9

The lesson focuses on achieving this learning

competency:
Show which constellations may be observed at
different times of the year using models. (S9ES –
IIIj34)
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. describe a constellation and its origin;

2. identify some constellations observed
in the northern and southern hemisphere;
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

3. describe the position of a

constellation in the course of night;
4. explain why some constellations
are not seen at certain months;
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

5. identify constellations that may

be observed at different times of
the year in the Philippine sky;
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

6. discuss whether or not popular

beliefs and practice with regard to
constellations and astrology have
scientific basis.
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which statement is TRUE about stars?
A. Starts are made of dust particles.
B. Stars are made of liquid substances.
C. Stars are made of different solid rocks.
D. Stars are made of hydrogen and helium gas.
2. What is the closest star to Earth?
A. Antares
B. Rigel
C. Sirius
D. Sun
3. Which statement is TRUE about the color of stars?
A. It indicates the surface temperature of stars.
B. It indicates the location of stars in the galaxy.
C. It indicates the amount of oxygen in each star.
D. It indicates the distance of stars from the Earth.
4. Which stars do we always see at night?
A. Stars on the horizon
B. Stars over the North Pole
C. Stars in bigger constellations
D. Stars in smallest constellations
5. Which of the following statements BEST
describes the Polaris?
A. It is the North star straight overhead.
B. It is the brightest north star in the sky.
C. It is the star in the northern horizon.
D. It is the star that appears near the north celestial
pole.
 LESSON 1

This lesson provides you with scientific

knowledge about the history of
constellation of stars as well as their
origin and unique symbols.
Let us recall your understanding about the
solar system. Write T if the statement is
TRUE and F if the statement is FALSE.
1. Sun is the main source of energy on Earth. T
2. Sun is the nearest stars to Earth. T

3. Moon is also considered as star that emits F

its own light.
4. The rotation of the Earth on its axis causes T
the change of seasons.

5. Stars are members of the Solar system. T

According to Anaxagoras, the purpose of life
is the investigation of the sun, the moon, and
the heavens.
In the Philippines, believing in horoscopes
and zodiac signs are one of the unique culture
of Filipinos, because they believe that each
zodiac sign has an impact in making
decisions whether for business and love life.
But are these zodiac signs helpful and useful
in making a sound decision?
Or perhaps, it is just a normal phenomenon
that happens every day. In this lesson you
will learn about constellations, its origin and
beliefs.
But before that, try to name the zodiac signs
including the specific month.
Aries ♈️:
March 21 –
April 19
Taurus ♉️:
April 20 -
May 20
Gemini ♊️:
May 21 -
June 20
Cancer ♋️:
June 21 –
July 22
Leo ♌️:
July 23 -
August 22
Virgo ♍️:
August 23 -
September 22
Libra ♎️:
September 23 -
October 22
Scorpio ♏️:
October 23 -
November 21
Sagittarius ♐️:
November 22 -
December 21
Capricorn ♑️:
December 22 -
January 19
Aquarius ♒️:
January 20 -
February 18
Pisces ♓️:
February 19 -
March 20
1. What are the
animals or
objects
associated to
zodiac signs?
2. What zodiac sign is
represented by the water
and covers the dates from
January 21 to February
19?
3. What sign of the
zodiac is known as
'The Twins'?
What is a star?
Are the stars same in size?
Are the stars same in color?
Are the stars equally bright?
When we look at the sky, we can see
thousands of stars. In reality there are
Carbon
Hydrogen
approximately 400 billion stars in our
Oxygen
Potassium
galaxy and there are about 170
Chlorine

Carbon
billion of galaxies.
Oxygen
Sun is only about 150 million km away, and
Carbon
it takes only 8 minutes and 20 seconds for
Hydrogen
Oxygen
sunlight to reach our world.
Potassium It’s diameter is
Chlorine
about 1.4 million km, 100 times of the Earth.
But yet it is only a medium-sized star. Many
other stars are much, much bigger.
▪ Color and Temperature
Carbon
▪ Brightness and Magnitude
Hydrogen
Oxygen
of Stars
▪ Sizes of stars Potassium
Chlorine

