MANIPAL UNIVERSITY

Jaipur

Department of Chemical Engineering

CE2130- TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
LABORATORY- 2 nd YEAR, 3rd SEMESTER,
2023

EXPERIMENT #3

BERNOULLI’S EXPERIMENT

INSTRUCTOR- DR. ANEES AHMED YUNUS KHAN

PERFORMED BY- SHASWAT GOYAL (229101002)

EXPERIMENT CARRIED ON: 16th AUGUST 2023

REPORT SUBMITTED ON: 23RD AUGUST 2023

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ___________ (10)

OBJECITIVES/INTRODUCTION/SCOPE/PROCEDURE ___________ (35)
RESULTS & DISCUSSION ___________ (35)
CONCLUSION ___________ (5)
REFERENCES ___________ (5)
APPENDIX
a) Original data, sample calculations, other information ____________ (5)

GENERAL COMPLETENESS
a) Conciseness and neatness ____________ (5)

TOTAL (100) ____________

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................3
2. OBJECTIVE........................................................................................................4
3. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................4
4. THEORY &EXPERIMENTAL SETUP……………………………………………
4
5. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE & RESULTS..............................................................7
6. DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................8
7. PRECAUTIONS...............................................................................................10
8. CONCLUSION................................................................................................10
9. REFERENCES................................................................................................10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: (1)
This experiment is designed to illustrate Bernoulli's theorem using a specialized apparatus known as
the Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration Apparatus. The primary objective is to demonstrate the key
principles of Bernoulli's theorem. The apparatus comprises several integral parts, including a venturi
meter, a pad with piezometer tubes, a pump, and a water tank equipped with a pump water
controller, water hoses, and tubing.
In this experiment, a venturi meter is employed to measure the flow of fluid through a pipe. The
venturi tube within the meter has both converging and diverging sections, which serve to respectively
increase and decrease the fluid's velocity and static pressure. The experiment is conducted three times,
each with different flow rates. The process begins once the pressure levels in each of the Piezometer
tubes A, B, C, D, E, and F are equal and stable. Flow rate measurements are determined as the water
level indicators reach equilibrium, and the pressure levels in each piezometer tube are measured to
calculate head loss.
From the conducted experiments, we can observe that as fluids move from regions of higher pressure
to lower pressure, their velocity increases in accordance with Bernoulli's theorem.

This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
This experiment is
about Bernoulli’s
theorem. The
objective of this
experiment is to
demonstrate the
Bernoulli’s theorem.
This experiment use
the Bernoulli‘s
Theorem
Demonstration
Apparatus.
OBJECTIVE-
The objective is to validate Bernoulli’s assumptions and theorem by experimentally proving
that the sum of the terms in the Bernoulli equation along a streamline always remains a
constant.

INTRODUCTION-
Bernoulli's principle states that as a fluid flow through a pipe, it moves faster in narrow
sections, causing lower pressure, and slower in wider sections, resulting in higher pressure.
This might initially seem paradoxical because higher fluid speed corresponds to lower
pressure.
Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration apparatus is used. The apparatus consists of a classical
Venturi made of clear acrylic. A series of wall tapping allow measurement of the static
pressure distribution along the converging duct, while a total head tube is provided to
transverse along the centre line of the test section. These tapings are connected to a
piezometer tank incorporating a manifold with air bleed valve. Pressurization of the
piezometers is facilitated by a hand pump.
THEORY & EXPERIMENTAL SETUP- (3)(1)
Bernoulli's theorem is a simplified equation that relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in
fluid dynamics. It is applicable in scenarios where the fluid flow remains steady, the fluid is
incompressible, and the effects of friction are minimal. This equation is derived by
integrating Euler's equation along a path within the fluid, assuming it is incompressible.
While the integration introduces a constant called Bernoulli's constant, this value can vary
between different paths within the fluid but remains constant along a specific path in cases of
steady, frictionless, incompressible flow.

