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The following stem-and-leaf output has been generated by Minitab. This data has a negative mode.
7. True or False
When some of the variables represent categories, we can apply a useful summarization method called
tabulation, where we simply count how many people or items are in each category or combination of
categories.
8. True or False
To more concisely communicate the information contained, raw data can be visually represented and
expressed in terms of statistical summary measures.
9. True or False
A histogram describes a frequency distribution by using a series of adjacent rectangles, each of
which has a length that is proportional to the frequency of observations within the range of values it
represents.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. The midway point between the upper and lower class limits for a frequency distribution is known
as the:
a. class interval.
b. class width.
c. class mark.
d. class frequency.
e. class average.
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 2.2
3. The consists of line segments connecting the points formed by the intersections of the
class marks with the class frequencies.
a. frequency polygon
b. histogram
c. stem-and-leaf diagram
d. scatter plot
e. bar graph
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 2.2
7. The largest value in a set of data is 160, and the smallest value is 70. If the resulting frequency
distribution is to have six classes of equal width, what will be the class interval?
a. 15
b. 6
c. 12
d. 5
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 2.2
8. A requirement for a frequency distribution is that the set of classes must be mutually exclusive.
This means that
a. the set of classes must include all possible data values.
b. a given data value can fall into only one class.
c. the classes must have equal widths.
d. classes must have an upper limit.
e. classes must have a lower limit.
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 2.2
12. Which of the following is not a guideline for constructing a frequency distribution?
a. If possible, open-end classes should be avoided.
b. The set of classes must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
c. Whenever possible, the classes should have equal width.
d. Whenever possible, class widths should be round numbers.
e. All of these are guidelines for constructing a frequency distribution.
ANS: E PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 2.2
15. A stem-and-leaf display describes two-digit integers between 20 and 80. For one of the classes
displayed, the row appears as 5|246. What numerical values are being described?
a. 25, 45, and 65
b. 60, 50, 40, and 20
c. 52, 54, and 56
d. 46 and 52
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 2.3
18. In cross-tabulation:
a. data are represented in a table showing how many people or items are in combinations of
categories.
b. we can identify possible relationships between the variables.
c. data are represented as a circular display divided into sections based on the number of observations
within the segments.
d. data are represented as a pair of known values of two variables, one being referred to as
independent and the other, dependent.
e. Both A and B are correct.
ANS: E PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 2.6
19. In a , we can generate a display that describes how a selected qualitative variable
tends to differ from one category to another.
a. histogram
b. crosstab
c. relative frequency distribution
d. pie chart
e. line graph
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 2.6
NUMERIC RESPONSE
ANS: 4
ANS: 12.5%
COMPLETION
1. A cumulative frequency distribution lists the number of observations that are within or
each of the classes.
ANS: below
ANS: histogram
ANS: cross-tabulation
SHORT ANSWER
1. A physician takes the following sample of blood cholesterol levels form a group of volunteers (one
reading per volunteer): 221, 202, 216, 227, 232, 218, 225, 234, 203, 247.
a. In what form, if any are these data organized?
b. Construct a frequency distribution, with class intervals of 10 points for these results.
ANS:
a. Raw data
b.
Cholesterol Number of Readings
200-209 2
210-219 2
220-229 3
230-239 2
240-249 1
PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 2.2
2.
Price of a Home Number of Homes Sold
Under $100,000 35
$100,000 – under $120,000 45
$120,000 – under $140,000 60
$140,000 – under $160,000 75
$160,000 – under $180,000 55
$180,000 – under $200,000 30
3. Voters participating in a recent election exit poll in Michigan were asked to state their political
party affiliation. Coding the data 1 for Democrat, 2 for Republican and 3 for Independent, the data
collected were as follows: 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 1, 3
Develop a frequency distribution and proportion distribution for the data. What does the data suggest
about the strength of the political parties in Michigan?
ANS:
ANS:
a. 10
b. 5
c. 6
d. 8
e. 7
Construct frequency and relative frequency distributions for the data using seven class intervals.
ANS:
Class Limits Frequency Relative Frequency
30 up to 40 2 .050
40 up to 50 4 .100
50 up to 60 8 .200
60 up to 70 11 .275
70 up to 80 8 .200
80 up to 90 5 .125
90 up to 100 2 .050
TOTAL 40 1.000
PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 2.2
6. The following table represents exam grades from 36 students in a statistics class. Construct a stem-
and-leaf display.
60 79 75 84 85 74
81 95 89 58 66 98
99 99 62 86 85 99
79 82 98 72 72 72
75 88 86 81 96 86
78 91 83 85 92 68
ANS:
5|8
6|0268
7|222455899
8|1123455566689
9|125688999
7. The following table represents exam grades from 36 students in a statistics class. Construct a pie
chart using classes with grades 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90, and 91-100.
60 79 75 84 85 74
81 95 89 58 66 98
99 99 62 86 85 99
79 82 98 72 72 72
75 88 86 81 96 86
78 91 83 85 92 68
ANS:
8. A medical statistician wanted to examine the relationship between the amount of sunshine (x) and
incidence of skin cancer (y). As an experiment he found the number of skin cancers detected per
100,000 of population and the average daily sunshine in eight counties around the country. These
data are shown below.
Draw a scatter plot and find the least squares regression line.
ANS:
= -1.115 + 1.846x
9. The general manager of a chain of furniture stores believes that experience is the most important
factor in determining the level of success of a salesperson. To examine this belief she records last
month’s sales (in $1,000s) and the years of experience of 10 randomly selected salespeople. These
data are listed below.
Draw a scatter diagram of the data and determine the least squares regression line.
