IMPORTANT

FORMULAE

~!~~~~~i:9~~--~~~-':"~J~S-=~~~=-==--===-.-:J
1. Coulomb's force F between two point charges kept in a medium of dielectric constant (K),
F= 1 q1q2
4nE 0 K r2
For air between the charges, dielectric constant K = 1.
F · =-1_ q1q2
air 47CEo r2 r • '

- 1 qi q2
In vector form, F21 =-4- - 2 r21
A

7rEo r

Where F21 is the force on charge q2 due to q1 and f21 is the unit vector in the direction from

-
%. Electric field strength E at any point in the field where -F is the force experien ced by a test

charge q0 kept at that point, E= qlim0 qF0

-
0-

(i) Electric field strength due to a point charge at a distance r

, .... l_.,.,
- 1 qA 1 q-
E = - - - r = - - r [where r 1s umt vector along r; r = r
A, , -A

r
4nE 0 r 2 47!Eo 3
r
(ii) Due to sphere charge
(a) Inside point (r s R) E = _l_..!]_r · E ex r
4nE0 R3 ' . E
" 1 q • 1'
,, (b) Outside point (r ~ R) E = - - - · E ex -
4rrEo r2' ,2
. 1 q
(c) On the surface (r = R) E = 7!Eo R 2
4
• • I.
(iii) Due to hollow sphere of charge
E
(a) Inside point (rs R), E = 0 oi.;·-~ /r
(b) Outside, E = - 1 q :'
47t:Eo r 2 0 E=O r

1 q a
(c) On the surface, E = --,..-
c -
4 nc.0 R 2 = Eo

■ Sample Papers
 e having linear charge densi
(iv) Electric field stren gth due to infinite line charg • , ·. · · ty;
· .
coulomb/metre.
E=_ _!_ ~
47tE0 r
.
charg e.
(v) Electric field stren gth near an infinite thin sheet of
0
E= -
2£0

(vi) Electric field strength near a conductor =~

·where is a unit vector normal to E n, n
inside a conductor E = 0.
surface in the oute r direction. Electric field strength ,. . i

3. Electric Dipole:
-+

(i) Dipole mom ent P =q.2l (2l being the separation from -{J to +q ) •
-+ -+ -+

(ii) Torq ue on a dipole in uniform electric field t =px E

-+ -+ •I • t ' .
•
(iii) Potential energy of dipole, U = -p·. E = --pE cos0
1 1 J •
' ••
\

-+ -+ . . .

where 0 is the angle between pand E •. ._ -i _ .

(iv) Work done in rotating the dipole in unifo~m

electric ~eld from orientation 0 1 to 02 is
.. :· . ' ) I r :
w = U2- U1 = pE(cos 01 - cos 02) ,. \
ion 0 = 0 to orientation 0 is
Work done in· rotating the dipole from equilibrium posit
· ·· • •• •
W = pE (I - cos 0) ·· ,
i. , ,'
(v) Electric field due to a short dipole:
. I . I 2p
(a ) at ax1a p01nt E . = -·-- r".. .· . : ;• .• , . .. .. ; .. 1 ., ,. , . .- ,,
,
• • fJXIS 41teo

• t E = - ---r
. 1 poin
• tona I p i ' •

(b) at an equ1 41teo r ..

I . ·- . , . . . I
• I
• I • "':

;_. s .
-+ -+

4. Total electric flux, q, = E.dS .

,
=-x .net charg
. £ 0 . . ,
e enclosed
, , . . ,
by the ~lose~
_
s~rfa f
~e.
J I I
•
.. t
• • • • I ' ' ,! I

~ . !:"" f!I ...... ~ ' " ~ ~ - - - ,"'°''-••W-••• --~

• 4llil _ ~991l'" • ~ · - . . , . , . , "C'fli._,_ -:t:•~..,. ,,W'!"'~ e;,,_., ....,..,, .."'~-. .,_,~,. ..W,._ .""';

;~~ !J). :~:· (J!l 1;1 '·~; 1·~· .:,

~:~ ~~~ !~~ ~!~ -A~ ~~~ ~P, ~~~ -ta.
t
I. Electric Potential: : . ,' . ! • 'r • lr
V kq!R
I

s R.
Due to a charg ed conducting sphere or charged spherical shell of radiu I • ' ( I"' : • f

~ I fr (r> R)
j

• 'de, V,.out-
< R) (.ii') 0 uts1 •
(z') I ns1'de,Yiff
u • - _I_ J_
suu- R (r_ 4rr€o 0
4rr€o

2. Relation between electric field and potential, ''• l • C,

E = - dV = V (numerically)
.,·'
, '
dr r
anot her in electric field.
3. Work do~e ~n taking a charge q from one point to f •• I

W =q(V2 - V1) joule

at final point. . ,.. - . r
where V1 = potential at initial point, V2 = potential. i I

34
t0,!1ltl1!~/;
--
:,:·1;,,,._·~ - ~ - - - ~
 .
,t. Work done in carrying a charge on equipotential surface is always zero.. :
f,lectnC potential due to dipole, .
5. : . l p
•1 at axial p01nt V. = - ,
( 411:Eo 2r
(ii) at an equatorial point V = 0

6, Capacitance for isolated conductor, C =~

• € Cm,d;,,,,.
7• Dielectric constant K = €0 = Cair.

8. Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor

(i) C = Eo A (in air)
d
KEoA h d. . .
(ii) C = d w en me 1um of d1electnc constant K fills the ,space between pl_at~s.

(iii) When the space between the plates is partly filled with a dielectric of thickness t, then
. ~ , ... ,
• E0 A
capacitance C = - - - - " - -
d -e(1- ~) I , .. • - .~ , ., t

9. Combination of Capacitors:
J 'I • t .,.· t

(i) Capacitors in seri~s:

-· ..
(a) Net capacitance C is given by
1 l 1 1
-=-+-+-
c c1 c2 C3 __ _
-
- .
(b) In series charge is the same on all capacitors
qi = q2 = q3 .
II I ...., 6
.
.1 ~ I i- Ill •

(c) Net potential difference V = Vi + V2 + V3

(ii) Capacitors in Parallel: •·- .
(a) Net capacitance, C = C1 + C2 + C3
••• ,·;,i,.-:., •·i ... ,,:.. . '..
(b) Potential difference is same across all capacitors
Vi = V2 = V3 = V (same for all) ) • I . f •
... :
·,•• ;
°' •
' • ' • I ..

(c) Charge, q = q1 + q2 + q3 1. ; • . .-
t
-
•
·,
, •

10. Energy stored in a capacitor,

1 -Q 2 1
U=-CV 2 =-=-QV
2 2C 2 , , • 1,
. ,
11. Electrostatic energy density,

U, = ~ €0E 2 (in air) and ~ €E 2 (in medium). ,..

I
. '

..
'• . ' . I,

fill"'
• Sample Papers 35
"''!!'~'to'"
 Effect of Introducing a dielectric between plates or a charged parallel plate capacitor
...,... Wlael battery
Qautlty na11la1 eoaaeeted · I
1. Capacitance (C) increases K-times
2. Charge (Q) increases K-times remains constant .
1 .
3. Electric Field remains constant . • 1'.

' decreases K times •

4. Electric Potential ( V) 1 .
remains constant dec~eases K times
1 .
5. Electrostatic Energy Stored increases K-times de~reases K tu~es

-+ • ' .
- ... eE" . , :► .. . ; , "':·.,_., , ;" ... 1·;'1

I. Drift velocity, vd = --t

➔ m , I.,; ) .. .. :1 ! .,,., r_:·, ,,, • .·: • .... : : - :. r- l',

where Eis electric field strength, t is relation time, e is the ch~rge on electron and m is
mass of electron. ~- ·;- --' •- ·- .: ,; · • · · · - 5
I • I

2. Relation between Current and Drift Velocity: • ••• 1 ,

l

I= -neAvd
where n = number of free electrons per m3, A = cross-secti~nal ~rea -~-, .•·.: ·!.· -~ '· .. \
3. Ohm'slaw V = RI Or j = er E (alternative forms ofOhiii's)aw) ••
f .. ~ t: J ;

4. Resistance R = pl I
A --·. ---~
'
RA m
5. Specific resistance P= -z-. =ne~ t I l ·· i• l ,.• ._
\ • ' • ·"'
'.
6. Current density ~ l4 i j •} ., I '
I

7. Electrical conductivity r

8. Temperature dependence of resistance I / 4 • • •

R, = R 0 (I+ aAf) , I

'
where a is the temperature coefficient of resistance \ .
or R2 = R 1 [I+ a (t2 -t 1)]

9. Internal resistance ofa cell: r =( i-l )R ,·

where Eis emf of cell, V = terminal p.d. across external resistance R.
10. Combination of Cells
(i) When n-identical cells are connected in series

Current, i + R _ ) = R nE
·( = R Ent, +
ext nr int
1
For useful series combination, the condition is Rext > > Rint
 (•1 When m-identical cells are connected in parallel
. E,,,, E
,=--------
Rnt + Rini. •• , R + rim ' :
i
.. f
. .
• •·-, ••
.. .
Condition of useful parallel combination is R < rim.
(iii) Whe~ 1'! = mn, c~lls a~e connected in mixed grouping (m-r~ws in parallel, each row
Contatmng ri cells 1n senes) . : ... i . . • . • • . , . • . • . . • .
nE mnE • •• •
Current, i = - - -
R + nr mR +nr
m
c~~dition for useful mixed grouping is Rext· = Rint , ·• ' i ••
. • J

i.e., R --~ •
..'. . '. ,. ,.
m ., , I • • ,
l , '

• (iv) \\The~ two cells of different emfs E 1 and £ 2 and different internal resistances r 1 and r are
2
connected in parallel as shown in fig. then net emf of combination is ..
E E • ,\, . , '•: , '.. ·.,
+-2 _I \~
·=··1i · r2 _ E1r2+E21,.. ~--.
E I.