Despite its simplicity, Bernoulli's equation is a potent tool in fluid mechanics. It essentially
states that the total energy, comprising kinetic energy (related to velocity), pressure energy
(related to static pressure), and potential energy (related to elevation), per unit weight of the
fluid, remains consistent at any given point. This principle holds true as long as the flow is
steady, non-rotational, frictionless, and employs an incompressible fluid . The key
approximation in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation is that viscous effects are negligibly
small compared to inertial, gravitational, and pressure effects.

Figure 1.1: Pressure head increases with decrease in velocity head. (4)

Assumptions:
• The density of the incompressible fluid remains constant at both points.
• The energy of the fluid is conserved as there are no viscous forces in the fluid.
The equation is as follows- (3)

p = Fluid static pressure at the cross section

ρ = Density of the flowing fluid
g = Acceleration due to gravity
v = Mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section
z = Elevation head of the centre at the cross section with respect to a datum
h* =Total (stagnation) head

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF A BERNOULLI’S APPARATUS

 (Image taken from TP-lab 1)

Description of a typical Bernoulli apparatus (4)

A Bernoulli apparatus is a simple experimental setup used to demonstrate and illustrate

Bernoulli's principle, which describes the relationship between the velocity and pressure of a
fluid in motion.

Sump tank: This container stores water and acts as a continuous water source for the
experiment, ensuring a consistent water supply. (2)

Overhead Tank: The steady-head tank maintains a constant water level, establishing a
consistent water pressure differential in the system. (2)

Centrifugal Pump: Responsible for lifting water from the reservoir tank to the steady-head
tank, the centrifugal pump maintains a controlled and stable water flow rate into the
experimental setup. (2)
Collection Tank: This tank collects the water passing through the test section. By measuring
the volume of water collected over time, researchers can calculate the fluid discharge rate and
study variations in flow rates. (2)

Variable-Cross-Section Conduit: The transparent conduit consists of sections with different

cross-sectional areas, including narrowing and widening sections. These variations in cross-
sectional area facilitate the observation and investigation of fluid behaviour as it flows
through different geometries, in accordance with Bernoulli's principle. (2)

Pressure Measurement Tubes: These tubes are affixed to the conduit at regular intervals,
allowing for the measurement of static pressure at various points along its length. These
pressure measurements aid in verifying Bernoulli's equation. (2)

Flow Control Valve and Bypass Valve: The flow control valve and bypass valve regulate
the flow of water from the steady-head tank into the conduit. They provide precise control
over flow rates and pressure conditions during experiments, enabling the simulation of
various flow scenarios. (2)

Outlet Valve: Positioned at the conduit's end, the outlet valve enables the regulation of water
flow through the test section. Adjusting this valve allows researchers to control conditions
within the conduit, such as flow rate and pressure, for the investigation of different aspects of
fluid behaviour. (2)

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE-
Materials Needed:

a. Bernoulli's apparatus
b. Water source (e.g., a water supply with a hose or a pipette)
c. Stopwatch or timer
d. Measuring scale or ruler

Procedure: (1)

1. Place the Bernoulli's apparatus on a stable and level surface. Ensure that the
apparatus is clean and free from obstructions. Connect the water source to the
 apparatus using the provided hose or pipette.
2. Gradually open the water source to allow water to flow into the apparatus. Adjust the
flow rate until it is steady and stable. You should have a continuous stream of water.
3. Use a measuring scale or ruler to measure the height of the water column inside the
vertical tube of the apparatus. This height represents the initial height of the fluid
column.
4. Start a stopwatch or timer.
5. Observe the water stream as it flows through the apparatus. Pay attention to the
shape and size of the water stream as it exits the narrow section of the tube (venturi
tube). It should narrow down in this section. Note any changes in the height of the
water column in the vertical tube.
6. Record the time it takes for the water level in the vertical tube to drop a certain
distance or reach a specific mark.
7. Conduct multiple trials by adjusting the flow rate of the water and measuring the
time it takes for the water level to change.
8. When you are done with the procedure ensure that the power supply is turned off and
the water is drained using the drain valves.