ANS:
= 8.63 + 1.0817x
ANS:
a)
Stem-and-leaf of Age N = 25
Leaf Unit = 1.0
3 2 144
6 2 688
12 3 001244
(4) 3 5578
9 4 013
6 4 5557
2 5 34
b)
11. Voters participating in a recent election exit poll in Michigan were asked to state their political
party affiliation. Coding the data 1 for Republican, 2 for Democrat and 3 for Independent, the data
collected were as follows: 3, 2, 3, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1
ANS:
12. A grocery store’s monthly sales (in thousands of dollars) for the last year was as follows:
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sales 78 74 83 87 85 93 100 105 103 89 78 94
ANS:
PTS: 1 OBJ: Section 2.4
47 21 37 53 28 40 30 32 34
34 24 24 35 45 38 35 28 43
30 45 31 41 54 26 45
ANS:
ESSAY
1. A friend has constructed the following frequency distribution of test scores in his business
statistics class:
Score Number of Students
40 and below 2
40 – 50 6
50 – 60 8
60 – 70 13
70 – 80 11
80 – 90 5
90 and above 4
He asks for your feedback. What advice would you give him?
ANS:
Your friend needs to revise the distribution. The classes are not mutually exclusive (they overlap).
Also, some classes are open-ended (“40 and below,” “90 and above”) and not of equal width.
ANS:
The frequency distribution is a table that divides the data values into classes and shows the number of
observed values that fall into each class. The histogram describes the frequency distribution by using
a series of adjacent rectangles, each of which has a length proportional to the frequency of the
observations within the range of values or class it represents.
ANS:
Choosing a symbol in a pictogram is an important consideration because the right or wrong symbol
can lend nonverbal or emotional content to the display which can have an impact on how the data is
interpreted.
4. Discuss the guidelines that are recommended for constructing a frequency distribution.
ANS:
The guidelines for constructing a frequency distribution are: a. The set of classes must be mutually
exclusive, with no overlaps. b. Set of classes must be exhaustive. c. If possible the classes should
have equal widths. d. In general, about 5 to 15 classes will be suitable. e. When possible, class widths
should be round numbers. f. Avoid using open-end classes.
5. A recent Wall Street Journal poll asked a sample of professional, white collar, and blue-collar
workers whether they felt legal immigration had a positive effect on the United States. The responses
were graphed as follows:
Identify the type of chart shown, and describe the information it gives.
ANS:
This is a pie chart. It shows that 39% of professionals, 35% of white-collar workers, and 26% of
blue-collar workers think legal immigration is positive for the U.S.
6. What is the difference between a histogram and a bar chart? For what type of data would each be
appropriate?
ANS:
A histogram graphically displays class intervals as well as class frequencies. A bar chart displays the
frequencies for a set of categories or classes. Histograms are appropriate for quantitative data, while
bar charts are better for qualitative data. Adjacent rectangles in the histogram share a common side
while those in the bar chart have a gap between them.
7. What is a scatter diagram, and for what kind of data is it a useful descriptive device?
ANS:
A scatter diagram is a plot in which each point represents a pair of known or observed values of x
and y. The variables are represented on the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axes. The scatter diagram is
useful in examining whether the variables might be related to each other in some way.
8. Differentiate between a positive linear relationship and a negative linear relationship between
variables.
ANS:
In a positive linear relationship, y tends to increase linearly with increases in x. In a negative linear
relationship, y tends to decrease linearly as x increases.
9. A professor of economics wants to study the relationship between income and education. A sample
of 10 individuals is selected at random, and their income (in thousand of dollars) and education (in
years) are shown below:
Draw a scatter diagram for these data with the income on the vertical axis. Describe the relationship
between income and education.
ANS:
There is a very strong positive relationship between education and income; as years of education
increase, there is a definite tendency for income to linearly increase.
ANS:
For each additional year of experience, monthly sales of a salesperson increase on average by
$1,081.70.
11. When variables are used as the basis for a cross-tabulation, what scale of measurement must they
represent?
ANS:
The classificatory variables that represent the rows and columns in cross-tabulation (contingency
tables) will be in the nominal scale of measurement. The variables described within the table can be
nominal (categories) when counts are being expressed. They can be interval or ratio when measures
such as the mean or median are being expressed.
ANS:
Simple tabulation involves just one variable. Example: we may express a count of how many
students in a class are males and how many are females.
ANS:
In cross-tabulation, we express a count of how many people or items are in combinations of
categories. Example: we may express a count of how many students in a class are males majoring in
accounting and how many are females majoring in finance.
ANS:
§1
“Mr. Baxter!”
“Yes, Miss Halliday?”
The Brains of Blandings looked abstractedly up
from his desk. It was only some half-hour since
luncheon had finished, but already he was in the
library surrounded by large books like a sea-beast
among rocks. Most of his time was spent in the library
when the castle was full of guests, for his lofty mind
was ill-attuned to the frivolous babblings of Society
butterflies.
“I wonder if you could spare me this afternoon?”
said Eve.
Baxter directed the glare of his spectacles upon her
inquisitorially.
“The whole afternoon?”
“If you don’t mind. You see, I had a letter by the
second post from a great friend of mine, saying that
she will be in Market Blandings this afternoon and
asking me to meet her there. I must see her, Mr.
Baxter, please. You’ve no notion how important it is.”
Eve’s manner was excited, and her eyes as they
met Baxter’s sparkled in a fashion that might have
disturbed a man made of less stern stuff. If it had
been the Hon. Freddie Threepwood, for instance, who
had been gazing into their blue depths, that impulsive
youth would have tied himself into knots and yapped
like a dog. Baxter, the superman, felt no urge towards
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