_!_+.!_ rl +r2
rl r2
'I ... .
Net internal resistance riot I

1 1 1
-=-+-=>r.
r;nt ••
" •
r.I r:2 ' ~nt
f
·I· •
r.l + r:2 ·.,, .•
• J
·:'
l • "" f J
1 .- !
♦ •
'
•
·.·'
• , • ~

11. Joule's ~aw of heating effect of current

I ; ,.
2
W =12Rt =V t =Vlt joule. ·.~.... ~-. .. ·i I I '

R
12. Electric Power
; v2 •' •s . '
• 2
P = VI = I R = - watt.
R
..
Current·,. -,)t: i. ·t : ~ ;,;;,- ·.•·,Te
\ rm .. fna1·:· ··, i,.,..,; ..••; '•
~•-•· V• of Extem~I ' •.'t,
..
•. < ·> PowerConiti-'i_hf . .
.. Resistance ~
from the Cell
,
~

"'
;
,..i
..Potential Difference External Reslltuce
..
•

R
E
V= E-Ir" . ,, .. P=PR· '
I= R+r

R=O I= E '. E
r V=E--r ..
(Short circuit) -~ ,-~! ,
.. ··; . . r r ' ; ; •! I•,
P=O.... • 'I '·
(Maxi~uin) ⇒ V=O

R =r E E £2
[=- V=E--r . ;
, P=- t •

2r · , · 2r .. " 4r
. i ~

' E (Maximum)
V=-
2
'
Open circuit, I=O V=E~O P=O
R=oo \ V=E

• ' • I
'
•)

..=ilJI"
• Sample Papers
 a curr ent elem ent
I. Bio t-8a var t Law : Mag neti c field due to
-+ -+
. '•
dB= µ 0 / dlx r
47t ,,.3 . ' t t •

carr ying wire ,

2. Mag neti c field due to a stra ight curr ent
µo/
B = 4 7tR (sin 81 + sin 82 )
by end s of the con duc tor at
whe re qt and q2 are the ang les subs tend ed
·
• h t h e nor mal . For infin
• t wit ·
itely long wire · B = µo/
~
c. renc e poin
th e re1e 2
circ ular coil
3. Mag neti c fiel d due to a curr ent carr ying
µoN I .: . , •' , - •. . ;.
(r.) At cen tre B = .;......:a .._
:. -
c 2R .
. . .
••) At • h . µ0Nla2, .(wh.ere a = rad.1us of cod) and x 1s the dista n
(u a poin t on t e axis Bms = 2(a 2 + X 2 ) 312~ , • •
' - -
of the poin t)
4. Am per e's circ uita l law: B. dl = µ 0 / J
1
5. Mag neti c field stre ngth with in sole noid
':

re leng th.
B = µ 0 nl whe re n = num ber of turn s per met
:. . , r ", •. ; •
6. Mag neti c field due to toro id
(i) Wit hin the coils B = µ NI
0 . ,, •
21tr 1 .,

(ii) Out side the toro id B = 0.

7. Mag neti c forc e on a mov ing cha rge in a mag neti c fi!!•d .
-+ ➔ ' •
-+
F.,, ,=q vxB
duc tor
8. Mag neti c forc e on a curr ent carr ying con
-+ ➔ ➔

'· • F.,,, = I l xB ,
ents :
9. Forc e per unit leng th betw een para llel curr
F = µO/J /2
l 2nr
10. Tor que exp erie nce d by a curr ent carr ying loop i~ a unif orm mag neti c fiel d , , ,
-+ -+ -+ ➔ ➔

-r= NIA xB= Mx B

11. Mag neti c mom ent of a curr ent loop
M= NIA - -
12. Def lect ion in mov ing coil galv ano met er
NAB I
C
a=
NAB
• • •ty o f a galvan ome ter S = -0 = - -
C urre nt sensit1v1 C
/

Phy si~
 _ For c:c,llffflion of galvanometer into ammeter, .
15
_ 1, - 1,
_Shunt resistance required S = _ 1 G ~ G
. 1 f 1 . :; .
. For convenion of galvanomter into voltmeter,
14
• resistance
Senes • • d R= V - G
require
i•
.'
1g •
I • t •• • j
;, . , • ..,__ • .:p\ ·,, ..... : f'! ··.,, . -.:. . ~ . ., . -.. . ; .
-~ t -,. " ...:. ·---;'- r.-:, .. _-.,-~: :;-\·-{_:~.::-:'--·' ••. -'. . , ,

1 Magnetic dipole moment, m = q,,. x 2l

.

2. Magnetic dipole moment of a current loop, m = NI~

s. Magnetic field due to a short magnetic dipole ;:
(i) At axis B = µo 2M 3
, : · = 41t r
! •

'\ .
µo M • I ~., ; • J •.,,, • • i : 1• ., .,

(ii) At equatorial, Btqt. = 4n: r 3

4. Elements of earth's magnetic field
Horizontal component H = Be cos 9 }
Vertical component V = Bt sin 9 where 9 = ~ngle of dip.-::.·, ,

~ 9 =~and Be = .JH 2 +V 2
tan
H
~ ·., (.
'\.-
• :, .• : : -~'
• •9 ,
.l . • . •, .
.... ~ #
...
•
-
' ,
·.·
•
,., . :
.a.,, .... ,
, ,.,
~
•• • ,• • .
.. . ' ,
, .• • ' ..
.