RESULTS:

Test point Diameter of pipe at test Cross-sectional area of Distance from the
point, d(mm) the section at the test reference point
section, a (m2 x 10-4) S(m)
1. 28 6.157 0.025
2. 21 3.463 0.069
3. 15 1.767 0.115
4. 14 1.539 0.132
5. 15 1.767 0.155
6. 21 3.463 0.203
7. 28 6.157 0.228

S. no. Ht (m x 10-2) Time (seconds) Height of water in the piezometric tube no.
(m x 10-2)
1. 2.9 20 38.9 38.6 37.5 34.7 35.6 36.7 37.1
2. 5.4 20 37.5 36.8 32.7 23.5 27.5 31.5 33
3. 7.1 20 36.4 35.2 29.1 15.1 22.9 28.4 30.2

DISCUSSION:
 Pressure head vs Velocity head for (Q1)
0.4 0.03
0.39
0.025
0.38
0.02
0.37

0.36 0.015
0.35
0.01
0.34
0.005
0.33

0.32 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

pressure head velocity head

Chart Title
0.4 0.1
0.35 0.09
0.08
0.3
0.07
0.25 0.06
0.2 0.05
0.15 0.04
0.03
0.1
0.02
0.05 0.01
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

pressure head velocity head

 Chart Title
0.4 0.18
0.35 0.16

0.3 0.14
0.12
0.25
0.1
0.2
0.08
0.15
0.06
0.1 0.04
0.05 0.02
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

pressure head velocity head

In a Bernoulli apparatus, a graph of pressure head versus velocity head for three different
flow rates provides insight into the relationship between pressure and velocity in fluid flow.
1. Pressure Head: This represents the pressure energy per unit weight of the fluid. It's
typically measured in units like meters or feet of fluid column. (2)
2. Velocity Head: This indicates the kinetic energy per unit weight of the fluid. It's
calculated using the formula v2/2g, where v is the velocity of the fluid and g is the
acceleration due to gravity. (2)
Graph 1 (Low Flow Rate):
 The pressure head is relatively high compared to the velocity head, indicating that the
fluid's energy is primarily in the form of pressure.
 This suggests the fluid is moving slowly, so the kinetic energy (velocity head) is
comparatively low.
Graph 2 (Moderate Flow Rate):
 The pressure head and velocity head are more balanced, suggesting a moderate flow
rate.
 The fluid possesses a significant amount of kinetic energy (velocity head) and
pressure energy (pressure head).

Graph 3 (High Flow Rate):

 The velocity head is dominant, indicating that the fluid is moving at a high velocity,
possessing a substantial amount of kinetic energy.
 The pressure head is relatively low compared to the velocity head, suggesting that
pressure energy is proportionally smaller due to the high velocity.
PRECAUTIONS:(4)
1. Conduct routine checks and maintenance on seals, connections, and fittings to
minimize potential leaks or pressure drops.
2. When modifying flow rates or pressure levels, implement adjustments in a gradual
manner and carefully observe the resulting effects before proceeding with additional
changes.
3. Provide an adequate duration for fluid flow to reach a stabilized state before
commencing data collection or observations to guarantee precise data.
4. Maintain a consistent and uninterrupted fluid flow through the apparatus by
appropriately adjusting valves and pressure sources.
5. Confirm the absence of air within the Piezometric tube to maintain accuracy in
measurements.

CONCLUSION:
So, we can conclude that Bernoulli's experiment shows that when fluid flows through a
narrow area, like a small hole, its speed increases, and its pressure decreases. This is most
noticeable at a point called the vena contracta, where the flow is most squeezed and the speed
is highest. This point highlights the important relationship between the fluid's speed and
pressure, and how they balance each other. Understanding this helps in designing better
systems involving fluid flow.

REFERENCES:

1. https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-2/(Mavs Open
Press).
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page (Wikipedia)

3. Transport phenomena 2nd edition by R. Byron Bird, Warren.E. Stewart, Edwin N.

Lightfoot
4. https://eerc03-iiith.vlabs.ac.in/exp/bernoullis/docs/1.Bernoullis_experiment (virtual
labs).