CLOUD COMPUTING

UNIT I: UNDERSTANDING CLOUD COMPUTING

Computing Paradigms – Cloud Computing Fundamentals – History of Cloud Computing –
Cloud Computing Architecture
chitecture & Management – Cloud Computing Deployment Models – Cloud
Storage – Why Cloud Computing Matters – Advantages of Cloud Computing
puting – Disadvantages of
Cloud Computing – Cloud Services
Services.
COMPUTING PARADIGMS
Over the years different computing paradigms have been developed and used. In fact
different computing paradigms have existed before the cloud computing paradigm. Let us
take a look at all the computing paradigms below.
1. DistributedComputing:

Distributed computing is defined as a type of computing where multiple computer

systems work on a single problem. Here all the computer systems are linked together
and the problem is divided into sub
sub-problems
problems where each part is solved by different
computer systems.
The goal of distributed computing is to increase the performance and efficiency of th
the
system and ensure fault tolerance.
In the below diagram, each processor has its own local memory and all the processors
communicate with each other over a network.

2. Parallel Computing :
Parallel computing is defined as a type of computing where multiple computer
systems are used simultaneously. Here a problem is broken into sub
sub-problems and
then further broken down into instructions. These instructions from each sub
sub-
problem are executed concurrently on different processors.
Here in the below diagram
ram you can see how the parallel computing system consists of
multiple processors that communicate with each other and perform multiple tasks
over a shared memory simultaneously.
The goal of parallel computing is to save time and provide concurrency.
 3. Cluster Computing :

A cluster is a group of independent computers that work together to perform the tasks
given.

Cluster computing is defined as a type of computing that consists of two or more

independent computers, referred to as nodes, that work together to execute tasks as a
single machine.

The goal of cluster computing is to increase the performance, scalability and simplicity
of the system.
As you can see in the below diagram, all the nodes, (irrespective of whether they are a
parent node or child
hild node), act as a single entity to perform the tasks.

4. Grid Computing :

Grid computing is defined as a type of computing where it is constitutes a network of

computers that work together to perform tasks that may be difficult for a single machine to
handle. All the computers on that network work under the same umbrella and are termed as
a virtual super computer.
The tasks they work on is of either high computing power and consist of large data sets.
All communication between the computer systems in gr grid
id computing is done on the “data
grid”.
The goal of grid computing is to solve more high computational problems in less time and
improve productivity.
 5. Utility Computing :

Utility computing is defined as the type of computing where the service provider provides
the needed resources and services to the customer and charges them depending on the
usage of these resources as per requirement and demand, but not of a fixed rate.
Utility computing involves the renting of resources such as hardware, software, et etc.
depending on the demand and the requirement.
The goal of utility computing is to increase the usage of resources and be more cost
cost-efficient.

6. Edge Computing :

Edge computing is defined as the type of computing that is focused on decreasing the long
distance
stance communication between the client and the server. This is done by running fewer
processes in the cloud and moving these processes onto a user’s computer, IoT device or
edge device/server.
The goal of edge computing is to bring computation to the netwnetwork’s
ork’s edge which in turn
builds less gap and results in better and closer interaction.
 7. Fog Computing :

Fog computing is defined as the type of computing that acts a computational structure
between the cloud and the data producing devices. It is also called as “fogging”.
This structure enables users to allocate resources, data, applications in locations at a closer
range within each other.
The goal of fog computing is to improve the overall network efficiency and performance.

8. Cloud Computing :

Cloud is defined as the usage of someone else’s server to host, process or store data.
Cloud computing is defined as the type of computing where it is the delivery of on
on-demand
computing services over the internet on a pay pay-as-you-go
go basis. It is widely distributed,
dis
network-based
based and used for storage.
There type of cloud are public, private, hybrid and community and some cloud providers are
Google cloud, AWS, Microsoft Azure and IBM cloud.
 CLOUD COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS

COMPUTE

Instead of provisioning your server in a local data center, you can outsource the
computing power needed by your server from a cluster of virtual machines in the Cloud.
Compute is the processing power required by applications and systems to process data and
carry out computational tasks.