5. Magnetic moment of an orbital electron .

i! µ1- -evr--- e- L• .•,,•·
. ,J
.•.·r-." .. .
•.. . .
.
. . . . . ..•
. . •·~
l"•. "1 .. 1 • • - 1 i' ,,
2 2m l [
\ • f

6. Orbital magnetic dipole moment of an electron in nth orbital,'··· ;. : c "! • _. '.',: ·t

I • "

•. ~ .µ -- evr.
- e-_·z -n
. ( eh ) . .. ..
2 -- -
r

·-.
.• • - • - -2m• •
e
. - 4n:me . . . ----
• - -- - ...,... . ·•-- ....
l -

. M . - ~

7. Magnetic susceptibility X = -
.,. •• - ,• • -· ·- • • • ·--- •• •• 1
.., ,. ~ . m H , I "! \ • •", l

... I : c. ,i ' • • I

8. Curie ·Law: X a T (~ X = T , where C is Curie iconstant.

4

Distinction between Dia-, Para:- and Ferromagnetics ,J

~~~l ~· }- ~ Property Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic· ~-- :

•, ' .J. ~
Remadr. f

(1) ~agnetic induction B - B<B0 ..

B.>B0 B>>B0 • -· ..•. , B0 is magnetic
.,
..
~ I f .'

- . l
' '
; -~ -
induction in free
space • '
.
(i,) Intensity of magnetisation small and small and very high and m is magnetic
m negative positive positive moment
M=- •.,
V ' I

''
I
- ,

(iii) Magnetic susceptibility small and small and very high and I
. ·M negative - positive . positive --- ... .... -
x=-
H
(iv) Relative permeability
µ
µr < I µr > 1 µr>>l(of
µ
r
=-
µo
the order the
thousands)

• Sample Papers 39
·~•t?i;~!,!~t~'
~,~~J~i;,:
 • t , , I (

B. A= BA cos 8 •
i ,

I. Magnetic flux ~ B =
f ' "i I . .
whe re 8 is the angle between A and i.
••• •

2. Induced emf in a coil £ =-N ~

l1l
3. EMF induced in a mov ing cond uctor, E =Bvl
.
whe re B, v, l are mutually perpendicular
, .. ,.
; , ~ t, • J ,...1 I :. ) , ,• 1

4. Magnetic flux t = LI ,.
l .'. • . ..
whe re Lis the coefficie nt of self-indu ction.

=-L ~
5. If Lis self inductance, emf ind uce d£
&
6. Self inductance of a solenoid
''
I

M •, ' ! •J ••.. '

7. Mutual Inductance E = -M -
• 2 .• 'l1i '
•
-i Ir
•
'
I
·~' • V
•
. ' ...
; .

·N· NA ..
M = µo •~
2 - - \; : :.
em
8. Mutual inductance of solenoid coil syst . .►T.,
;
-~ . .
•
~
' ·•

noid, N 2 ~ num ber of turn s in coil.

whe re N 1 = num ber of turns/metre in sole

9. Energy stored in inductance U11! = U

2
= 4,/ •.. -.. . . , ! !
Direction of Current Induced in Some Cases
. : Primary' Current_.. • • . . • · Induced C■
System •
(

' i: ~--·

(i) Current increasing • • • Clockwise current

I. Straight wire-coil system
(ii) Current dec_reasing Anticlockwise current
. '' I

I
(i) Key is pressed Opposite to di~tion rl
2. Self inductive circuit main currents :
...
• • (ii} Key is released In the direction of mail
J
•. current·
I I
' I:
I

K f
. ' '' ' .
.• ' I J

-- ... --
I

......... _I
111111t.=. .
-\--·;., 40
·\·':\~

i
:: _.,,,.!!"~'~!!"'
-,~,;:,,,;,~;!;·
... . ~,
~
 tbP.°c-co~l system (i) Nonh pole apptoaching Anticlockwise current
3.
(i) V coil
--+
sl_ ____.NI (ii) North pole receding coil C1ockwise current •
(ii)' .,_
V

Man ot,seMng ,/
di,ectiOn of a.anent
I I

l. For an alternatin~ curr ent circuit

. • I

V . V0 sin rot; ! = IO sin (rot+ ♦)

%. RMS value of an ~ltemating curr ent . : .,, : ,_' ' I
1
Io • Vo'
. Irm s=-
. /2.r. V.nns = -
. /2
- ---- •• -- ...... - • .
,. - -- ~- --- - . _.
3. Impedance of series LCR circuit . , , : ·~ -~ i
. .,... ; ~- .
,._: ·_:: ~ - z = ;ms ·- ✓R2 + (Xc-X if • -- /-~--2·+-.(-.1-C_-_---:_~-L.......)2 •.. •:·· •. .---· ~.
4. Phase angle between I and V,
~s
1 V m .
] • •- • ---···
Xe-XL
tan0 = R cos8 =zR
5. Resonance: (If Xe= Xi and Z = R), then I ..
' 1 ' / 1 - _ -·-•
,: · ro =-- an d,r =-- -
I

• J : ,
r ✓ LQ r 27t: ✓ LC
