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The document explains the processes of sensation and perception, detailing how sensory receptors detect stimuli and the Central Nervous System interprets them. It categorizes sensory receptors into types such as photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors, each playing a vital role in our interaction with the environment. Additionally, it distinguishes between general senses (somatic and visceral) and special senses (vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell), emphasizing their importance in maintaining homeostasis and facilitating our perception of the world.

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lhenzenun
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2 views

my script

The document explains the processes of sensation and perception, detailing how sensory receptors detect stimuli and the Central Nervous System interprets them. It categorizes sensory receptors into types such as photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors, each playing a vital role in our interaction with the environment. Additionally, it distinguishes between general senses (somatic and visceral) and special senses (vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell), emphasizing their importance in maintaining homeostasis and facilitating our perception of the world.

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lhenzenun
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Senses - Perception of stimuli: This refers to how our

brain receives and interprets information from our


environment and our body. While the initial detection
of this information (like touch, taste, sound, etc.)
happens at the peripheral parts of our body (like skin,
tongue, ears, etc.), the actual understanding and
interpretation of this information is done in the
Central Nervous System (CNS), which includes the
brain and spinal cord.

Sensation and Perception: Sensation is the initial


process where our sensory organs respond to stimuli
like light, sound, heat, etc. For example, our eyes
detect light and our ears detect sound. Perception, on
the other hand, is the next step where our brain
interprets these signals to make sense of what we are
experiencing. For instance, our brain interprets light
signals as images and sound signals as music or
speech. So, sensation is about detecting stimuli, and
perception is about understanding these stimuli.
Sensory receptors
Think of sensory nerve endings and specialized cells
as the body's communication system. When they
encounter something like touch, pressure, heat, or
pain, they spring into action, generating tiny bursts of
electricity called action potentials. These electrical
signals zip along nerve fibers like messages sent
through a network, all the way to the brain. Once
there, the brain deciphers these signals, helping us
make sense of the world around us. Parang ito yung
way ng ating katawan na nagsasabing, "Hey, may
nangyayari dito!"
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Our body is equipped with various types of sensory
receptors that help us perceive different stimuli
- Photoreceptors: These specialized cells detect light
and are primarily found in the retina of the eye. They
enable us to see and distinguish between different
colors and shapes.

Chemoreceptors: These receptors detect chemical


changes in the environment or within the body. They
play crucial roles in our sense of taste and smell, as
well as in monitoring levels of substances like
oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

Mechanoreceptors: These receptors respond to


mechanical changes such as pressure, vibration, or
touch. They're found in the skin, muscles, and inner
ear, allowing us to feel sensations like texture,
pressure, and movement.

Thermoreceptors: These receptors are sensitive to


changes in temperature. They help us perceive
sensations of hot and cold, ensuring that our body can
regulate its temperature and respond to changes in the
environment.
Nociceptors: These receptors are responsible for
detecting pain or potentially harmful stimuli, such as
extreme temperatures, pressure, or tissue damage.
They alert us to potential dangers and trigger
protective responses to prevent further injury.
Each type of receptor plays a crucial role in helping
us interact with our environment and ensuring our
survival and well-being

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General senses encompass a wide array of sensations
that are distributed throughout the body and are not
confined to specific organs like the eyes or ears.
Instead, receptor cells for general senses are
embedded within the structures of other organs,
ensuring that we can perceive stimuli from various
parts of our body.
General senses types.
Two groups of general senses
1. Somatic- Somatic senses, also known as
exteroceptors, derive their name from "soma,"
meaning body. These senses are responsible for
providing sensory information about both the body
itself and the external environment. They include
sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature, pain,
and proprioception (awareness of body position and
movement).
Exteroceptors are primarily located in the skin and
mucous membranes, allowing us to perceive stimuli
from the outside world and our own bodies. This
sensory information helps us navigate our
surroundings, interact with objects, and respond to
potential threats or changes in the environment.
2. Visceral senses, also known as interoceptors,
specialize in providing information about the internal
state of the body, particularly concerning internal
organs. These senses primarily involve detecting
sensations like pain and pressure originating from
within the body. Interoceptors are located within the
walls of internal organs, including the digestive tract,
heart, lungs, and bladder. They help monitor vital
functions and alert us to potential issues or
abnormalities, such as discomfort, fullness, or pain.
By conveying this internal sensory information to the
brain, interoceptors assist in maintaining homeostasis
and regulating bodily functions.
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Typses of somatic and visceral senses.
Touch receptors- Touch receptors, also referred to
as tactile receptors or mechanoreceptors, are
specialized sensory neurons found in the skin.
They have specialized endings that are sensitive to
mechanical stimulation, such as touch, pressure,
and vibration. When these receptors are activated
by mechanical stimuli, they generate electrical
signals that are transmitted to the brain, allowing
us to perceive and interpret sensations like texture,
pressure, and movement.