The compute capacity of a virtual machine solely depends on the hardware resources
attributed to its host computer. The compute resources refer to the CPU, Storage, Memory,
and the Network Bandwidth available to the machine where your VM is running. TToday, most
cloud service providers have done a pretty good job designing a wide selection of prepre-
configured machines that can accommodate a variety of workloads.

STORAGE

The main benefit of storing data in the cloud is the convenience of increasing your storage
capacity without maintaining and buying more local hard drives. You cannot prevent data
corruption from happening in the event of a hard disk failure. In the cloud, your data is stored
persistently across logical pools in physical storage hosted by your cloud service provider. You
can store different types of data such as objects, files, and backups.

DATABASE

The database is a system that stores and manages structured and unstructured information.
Databases in the cloud are typically managed and offered as a service by a cloud service
provider. This means that maintaining and updating the underlying components of your
database instance, such as OS updates and software patches, are no longer your responsibility.
Databases in the cloud are also scal
scalable and highly available in nature.

NETWORKING

The cloud is a large ecosystem of computers that communicate and integrate with each other
to deliver a specific service to customers. Cloud service providers make sure that they always
maintain a high-speed network connection within their infrastructures to support the needs
of their end-users. You can use the cloud to provide a global link to distribute your application
all over the world.

SECURITY

In the cloud, data is stored in secured remote data center facilities. This means that threats
like theft and data breach are unlikely going to happen. As a cloud user, your responsibility is
more on data management. The cloud has sets of tools to help you enforce high levels of
security. For example, you have control on the encryption and decryption of your data. You
can also choose to authenticate and authorize selected users and services to access your
applications.

HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server computing which is
basically a centralized storage in which all the software applications, all the data and all the
controls are resided on the server side.

If a single user wants to access specific data or run a program, he/she need to connect to the
server and then gain appropriate access, and then he/she can do his/her business.

Then after, distributed computing came into picture, where all the computers are networked
together and share their resources when needed.

On the basis of above computing, there was emerged of cloud computing concepts that
later implemented.

At around in 1961, John MacCharty suggested in a speech at MIT that computing can be sold
like a utility, just like a water or electricity. It was a brilliant idea, but like all brilliant ideas, it
was ahead if its time, as for the next few decades, despite interest in the model, the technology
simply was not ready for it.

But of course time has passed and the technology caught that idea and after few years we
mentioned that:

In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to users using a simple website. The
applications were delivered to enterprises over the Internet, and this way the dream of
computing sold as utility were true.

In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing services like storage, computation
and even human intelligence. However, only starting with the launch of the Elastic Compute
Cloud in 2006 a truly commercial service open to everybody existed.

In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise applications.

Of course, all the big players are present in the cloud computing evolution, some were earlier,
some were later. In 2009, Microsoft launched Windows Azure, and companies like Oracle and
HP have all joined the game. This proves that today, cloud computing has become mainstream.
 CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE & MANAGEMENT

cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations to store the
information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet connection.

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented

oriented architecture and event-
driven architecture.

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

o Front End
o Back End

The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing -

Front End

The front end is used by the client. It contains client

client-side
side interfaces and applications
that are required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes web servers
(including Chrome, Firefox,
fox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile
devices.

Back End

The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are
required to provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data st storage,
security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms,
etc.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure

Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) to
interact with the cloud.

2. Application

The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.

3. Service

A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client’s
requirement.

Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:

i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly, SaaS
applications run directly through the web browser means we do not require to download and
install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given below –

Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.

ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services. It is quite
similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software creation, but
using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of any platform.

Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.

iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure services. It

is responsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime environments.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco Metapod.

4. Runtime Cloud

Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines.

5. Storage

Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a huge
amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.

6. Infrastructure

It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud
infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network
devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the
cloud computing model.

