What is blockchain technology?

Blockchain technology is an advanced database mechanism that allows transparent

information sharing within a business network. A blockchain database stores data in blocks
that are linked together in a chain. The data is chronologically consistent because you cannot
delete or modify the chain without consensus from the network. As a result, you can use
blockchain technology to create an unalterable or immutable ledger for tracking orders,
payments, accounts, and other transactions. The system has built-in mechanisms that prevent
unauthorized transaction entries and create consistency in the shared view of these
transactions.

Why is blockchain important?

Traditional database technologies present several challenges for recording financial
transactions. For instance, consider the sale of a property. Once the money is exchanged,
ownership of the property is transferred to the buyer. Individually, both the buyer and the
seller can record the monetary transactions, but neither source can be trusted. The seller can
easily claim they have not received the money even though they have, and the buyer can
equally argue that they have paid the money even if they haven’t.

To avoid potential legal issues, a trusted third party has to supervise and validate transactions.
The presence of this central authority not only complicates the transaction but also creates a
single point of vulnerability. If the central database was compromised, both parties could
suffer.

Blockchain mitigates such issues by creating a decentralized, tamper-proof system to record

transactions. In the property transaction scenario, blockchain creates one ledger each for the
buyer and the seller. All transactions must be approved by both parties and are automatically
updated in both of their ledgers in real time. Any corruption in historical transactions will
corrupt the entire ledger. These properties of blockchain technology have led to its use in
various sectors, including the creation of digital currency like Bitcoin.

How do different industries use blockchain?

Blockchain is an emerging technology that is being adopted in innovative manner by various
industries. We describe some use cases in different industries in the following subsections:

Energy

Energy companies use blockchain technology to create peer-to-peer energy trading platforms
and streamline access to renewable energy. For example, consider these uses:

 Blockchain-based energy companies have created a trading platform for the sale of electricity
between individuals. Homeowners with solar panels use this platform to sell their excess solar
energy to neighbors. The process is largely automated: smart meters create transactions, and
blockchain records them.
 With blockchain-based crowd funding initiatives, users can sponsor and own solar panels in
communities that lack energy access. Sponsors might also receive rent for these communities
once the solar panels are constructed.

Finance

Traditional financial systems, like banks and stock exchanges, use blockchain services to
manage online payments, accounts, and market trading. For example, Singapore Exchange
Limited, an investment holding company that provides financial trading services throughout
Asia, uses blockchain technology to build a more efficient interbank payment account. By
adopting blockchain, they solved several challenges, including batch processing and manual
reconciliation of several thousand financial transactions.

Media and entertainment

Companies in media and entertainment use blockchain systems to manage copyright data.
Copyright verification is critical for the fair compensation of artists. It takes multiple
transactions to record the sale or transfer of copyright content. Sony Music Entertainment
Japan uses blockchain services to make digital rights management more efficient. They have
successfully used blockchain strategy to improve productivity and reduce costs in copyright
processing.

Retail

Retail companies use blockchain to track the movement of goods between suppliers and
buyers. For example, Amazon retail has filed a patent for a distributed ledger technology
system that will use blockchain technology to verify that all goods sold on the platform are
authentic. Amazon sellers can map their global supply chains by allowing participants such as
manufacturers, couriers, distributors, end users, and secondary users to add events to the
ledger after registering with a certificate authority.

What are the features of blockchain technology?

Blockchain technology has the following main features:

Decentralization

Decentralization in blockchain refers to transferring control and decision making from a

centralized entity (individual, organization, or group) to a distributed network. Decentralized
blockchain networks use transparency to reduce the need for trust among participants. These
networks also deter participants from exerting authority or control over one another in ways
that degrade the functionality of the network.

Immutability

Immutability means something cannot be changed or altered. No participant can tamper with
a transaction once someone has recorded it to the shared ledger. If a transaction record
includes an error, you must add a new transaction to reverse the mistake, and both
transactions are visible to the network.
Consensus

A blockchain system establishes rules about participant consent for recording transactions.
You can record new transactions only when the majority of participants in the network give
their consent.

What are the key components of blockchain technology?

Blockchain architecture has the following main components:

A distributed ledger

A distributed ledger is the shared database in the blockchain network that stores the
transactions, such as a shared file that everyone in the team can edit. In most shared text
editors, anyone with editing rights can delete the entire file. However, distributed ledger
technologies have strict rules about who can edit and how to edit. You cannot delete entries
once they have been recorded.

Smart contracts

Companies use smart contracts to self-manage business contracts without the need for an
assisting third party. They are programs stored on the blockchain system that run
automatically when predetermined conditions are met. They run if-then checks so that
transactions can be completed confidently. For example, a logistics company can have a
smart contract that automatically makes payment once goods have arrived at the port.

Public key cryptography

Public key cryptography is a security feature to uniquely identify participants in the

blockchain network. This mechanism generates two sets of keys for network members. One
key is a public key that is common to everyone in the network. The other is a private key that
is unique to every member. The private and public keys work together to unlock the data in
the ledger.