!

6. Q-Factor: / I
. .. .. ·-- ror; -(n~L:- -i- i. · '. I

. Q-.Factor -_ 0)2 - (.t)l =R =-R vC:. ~ ·-- . ,._ - ..... --

~ ' ..

7. Average power dissipated in LCR-circuit, • -.:~ • ~

\
•
.. " ..
, ... t •

·' ••• • __ ..... .

, __ . . Pav = V,.mslrms cos 0 = ~ '\'o1 c~s 0. _
0
~ l l
:
•;
., fl (• t • , 'J 'f \. I l
8. Peak emf in a rotating coil of generator
I
-- -···· · · · ·-
I
E0.=NBAro -
•
.. I
..Y .J '
' -,
I
• I
9. For LC oscillations ••
11 ·~
I

m -= -1- and f. = - I- - ··• ,.,., • ! 'J·--- • • •)•

·-. ..- - . r_ ✓LC . '---- 21t: ✓ LC - .. . .
10. For a Transformer: i,: = NS. =I,, =r (transformation r~~io)
~ - ·- v",. Np 1s . •
•
I I
For a step up transformer r = NS > 1 .
1

' . ;
NP
Fo~. a step down transformer, r = Ns < 1
. - . -N ►

p
..@!Ill,.
Sample Papers
41
'!!~!~•!!!~!'!'.
 Individual Components (R or Lor C) •

R L
Circuit

Supply Voltage V= V0 sin rot V= V0 sin rot V= V0 sin cot

Current I= 10 sin rot I =/0 sin (wt-;)

' '. Vo '
Io = 1/CJ>C =Vocoe
.I
Peak Current

Impedance ('1) Vo Vo .. Vo ·' 1.- .

-=wL =XL -=- =XC
Vo Vms -=R
lo lo Io we
Z=- =- I •

Xe= Capacitive reactallftl

-

lo lms R = Resistance XL = Inductive reactance

Phase difference zero (in same phase)

7C
+ (Vleads I) -27C (Vleads I)
2
Phasor Diagram ---- I I
.
---v . ·) V :·-•:.
[

Variation of R
Zwith v
1
Xe ex: -V
V

R does not depend on v

I '

Combination of Components (RL or RC or L~)

.RL I.,;•:·,. • RC·'( LC
TERM
I is same in R & L I is same in R & C I is same in L & C
Circuit

R L R C L C

Phasor diagram V
, l
....................:V
V . •I

f JI I

Ve ................... V
V= VL - Vc(VL > Ye)
v2 =vl + vJ V = VC - VL ( yC > YL) '

42
 -supplY\\)lllge ~=V
.. 0
.
sinmt V=V0 sillmt
- I= lo sin (cot.- ♦)
.
current
- Pba9C difference in
~ya ndl • Vleads/ {+=o~ :) .
1=I0 sin {cot+ ♦)
. I

Ylags/ (♦ =.otof)
, \ • • "J
,..
ff • • )
(+~-2,i/ Xe> XL
. ' .• "

Pleads/ • •. ,,

(♦ m +i •if XL > Xe)

Z=JR2+<Xc)2 ••

~ Variation of Z As v increases, As v increases, As V increases, z first

with V Z increases Z decreases .. , decreases then increases
z~ t.. J 1 • •

z,
. ..

:·.~; . _.
R
'1

1. Maxwell's equations
-+
(i) Gauss's law for electrostatics, J' E .dA Q ,c-+ .-
=€ • ~ • I •'

0
(ii) Gauss's law for magnetism, 11.-+ -+
B.dA = 0
dq, . .. 1
~ ,t I

(iii) Faraday's law, fE.dl = - dt . ,:~,. ' . ,. J . .

" • • f , •• f

f B.d7
i.

.
I \

. -+ dq,E
(iv) Ampere-Maxwell law, = µ 0 + µ 0 E0 dt
ic

%. For a wave frequency v, wavelength A, propa gating along z-direction,

the equations for
electric field and magnetic fields are: - : ·: • ' •
Ex= E0 sin(kz - rot) .... • . •. . ~ ...
B, = B0 sin (kz - rot)
where k=- 27t
X
S. Wave velocity, v = VA , .
4. The speed of electromagnetic wave in vacuum, c = ~ ' 1

. µ0 6 0

■ Sample Papers
 • . -••· ··-· 1 ··.
rial medium, v _= -
5. The speed o~ electromagnetic wave in a mate
• ~ - . E- ..
O
/iii
fields is B =.c ,
6. The amplitude ratio of electric and magnetic 0 !

an ele~tromagne~c -~•ve, ·p
7• The magnitude of the total momentum delivered by 1
oJ

in time t. i
where, U = total energy transferred to a surface
' ' • : • •. •

8. Average energy of an electromagnetic wave:

2
B 1
I [EoE2o + _o
U = UE + UB = -2 µ 0

• I. Reflection • ,,,
- 1
I
... -
. I
,
.. ' 1 ••
--
✓, •

(i) For any spheri~al mirror, f = : 'i •

• I I I 2
(tt..) M"1rror 1onnu1a, u+v= f = R
r

( ,.
, h2 f :f-v
...) M ,
( ut
ifi .
agn cation, m =h =-u
V
= f _ u - f :·--- -..-
-
l . .. ...... - -
- . -·
for virtual images.