▪ Distance of stars
▪ Composition of stars
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine

Carbon
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine

Carbon
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine

Carbon
Oxygen
Stars emit colors of many different
Carbon
wavelengths, but the Hydrogenwavelength of light
Oxygen
where a star’s emission is concentrated is
Potassium
Chlorine
related to the star’s temperature – the hotter
the star, the more blue it is; the cooler the
star, the more red it is.
➢ Star color ranges from red to blue. The
color of star indicates its surface
temperature. Carbon
Hydrogen
➢ The coolest star is Oxygen
about 2800ºC at the
Potassium
surface. These starsChlorine
appear red. The
temperature of the hottest star is about 28,
000ºC or higher. These stars appear blue.
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine
The star’s brightness as seen
Carbon
Hydrogen
from Earth is
its apparent brightness.
Oxygen
Potassium
Apparent
brightness depends on how far a star is
Chlorine

from the Earth.

On figure 1, Sirius Carbon
appears
Hydrogen
bigger than
Rigel, is actually very small
Oxygen
Potassium
compared to
Rigel. It appears larger only because it is
Chlorine

closer to us.
Astronomers consider the star’s absolute
Carbon
Hydrogen
brightness when comparing
Oxygen stars. A star’s
absolute brightness Chlorine
is the brightness the
Potassium

star would have if all stars were the same

standard distance from Earth.
❖ Stars varies in Carbon
size, from huge to
Hydrogen
supergiants to tinyOxygen
neutrons stars.
Potassium
❖ Astronomers group Chlorine stars into five
types.
a. Neutron stars are the smallest, it has a
diameter of about 16km.
Carbon
b. White dwarf isHydrogen
Oxygen
about 7,300km,
slightly greater than the
Potassium
Chlorine
Earth.
c. Medium-sized starCarbonis about one-tenth
Oxygen
the diameter of the sun. (139,270 km)
d. Giant star is 10 to 100 times that of the
sun. (13,927,000 km to 139,270,000 km)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

e. Supergiant star is up to 1000 times the

Potassium
Chlorine

diameter of the sun. (1,392,700,000

Carbon
Oxygen km)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine

Carbon
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine

Carbon
Oxygen
❑ Scientist use parallax to determine how
Carbon
far away a star Hydrogen
is
Oxygen
from earth. A
Parallax is an apparent
Potassium change in the
Chlorine
position of an object caused by a
change in the position of the observer.
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine

Carbon
Oxygen
❑ The closer the star Carbon
to
Hydrogen
earth is, the
greater its apparentPotassium
change of position.
Oxygen

Very distant star seem not to shift

Chlorine

position at all
 Carbon
❑ Using spectroscope, astronomers have
Hydrogen
Oxygen
found that almostPotassium
all
Chlorine
stars have the
same general chemical make up.
❑ The most element Carbon
in stars
Hydrogen
is hydrogen,
the lightest element that
Oxygen
Potassium
make 60% to
80% of the total mass of a star.
Chlorine
❑ The second element Carbon
is
Hydrogen
Helium, make
up about 96% to 99%Oxygen
of
Potassium
the stars mass.
❑ Other elements are oxygen, neon,
Chlorine

carbon, and nitrogen.

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine
Global warming can bring sea
level to rise due to the melting of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

ice caps and glaciers.

Potassium
Chlorine
Many constellations haveCarbonnames that can be
Hydrogen
traced back early Babylonians
Oxygen
and Greek
Potassium
civilizations, but nearly all cultures have
Chlorine

different names for the constellations.

For example, GreeksCarbon called
Hydrogen
the large
constellation Orion, which
Oxygen
means hunter and
Potassium
is prominent in the night
Chlorine sky all over the

world during winter.

Early Filipinos visualized
Carbon
the same group of
stars as Balik, a trap Oxygen
used in hunting wild
Hydrogen

pigs. Potassium
Chlorine

Christian Filipinos named the three stars

(Orion’s Belt) Tatlong Maria or Tres Marias.
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Chlorine