For example, John and Jill are two members of the network. John records a transaction that is
encrypted with his private key. Jill can decrypt it with her public key. This way, Jill is
confident that John made the transaction. Jill's public key wouldn't have worked if John's
private key had been tampered with.

How does blockchain work?

While underlying blockchain mechanisms are complex, we give a brief overview in the
following steps. Blockchain software can automate most of these steps:

Step 1 – Record the transaction

A blockchain transaction shows the movement of physical or digital assets from one party to
another in the blockchain network. It is recorded as a data block and can include details like
these:
 Who was involved in the transaction?
 What happened during the transaction?
 When did the transaction occur?
 Where did the transaction occur?
 Why did the transaction occur?
 How much of the asset was exchanged?
 How many pre-conditions were met during the transaction?

Step 2 – Gain consensus

Most participants on the distributed blockchain network must agree that the recorded
transaction is valid. Depending on the type of network, rules of agreement can vary but are
typically established at the start of the network.

Step 3 – Link the blocks

Once the participants have reached a consensus, transactions on the blockchain are written
into blocks equivalent to the pages of a ledger book. Along with the transactions, a
cryptographic hash is also appended to the new block. The hash acts as a chain that links the
blocks together. If the contents of the block are intentionally or unintentionally modified, the
hash value changes, providing a way to detect data tampering.

Thus, the blocks and chains link securely, and you cannot edit them. Each additional block
strengthens the verification of the previous block and therefore the entire blockchain. This is
like stacking wooden blocks to make a tower. You can only stack blocks on top, and if you
remove a block from the middle of the tower, the whole tower breaks.

Step 4 – Share the ledger

The system distributes the latest copy of the central ledger to all participants.

What are the types of blockchain networks?

There are four main types of decentralized or distributed networks in the blockchain:

Public blockchain networks

Public blockchains are permissionless and allow everyone to join them. All members of the
blockchain have equal rights to read, edit, and validate the blockchain. People primarily use
public blockchains to exchange and mine cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and
Litecoin.

Private blockchain networks

A single organization controls private blockchains, also called managed blockchains. The
authority determines who can be a member and what rights they have in the network. Private
blockchains are only partially decentralized because they have access restrictions. Ripple, a
digital currency exchange network for businesses, is an example of a private blockchain.

Hybrid blockchain networks

Hybrid blockchains combine elements from both private and public networks. Companies can
set up private, permission-based systems alongside a public system. In this way, they control
access to specific data stored in the blockchain while keeping the rest of the data public. They
use smart contracts to allow public members to check if private transactions have been
completed. For example, hybrid blockchains can grant public access to digital currency while
keeping bank-owned currency private.

Consortium blockchain networks

A group of organizations governs consortium blockchain networks. Preselected organizations

share the responsibility of maintaining the blockchain and determining data access rights.
Industries in which many organizations have common goals and benefit from shared
responsibility often prefer consortium blockchain networks. For example, the Global
Shipping Business Network Consortium is a not-for-profit blockchain consortium that aims
to digitize the shipping industry and increase collaboration between maritime industry
operators.

What are blockchain protocols?

The term blockchain protocol refers to different types of blockchain platforms that are
available for application development. Each blockchain protocol adapts the basic blockchain
principles to suit specific industries or applications. Some examples of blockchain protocols
are provided in the following subsections:

Hyperledger fabric

Hyperledger Fabric is an open-source project with a suite of tools and libraries. Enterprises
can use it to build private blockchain applications quickly and effectively. It is a modular,
general-purpose framework that offers unique identity management and access control
features. These features make it suitable for various applications, such as track-and-trace of
supply chains, trade finance, loyalty and rewards, and clearing settlement of financial assets.

Ethereum

Ethereum is a decentralized open-source blockchain platform that people can use to build
public blockchain applications. Ethereum Enterprise is designed for business use cases.

Corda

Corda is an open-source blockchain project designed for business. With Corda, you can build
interoperable blockchain networks that transact in strict privacy. Businesses can use Corda's
smart contract technology to transact directly, with value. Most of its users are financial
institutions.
Quorum

Quorum is an open-source blockchain protocol that is derived from Ethereum. It is specially

designed for use in a private blockchain network, where only a single member owns all the
nodes, or in a consortium blockchain network, where multiple members each own a portion
of the network.

How did blockchain technology evolve?

Blockchain technology has its roots in the late 1970s when a computer scientist named Ralph
Merkle patented Hash trees or Merkle trees. These trees are a computer science structure for
storing data by linking blocks using cryptography. In the late 1990s, Stuart Haber and W.
Scott Stornetta used Merkle trees to implement a system in which document timestamps
could not be tampered with. This was the first instance in the history of blockchain.

The technology has continued to evolve over these three generations:

First generation – Bitcoin and other virtual currencies

In 2008, an anonymous individual or group of individuals known only by the name Satoshi
Nakamoto outlined blockchain technology in its modern form. Satoshi's idea of the Bitcoin
blockchain used 1 MB blocks of information for Bitcoin transactions. Many of the features of
Bitcoin blockchain systems remain central to blockchain technology even today.