• Magnification m is-v e for real images and +ve
convex mirror.
• f and R are -ve for a concave mirr or and .+ve for~ . . . "-- . .
-ve for real imag e and +ve for virtu al imag e.• ,·
• For a real object u is -ve, vis
.. , . )

n \
2. Refr actio
sin i n2 ·-·.,
(i) Snell's law, -.- = 1n2 = -
Sill r 7li
I -·
C)
tt 2nl = ln2 ··r•:' : •, >
.. . . . c _ speed of light in vacuum _ "-air
x, n = - - d fr ht' d' -°A ,
(zu) Refractive inde V spee O 1g lilam e JUm medium

(iv) If object is in medium of refra~tive inde

x n.
t ,;
Real dept h
--=-
. n - - - - -dept
• • - Apparent h tapp.

Apparent shift,
• ,
X=t-
•t
n = t(I - I)
n

2. Critical angle for total internal reflection

. . I I
s1nz, = '1t = n· .......····-··
--· ······· ····
d
. .
...,.....
-...- ········.,_·····
Total internal reflection occurs when i > (. .•
'

3. A fish or diver in water at depth h sees the outs

ide world in a ~---
horizontal circle of radius r given by , . . .,
. .. ., --
-----...--------
-
------ - ---- ---
- --------
h
r=-; ::== - s
•
1
1111L.::. :
Jn 2
-1

'AA
'_/;\\
,,
' . ·,'
fl
-~••1!11~:1t,,~,
ui1;1!f•i •~z;·
':•hit;•
 4. (I) 11dn Lem fotmula: I •

. . I v f f-v
(ia) Linear magnification: m=o•u= u+ f-= f

(iii) For refraction from nrer to denser medium I

n2 "1 n2 - n,
v-u = . R . .
, ,.
(iv) For refraction from denser to nrer medium.
\
: I ••
'
~ "'2 n1-n2 ,
-----
v u R ; i

'
(v) Power of a surface
P=
n2-~
R =n-1
R (For air)
(vi) Lens maker's formula. ; , •· .. ·,,,.
1
lf =(ang -1>(-
R1
_
R2
l) I \

. •·.......,
(vii) Power of a lens: p = .!.. diopter (f is in metres)
.. f . • ..' .. . ·. !! ;' :; ·' : • ' '.·" 'j i~ • ·:
(viii) Lens immersed in ~ liquid of refractive index, n, - - - - - - - - - - - - -
l='ng-l)(J_
l ~ l )and Jlf.1= ang-l
__ Xfa : ( .. _\=========== _·~u_~------
Jl . Rl R2 ang , ---------- _ ~ __ _
. .~. ~ . ' -n- 1 - ' . ------
- - - - -------
- - - -
a l r _. - - - - - - - - - -
where fa is focal length of lens in air. -=-= Liquid: ..:--------
(ix) Lenses in contact
1 1 1
-=-+- or P=P. +P2 •
F t. h
5. Refraction thro~gh a Prism:
. . . p.
7i +ri = A } A= angle of prism
~ +~ =A+6
. ' (i -
6 = angle of deviation 1 N1 •.:
I,. ••
.....>

sin~ sin4
n=-=-..;;..
sin 7i sin r2
E H
For minimum deviation i 1 = i2 = i and r 1 = r 2 = r
~
:. •Angle of minimum deviation
6m = 2i-A
,. .
.
Sill
A +6"'
. • s1na i 2 - •·
n= ;;;;= sin(;) \
For a thin prism: 6 = (n - 1) A ' '
. .=.,Ilfl r
- "
//l
• ;,,>:<' ,
• Sample Papers ~5 I,,,,•
.:.::::::~·
/,,''
~~"•
·,~!•~iuii•!t! •
~,,: ., ;!~;
 6. Simple Microscope:
Magnifying power: M = I + D (For final image at D)
f
D
=- (For final image at infinity)
!
7. Compound Microscope:
(i) Magnification: M = m0 x me

(;i) Magnification: M =_Vo

"o
(1 +t,·DJ (For final image at D)
,.. • I • ,.

=-~( 1+ DJ . .'
lo /,
(iii) Magnification: M =_Vo D
Uo /, ., •
(for final image at oo)
L D
=- --
lo /,
8. Astronomical Telescope: I • ,.. • • ,.
'.

_ at infinity),
(i) Magnification: M = - lo} . i,mage
. (for final . .
. le
L=fo +fe

(ii) Magnification: M = _ lo
le
(1 + leD) (For final image at distinct vision)
'1 I

)
L =lo+ Ue

. .

t on Interference of lig
1. (i) Condition of Maxima for Young's Double Slit Experimen
Phase difference,~= 2n7rl n = I, 2, 3, ...
Path difference, A = nA
-. .
(ii) Condition of Minima:
Phase difference,~= (2n - I) 7rj _
A n - I, 2, 3, ...
Pathdifference, A= (2n - I)
2
(cp) and Time difference (I)
(iii) Relation between Path difference (L\), Phase difference

