ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS-2 (AC)

Lecture 1: Basics of Sine Wave

Slide Acknowledgement: Prof. Dr. Abdul Mannan & Ms. Sadia Yasmin

1 18-Sep-22
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Faraday’s Law: When a conductor is moved
across a magnetic field (flux) so as to cut
through the flux lines, an electromotive force
(emf) is produced in the conductor.
Faraday’s Law states that the magnitude of
induced voltage is proportional to the rate of
change of flux. where, N = number of turns
𝒅∅ ∅= magnetic flux
𝒆=𝑵 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒅∅
𝒅𝒕 = rate of change of flux
𝒅𝒕
If the conductor forms part of a
closed circuit the emf produced An emf (and thus current) is induced in the
cause an electric current to flow conductors as a result of its movement
round the circuit. across the magnetic field. This effect is
known as “ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION”.
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SINE WAVE GENERATION
Equation of the magnitude of Induced voltage:

𝑬 = 𝑩𝒍𝒗 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 Where, B = magnetic flux density,

l = the length of conductor, v =
If B, l, v are
conductor velocity and 𝜃 = sine of
constant, then,
angle between flux line and the
𝑬 ∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 direction of motion of conductor.
Assume 𝑩𝒍𝒗 = 𝑬𝒎 , then 𝑬 ∞ 𝑬𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

𝜃 0° 45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0 1Τ 2 = 0.707 1 1Τ 2 = 0.707 0 −1Τ 2 = −0.707 -1 −1Τ 2 = −0.707 0

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Generator converts from mechanical power to electrical power.

Motor converts from electrical power to mechanical power.

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 An alternating current/voltage is a periodic current/voltage, the average value of
which over a period is zero.
Alternating current/voltage rises from
Different Types of Waveform: zero to a maximum value in one direction
and decreases back to zero. It then rises
Sine: to the same maximum value in the
opposite direction and again decreases to
Triangle: zero. These values are repeated again and
again at equal intervals of time.
The graph of instantaneous values of an
Square: alternating quantity plotted against time
is called waveform.
Sawtooth:
A waveform that continually repeats itself
after the same time interval is called
periodic waveform.
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 MEASUREMENT OF SINE WAVES
The value of an alternating quantity at a particular instant or
moment of time is known as its instantaneous value.
At t = t1 , the instantaneous value is U1 and 𝑎𝑡 t 4 , the value is U4 .
The peak value, Up is the maximum value. It applies to either
the positive or negative peak.
The peak-to-peak value, Upp is the voltage (or current) from
the positive peak to the negative peak.
One complete set of positive and negative values of
alternating quantity is called cycle.

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 EXAMPLE OF CYCLE IN DIFFERENT WAVES

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The time taken by an alternating quantity to complete its one cycle is known as
Time Period (T). Unit: second (s).
The number of cycles completed by an alternating quantity per second is known as
Frequency (f). Unit: Cycle per Second (cps) or Hertz (Hz).
𝟏
Relation between f and T: 𝑻=
𝒇

Time Period of DC Voltage: Infinite

Frequency (f) in Bangladesh: 50 Hz

𝟏
𝒇=
𝟏
= 𝟐 𝐇𝐳
Frequency (f) in USA: 60 Hz
𝒇= = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐇𝐳
𝟎. 𝟒 𝟎. 𝟓
Relation Between Frequency and Speed: Relation Between Radians and Degree:
where, P = no. of poles
and N = speed of
alternator in rpm

9 rpm = rotation per minute

18-Sep-22
 The velocity with which the radius rotates about the center is
called Angular Frequency or Velocity (𝝎). Unit: Radian per
Second (rad/sec).
𝟐𝜋
𝝎=
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
=
𝜽
𝒕
For one time period, 𝝎 = 𝑻
= 2𝜋f

Graphical Representation of Sine Wave:

Conversion of 𝜽 to t: Analytical Expression of a Sine Wave:

Conversion of 𝒕 to 𝜽:

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Phase Relation:
• If the waveform passes through the • If the waveform passes through the
horizontal axis with a positive horizontal axis with a positive
going (increasing with time) slope going (increasing with time) slope
before 0°, the expression is: after 0°, the expression is:

The terms leading and lagging are used to indicate the relationship
between two sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency plotted
on the same set of axes.
The cosine curve is leading the sine curve
by 90°, or, the sine curve is lagging the
cosine curve by 90°.
The 90° is referred to as the phase angle
between the two waveforms.
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Draw the following wave shapes and find the phase angle.

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13 N.B: The abscissa and ordinate all together are called coordinates.
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 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟖𝟎° × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 + 𝟔𝟎° = −𝟒𝟑. 𝟑 𝑽

𝟒𝝅 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝟔𝟎° = 𝟓𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝟔𝟎°
𝟑 𝟑

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 REFERENCES

[1] INTRODUCTORY CIRCUIT ANALYSIS’ BY ROBERT. L. BOYLESTAD

13TH EDITION

16 18-Sep-22