Second generation – smart contracts

A few years after first-generation currencies emerged, developers began to consider

blockchain applications beyond cryptocurrency. For instance, the inventors of Ethereum
decided to use blockchain technology in asset transfer transactions. Their significant
contribution was the smart contracts feature.

Third generation – the future

As companies discover and implement new applications, blockchain technology continues to

evolve and grow. Companies are solving limitations of scale and computation, and potential
opportunities are limitless in the ongoing blockchain revolution.

What are the benefits of blockchain technology?

Blockchain technology brings many benefits to asset transaction management. We list a few
of them in the following subsections:

Advanced security

Blockchain systems provide the high level of security and trust that modern digital
transactions require. There is always a fear that someone will manipulate underlying software
to generate fake money for themselves. But blockchain uses the three principles of
cryptography, decentralization, and consensus to create a highly secure underlying software
system that is nearly impossible to tamper with. There is no single point of failure, and a
single user cannot change the transaction records.

Improved efficiency

Business-to-business transactions can take a lot of time and create operational bottlenecks,
especially when compliance and third-party regulatory bodies are involved. Transparency and
smart contracts in blockchain make such business transactions faster and more efficient.

Faster auditing

Enterprises must be able to securely generate, exchange, archive, and reconstruct e-

transactions in an auditable manner. Blockchain records are chronologically immutable,
which means that all records are always ordered by time. This data transparency makes audit
processing much faster.

What is the difference between Bitcoin and blockchain?

Bitcoin and blockchain might be used interchangeably, but they are two different things.
Since Bitcoin was an early application of blockchain technology, people inadvertently began
using Bitcoin to mean blockchain, creating this misnomer. But blockchain technology has
many applications outside of Bitcoin.

Bitcoin is a digital currency that operates without any centralized control. Bitcoins were
originally created to make financial transactions online but are now considered digital assets
that can be converted to any other global currency, like USD or euros. A public Bitcoin
blockchain network creates and manages the central ledger.

Bitcoin network

A public ledger records all Bitcoin transactions, and servers around the world hold copies of
this ledger. The servers are like banks. Although each bank knows only about the money its
customers exchange, Bitcoin servers are aware of every single Bitcoin transaction in the
world.

Anyone with a spare computer can set up one of these servers, known as a node. This is like
opening your own Bitcoin bank instead of a bank account.

Bitcoin mining

On the public Bitcoin network, members mine for cryptocurrency by solving cryptographic
equations to create new blocks. The system broadcasts each new transaction publicly to the
network and shares it from node to node. Every ten minutes or so, miners collect these
transactions into a new block and add them permanently to the blockchain, which acts like
the definitive account book of Bitcoin.

Mining requires significant computational resources and takes a long time due to the
complexity of the software process. In exchange, miners earn a small amount of
cryptocurrency. The miners act as modern clerks who record transactions and collect
transaction fees.
 All participants across the network reach a consensus on who owns which coins, using
blockchain cryptography technology.

What is the difference between a database and a

blockchain?
Blockchain is a special type of database management system that has more features than a
regular database. We describe some significant differences between a traditional database and
a blockchain in the following list:

 Blockchains decentralize control without damaging trust in the existing data. This is not
possible in other database systems.
 Companies involved in a transaction cannot share their entire database. But in blockchain
networks, each company has its copy of the ledger, and the system automatically maintains
consistency between the two ledgers.
 Although in most database systems you can edit or delete data, in blockchain you can only
insert data.

How is blockchain different from the cloud?

The term cloud refers to computing services that can be accessed online. You can access
Software as a Service (SaaS), Product as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS) from the cloud. Cloud providers manage their hardware and infrastructure and give
you access to these computing resources over the internet. They provide many more
resources than just database management.If you want to join a public blockchain network,
you need to provide your hardware resources to store your ledger copy. You could use a
server from the cloud for this purpose too. Some cloud providers also offer complete
Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) from the cloud.

What is Blockchain as a Service?

Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) is a managed blockchain service that a third party provides in
the cloud. You can develop blockchain applications and digital services while the cloud
provider supplies the infrastructure and blockchain building tools. All you have to do is
customize existing blockchain technology, which makes blockchain adoption faster and more
efficient.

What are AWS Blockchain services?

AWS Blockchain services provide purpose-built tools to support your requirement. You can
use them to build everything from a centralized ledger database that maintains an immutable
record of transactions to a multi-party, fully managed blockchain network that helps
eliminate intermediaries. AWS has numerous validated blockchain solutions from partners
who support all major blockchain protocols, including Hyperledger, Corda, Ethereum,
Quorum, and more. As a result, you can develop blockchain and ledger applications more
easily, quickly, and efficiently with AWS. Some useful AWS Blockchain services are as
follows:
Amazon Quantum Ledger Database (QLDB) is a fully managed ledger database that provides
a transparent, immutable, and cryptographically verifiable transaction log. It has a built-in
journal that stores an accurate and sequenced entry of every data change. The journal is
append-only, meaning that users can add data to the journal but cannot overwrite or delete it.

Amazon Managed Blockchain is a fully managed service that makes it easy to join public
networks or create and manage scalable private networks using Hyperledger Fabric and
Ethereum. Get started with blockchain by creating an AWS account today.