~ = 2~ = ; , where wavelength (A) and time period (T)

2. If sources of amplitude a 1 and a2 are coherent, intensity
I at a point in the region
superposition where phase difference between waves is cp
I= °'i 2 +a/+ 20-ia2 cos~= / 1 + 12 + 2J(I /2 ) cos~ .
(i) Maximum Intensity, /max oc (a 1 + a2)2
I • j ;

Ill§. .
46
.

•,
. :; ; :'.' . '?'!~?'!!'!(!!•
••?1!;!~!;;!,!':
1.::,, ..........
 (it1 Minimum Intensity, I.,. ex: (a 1 - a 2)1
1_ <a. + a,.)'
Imin = (a. - 4t )2
In interference energy is conserved. It is simply transferred from minima to maxima.
(iii) Intensity of light ac Width of 11its , , 1 • •
2
. Wl Jl al
(iv) Ratio of slit widths, w =T = 2
2 2 a2
s. Young's double slit experiment: ...
• • o f maxima • .'
(i) Position • , y,. = - A , n -- l , 2, 3......
nD- • . '

d ; ,. '
• • of m1ruma
n- I _) d
(ii) Position • • , y, = ( DA, ~ . I , 2,_ 3....... .
2 <"' .. :_:.. -

(iit) Fringe width, a= Yn +1- Yn = D: where D :- dista~c~ b~twe~n ~~rces ~d screen,

d = distance between slits
(iv) Angular fringe width, ~. = ~, _,.
••
. . ..
..
. ... -
-t , ,
. ' ~
I•

4. Diffraction at a single slit of width 'a':

(i) Directions of ~inima are, a si~ 0 = ± nl, n= I; 2, 3;:.. •. • •• • •• ..
(ii) ~onso fmaxi maare ,a sin8 = ;t(2n-l )~:n=l ,2,3, ...

- (iii) Angular half-width of central maximum, a_= sin-1( ~) .• I

i
(.
..
(iv) Total angular width, 28 = 2 sin_, ( ~) • . .,

For small 0, linear half-width at a screen at distance D from slit, !J.y = AD

, 2AD .a.
(v) Total linear width_= - " .. . . ____ ·-
, a
..,...,..,.1'r,, ~ - ~ - . . , n , - - . . .I .,......,~♦ --~,1""'•'¥1f"\f~~~~....,._N
;'"~,,.,,.,...

Nature of Radiation a·nd Matte~

~ ~ ~ . - , . _ , . , , . •,,. • ......_~;,,a,g·· i•,10w,; ,.1... . :
..1~~~1-~----_,.._ .,_

1. Photon:
(i) Energy of a photon, E = hv = ~ ,.
. ':
If ,.,,~ 1s
· 1n
· A,
i
t hen energy of photon 10
. e V 1s
. E = 12431. 25
i eV ·.
•
'A (in A)
(ii..) Momentum of a photon, P= -hv = h
- 1
C A
(iii) Rest mass of a photon = zero
- (.iv ) Kinetic
. mass o f a photon,
m = 2hv = -h
C CA

2. Einstein's photoelectric equation: (Ea)_= hv- W. h(v-v ) = h (

O ~ - { 0)

Sample Papers
 3. Work function: w= hv O= ~
. )..0 i_

where Vo = threshold frequency and l 0 = threshold wavelength

4. Photoelectrons emitted have kinetic energy ranging from zero to a certain m•~"ti..1.t
The maximum kinetic energy is • · .• · . · ·
(E,.)
" max
= ! mvmax
2
= eV.S where Vs =stopping potential. , _ .
2
5. For photoelectric emission to take place, energy of photon E ~ W or v ~ v or A. s a_
0
6. Intensity of radiation, . ; •• • • ·•
Energy Power
J- - - - - - - - - -
- Area X Time - Area
7. de Broglie hypothesis '. 1 ' l •. ; I

(i) de Broglie wavelength associated with moving particle

A=.!!__= h. = h ,_ , .' -~ : ' : ·•

mv , '12mE1r · • '12mqV
'') .ror
( ii r r;; A
eIectrons, I\,'l
= 12.27
. vV
8. Some important characteristics curves:
·:. Effect·o1 intensity.of the:·:: ~ :: :-:..Effe~t -~f anod~-~ten~l. ::.~ ~
•• ;. inciclmt radiation ·r ~:
~·>:(::-. ;\: J;<~;_~: ~:)'.~~}:;r-~·;·:::-~::i~·- · ,. ·•., •
'J• •• ;•? ;, ~~;::,·: inc:iclintr1·.-11

p --~~-13

-0
'C
o
-~
-
Q) C
. - - - -l2
----11
~~
i:::.
13>12>11
C
0.
' ,

Intensity -Vo Potential

•
. :. •Effect offrequenc)' OD••:,' > v.riadon of-.~·•
.,-,.._e mo.·.. •·_ , • \\riation·••
. . . .•
.- ltopping po~tial ·: .'. .? :, with de-Broglie wavelen .:.- :. with accel'
Metal A
Stopping
Potential Metal B
t
A.

0 Frequency of
~ Radiation
e
. )
Iv-+
. )

~
e

·11111t.=.
' .•

"-'\ 48
'.!':"·,~,