Types of touch receptors

1. Merkel's disks - Merkel's disks are nerve endings


near the epidermis that detect light touch and
superficial pressure. Merkel's disks respond by
generating electrical signals that are transmitted to
the brain. This allows us to perceive sensations such
as the gentle caress of a breeze .
2. Hair follicle -Hair follicle receptors detect light
touch from air currents or gentle hand brushing.
When hair moves, it stimulates these receptors,
generating electrical signals sent to the brain,
enabling perception of light touch.
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3. Meissner corpuscle - Meissner's corpuscles, near


the epidermis, detect fine touch and light vibrations.
When stimulated, they produce electrical signals sent
to the brain, enabling us to feel textures and gentle
vibrations on the skin.
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4. Ruffini's end organs - found in the mid-dermis,
detect continuous touch or pressure. They respond to
pressure by creating electrical signals transmitted to
the brain. This allows us to feel sensations like
holding objects firmly or experiencing gentle,
prolonged touches.
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5. Pacinian corpuscles, found deep in the skin,
detect deep pressure and vibrations. Enclosed in
capsules, they generate electrical signals when
stimulated by pressure or vibration, relaying this
information to the brain. This enables us to perceive
sensations like being pressed or vibrations from
various sources
6. Free nerve endings are the simplest and most
common receptors found throughout the body. They
respond to various stimuli such as pain, temperature,
itching, and movement detect light touch by
wrapping around hair follicles.
Temperature- also known as thermoreceptors, are
specialized sensory receptors that detect changes in
temperature. These receptors are found throughout
the body, particularly in the skin, mucous
membranes, and internal organs.
Example
; Let's say you're outside on a hot summer day, and
the temperature is rising. As the sun beats down on
your skin, the temperature receptors in your skin
detect the increase in temperature. These
thermoreceptors then send electrical signals to your
brain, indicating that your body is getting warmer.
In response to this signal, your brain initiates several
physiological and behavioral responses to help
maintain thermal balance. It triggers your sweat
glands to produce sweat, which evaporates from your
skin, cooling you down through the process of
evaporative cooling.
Pain - refers to a state where an individual
experiences various discomforting feelings and
perceptions simultaneously. This can encompass
physical discomfort, such as pain or nausea, as
well as emotional distress like anxiety or sadness.
Examples include experiencing a migraine
headache accompanied by feelings of irritability
and sensitivity to light and sound, or feeling a deep
sense of unease and fear when faced with a phobia
trigger.
1. Superficial pain- Pain felt on or near the surface
of the body, like a paper cut or a sunburn.
2. Deep/ visceral- Sensation originating from
internal organs or deep tissues, often dull and diffuse.
Anestesia / pain control- Medical treatment to block
pain during surgery, tests, or dental work.

2 kind of anesthesia
1. Local anesthesia: Chemicals injected near nerves
block pain signals at the source, no loss of
consciousness, just numbs a specific area.
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2. General anesthesia: Injected chemicals suppress
brain activity, causing unconsciousness and affecting
the entire body.
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Referred pain- Pain felt in one part of the body due
to damage or irritation in another part, like feeling
arm pain during a heart attack.
 SPECIAL SENSES - EXPLANATION
( SPECIAL SENSES ) The five special senses are
vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. These
senses have specialized receptor cells that detect
specific stimuli like light, sound, movement,
chemicals, etc.
Special senses transmit information directly to the
brain via specific cranial nerves, enabling rapid and
precise sensory perception compared to general
senses. They are essential for how we perceive and
interact with our environment.
EXAMPLE:
Imagine you're walking outside and you smell the
aroma of freshly cooked adobo. In this case, you're
using your sense of smell, which is one of the special
senses.
The smell receptors in your nose detect the molecules
from the food (adobo). These receptors then send a
signal directly through the olfactory nerve (cranial
nerve I) to the olfactory bulb in your brain.
our brain can quickly process this information and
identify the smell as freshly cooked adobo.

The special senses like smell, as well as vision,


hearing, taste, and balance, have specialized receptor
cells and direct neural pathways to the brain. This
allows them to provide rapid, high-quality sensory
information to help us perceive and interact with our
environment.

Static equilibrium: Monitors head position relative


to gravity, associated with the vestibule in the inner
ear.
Otoliths, gelatinous substances in the utricle and
saccule, respond to gravity, stimulating hair cells in
maculae, specialized patches of epithelium, to initiate
action potentials.
- Static equilibrium helps us maintain posture and
stability even when we are not actively moving.

Kinetic equilibrium: Monitors changes in head


movement direction and rate, linked to the
semicircular canals. These canals, located in the inner
ear, sense movement in any direction. Within each
semicircular canal, the ampulla houses the crista
ampullaris, a structure containing a gelatinous mass
called the cupula. Microvilli within the cupula are
displaced by endolymph movement, signaling
changes in head motion.

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