  y x  y
X su X u   cos 2   xy sin 2
sx sx 2 2
f
txy su U x  y
tuv  uv  xy cos 2  sin 2
sy sv 2
 x  y x  y
v   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
Principal Normal Stresses s1 & s2, and Max Shear Stress tmax

In the Mohr circle, for a rotation Y s2

Y
of 2q angle, the XY axis line tmin
becomes horizontal. In the s2
rotated axis s1-s2, the shear X savg tma
x
s1 tmax
stress vanishes. q savg q’ x
s1 s1
The element will have only savg tmax
normal stresses s1 & s2, and s1 s2
savg
being the maximum normal t
stress. s1 & s2 are called the
Principal normal stresses. tmax (savg,tmax)

Similarly, if the XY axis line is

rotated by an angle 2q ‘ to make is X (sx,txy)
ax
it vertical, then the shear stress X txy
2q’
maximizes and the element will
-s
sy 2q sx s
have normal stress = savg and o s2 savg s1
Maximum shear stress = tmax
txy Y axis
Y(sy,-txy)

(savg,-tmax)
-t
 Formulea for Principal Normal Stresses & Max Shear Stress
Y t
 x  y
 avg  sy
tmax (savg,tmax)
2 txy
2
X
 x  y  sx sx ax
is X (sx,txy)
R     2
xy txy X txy
 2  sy 2q’
2q sx
sy -s o s2 s1 s
 2 xy  savg
1 txy Y is
2 tan   ax
 x  y Y(sy,-txy)
 
2  90  2 (savg,-tmax)
Y s2 -t
Y
 1  avg  R s2 tmin
X savg tma
x
s1
 2  avg  R s1 q tmax savg f x
s1
tmax
 max R s2 savg
savg
Principal normal
Maximum shear
stress element
stress element
Determining su, sv & tuv
Y
Given sx, sy, txy & f sy V
txy tuv sv
X su X
 x  y sx sx f
C :  avg  txy su U
2 tuv
sy sv
2
x  y  t
Radius R      xy2

)
su

tx y
 2 

x,
(s
X
 2 xy  t ) uv
1  s u,
2  tan U(

xis
    sx

Xa

txy
 x y  sy
s

2f

tuv
2q
-s C
 u  avg  R sin( 2  2 )

tuv

xis
Ya
txy
)
txy v,
 v  avg  R Sin (2  2 ) (s
V sv
Y(sy,-txy)
 uv  R Cos(2  2 ) savg=(sx+sy)/2
-t
 Y
For a stress element with sx=20,000 psi,
4,000 psi
sy= -4000 psi, and
X
txy= 5000 psi.
20,000 psi 20,000 psi
Draw the Mohr Circle and, draw two stress elements
properly oriented for (i) the principal normal 5,000 psi
stresses, and (ii) max shear stresses element. 4,000 psi

1. Draw the stress element along XY t

axis.
(8k,13k)
2. Draw the s-t axes for mohr circle tmax
3. Plot point X for sx=20K, txy=5k
X (20k,5k)
4. Plot point Y for sy= -4K, txy=-5k xis
a
X 5k
5. Draw line XY and show X & Y axes. 67.4

6. Draw the circle with XY as the

-s o 22.6 20k s
s2= -5k -4k 8k R=
 x   y 20k  4k
diameter 13
K
s1=21k
 avg   8k psi 5k is
2 2 ax
Y
2
x  y 
2
20  ( 4) 
R      xy2     5 13 kpsi Y(-4k,-5k)
2

 2   2 
 2 xy 
 tan  1  2 5  tan  1 (0.417) 22.6 o
(8k,-13k)
2 tan  1 
   
-t
o x y   20  4 
2  90  2  1  avg  R 8  13 21 kpsi  max R 13Kpsi
90 o  22.6 67.4 o  2  avg  R 8  13  5 kpsi

This completes the Mohr circle. Next, the stress elements

 Y
PRINCIPAL NORMAL STRESS ELEMENT 4,000 psi

The principal normal stress axis

22.6 X
will be rotated CW  11.3o 20,000 psi
2 20,000 psi
Draw the principal stress axis 5,000 psi
11.3o CW from XY axis. 4,000 psi
Show the principal stresses. Y s2

5k
t
(8k,13k)
21k X tmax
q=11.3
21k
s1
5k
X (20k,5k)
STRESS ELEMENT FOR t MAX X
a xis
5k
67.4
The tmax axis will be rotated

67.4
33.7 o -s o 22.6 20k s
CCW 2 s2= -5k -4k 8k R=
13 s1=21k
K
5k is
Y ax
Y
Draw the tmax stress axis tmin Y(-4k,-5k)
33.7o CCW from XY axis. 8k x
tma
Show the the stresses. 13 k 33.7 (8k,-13k)
8k x -t
8k 13 k
8k
That completes the drawing of
the two stress elements
This ends the
presentation
and thanks for watching it