'!~ ' ' l

l'f·•
 2. J)iltallce of clowt apprw: Ja,
. 1 2Ze1 1
,:0 =
• 4,ceo
• KE
•
=•. o.mu-
0 _Jt

s• aadilll of. orbit

£ h2n2
0 _ 2
r" = xmZe2 - '1"
•• ,
E h2 . . . . . 1. •

::)
r. =
l
0
7[mt2
= 0.529 x 10- 10
in'= 0.52-9 A [•: .~·- 1, Z •· lf .
• : I '·'
4. Velocity of Orbitin g Electron ..
.
• •• ••
1

'7...
~ 2 v1 .· .·., ••; ..
v,. =- -=
2Eonh -n I ' I • •
• ; ~ I I ,. 'l
I C
Also v,. = 137 n. 1. \
• 4
j.

•, I
•• •

C
For, n = l, v = 137 ... , .

5. Energy of Orbiting Electron • (, . . . -;

(i) Kinetic energy, K= .!_mv2 = 1 ze2

2 4n:E0 2r
. . .
1 (Ze)(-e) ·1 Ze2 ·- ~ J •. :f! I. ~ : ~\ ! ~ • : • •"
(ii) Potential energy, •
f I f ,- , • • " ; f:

U= ----
. 41tE0 r · , • 4n:E ,r_: . .,·_.; : ..- ··- ..
0
. 1 Ze 2 · l ,ze 2 ,,:.,~··>- 1 , .. -•r:,; :.
(iii) Total energy E = K + U = -- . -- ' .. .,_ . ,.... !, 1

4n:E0 2r .147t:E0 ; r:,,, r·. l 1;,: ...• ,. 1 ~•- , -

• -- -l -
E= Ze 2 • -~' ·:··; - . . ~ i : . 4;;,;• ~.,• . . ·..:·~-; ; ; ;' _ _:- .• ..
: ,.., 4n:E0 2r ~ _ ...: ; .. ;: .. ·. ~ .... , ...... •• -~
For nth orbit, writing En for E, we have • , ,, , l • • , • ·i. :· ... , •
~

1 Ze 2 • mZ2e4 • -13.6 , El .
En = - 4n:Eo 2rn . - .8E2h2n2 = n2. eV ,= ·n2 :.,:~ -:. ••• • l , •
. .0 . . '< ,.
,.
Note: En = - K.E or K.E = - En " -~

P.E = - 2 K.E = 2 En
6. Hydrogen ~pectrum

(i) Energy of absorbed ph.:,on El- E. = Rhc (-¼--¼) ... , ·,: ::; , ·:.: .•.. .,,. ., ; •.- , .. :
' .n f ni .. •!
(ii} If v is the frequency of emitted radiation, we have from B~hr's fourth postulate

v = E;-E f = _ Re -(-Re) = Rc(-1 __!_) . • ..

h n~' ' .. n 2f 2 ·n~
n[, ; 1
•. • ' , •
(iii) The wave number (i.e., reciprocal of wavelength) of the emitted radiation is given
by
V = !_ = ~ = R(_!_ _ _.!_)
A c n} n~ i •

'l
,. 7• lomsa
• ti.on potentia
. I -13.6z2 I
=---vo t
. n2·

\a!11-'.
• Sample Papers
49
;,:: ' ·-·-
•.
 21tr 4n3 h3e20 •
8. Time period of orbiting Electron T_ = n = = T.. n3
' n Un mze4 1

1. Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. ·

Number of protons in a nucleus, z X A is Z and number of neutrons, n = A _ z
2. Radius of Nucleus: R =R0 A v3 where R0 ·= 1.2 x 1o- m
15

3. Density of Nuclear Matter: Dn = 10 kg/ m

17 3

4. Einstein's Mass Energy Equivalence Relation: E = mc

2 ♦ •

1 amu = 1 u = 931 MeV

5. Mass Defect: l::,.m = mass of nucleons in given nucleus - mass of nucleus
=Zmp + (A - Z) mn - M Nucleus
l::,.m
2
Binding Energy (B.E.) = [zmp + (A-Z)mn -MNuc1eusJc

~ha,ite,=14:eiectfonicT>evites~:-:·:~·
~ ~ ~ " " " " \ ~ , ; ~ , . · • · k • ~ t l ~ - ~ ~ " . l f l t • ' N ~ •..-....~-•_.,>-,.eai
:;~;0
' •·
'
he
1. Energy band gap: Eg = hv =~
2. In intrinsic semiconducotr: ne = nh = ni
where,. ne = number density of electron in conduction band
nh = number density of holes in valence band
n; = intrinsic carrier concentration
3. Total current through the pure semiconductor: I= le+ Ih
4. In n-type semiconductor: ne ~ Nd > > nh
where, Nd = density of donor atoms.
'f • • \ • I

5. In p-type semiconductor: n1i ~ Na > > ne

where, Na = density of acceptor atoms.
6. Mass-action law: At equilibrium in any semiconductor,
ne nh = n-2 i

7. Diode as Rectifier:
In half wave rectifier
(i) The output ripple frequency =f
(ii) Average value of de obtained, 'Ide= :
1 ' . ..
In full wave rectifier • . ,
'
(i) The output ripple frequency = 2f
210 .
• '. '
(ii) Average value of de obtained Ide =1t
where,/= Input fundamental frequency
10 = Peak value of current
•. >
.
11
'"'llllt.=. ,
.---.
50 Physics
'!~'!'!•!'':'''