7. Management
Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud,
storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in th
thee backend and establish coordination
between them.

8. Security

Security is an in-built
built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security
mechanism in the back end.

9. Internet

The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can in
interact
teract and communicate
with each other.

Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Most cloud hubs have tens of thousands of servers and storage devices to enable fast
loading. It is often possible to choose a geographic area to put the data "closer" to users. Thus,
deployment models for cloud computing are categorized based on their loc location. To know
which model would best fit the requirements of your organization, let us first learn about the
various types.

Public Cloud

The name says it all. It is accessible to the public. Public deployment models in the cloud
are perfect for organizations with growing and fluctuating demands. It also makes a great
choice for companies with low-security
security concerns. Thus, you pay a cloud service provider for
networking services, compute virtualization & storage available on the public internet. It is
also a great delivery model for the teams with development and testing. Its configuration and
deployment are quick and easy, making it an ideal choice for test environments.
Benefits of Public Cloud

o Minimal Investment - As a pay

pay-per-use service, theree is no large upfront cost and is
ideal for businesses who need quick access to resources
o No Hardware Setup - The cloud service providers fully fund the entire Infrastructure
o No Infrastructure Management - This does not require an in-house
house team to utilize the
public cloud.

Limitations of Public Cloud

o Data Security and Privacy Concerns - Since it is accessible to all, it does not fully protect
against cyber-attacks
attacks and could lead to vulnerabilities.
o Reliability Issues - Since the same server network is open to a wide range of users, it
can lead to malfunction and outages
o Service/License Limitation - While there are many resources you can exchange with
tenants, there is a usage cap.

Private Cloud

Now that you understand what the public cloud could offer you, of course, you are keen
to know what a private cloud can do. Companies that look for cost efficiency and greater
control over data & resources will find the private cloud a more suitable choice.

It means that it will be integrated with your data center and managed by your IT team.
Alternatively, you can also choose to host it externally. The private cloud offers bigger
opportunities that help meet specific organizations' requirements when it comes to
customization. It's also a wise choice for mission
mission-critical
al processes that may have frequently
changing requirements.
Benefits of Private Cloud

o Data Privacy - It is ideal for storing corporate data where only authorized personnel
gets access
o Security - Segmentation of resources within the same Infrastructure ccan help with
better access and higher levels of security.
o Supports Legacy Systems - This model supports legacy systems that cannot access the
public cloud.

Limitations of Private Cloud

o Higher Cost - With the benefits you get, the investment will also be la
larger than the
public cloud. Here, you will pay for software, hardware, and resources for staff and
training.
o Fixed Scalability - The hardware you choose will accordingly help you scale in a certain
direction
o High Maintenance - Since it is managed in
in-house, the maintenance costs also increase.

Community Cloud

The community cloud operates in a way that is similar to the public cloud. There's just one
difference - it allows access to only a specific set of users who share common objectives and
use cases. This type of deployment model of cloud computing is managed and hosted
internally or by a third-party
party vendor. However, you can also choose a combination of all three.
Benefits of Community Cloud

o Smaller Investment - A community cloud is much cheaper than the private & public
cloud and provides great performance
o Setup Benefits - The protocols and configuration of a community cloud must align with
industry standards, allowing customers to work much more efficiently.

Limitations of Community Cloud

o Shared Resources - Due to restricted bandwidth and storage capacity, community

resources often pose challenges.
o Not as Popular - Since this is a recently introduced model, it is not that popular or
available across industries

Hybrid Cloud

As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more cloud

architectures. While each model in the hybrid cloud functions differently, it is all part of the
same architecture. Further, as part of this deployment of the cloud computing model, the
internal or external providers can offer resources.

Let's understand the hybrid model better. A company with critical data will prefer storing on a
private cloud, while less sensitive data can be stored on a public cloud. The hybrid cloud is
also frequently used for 'cloud bursting'. It means, supposes an organization runs an
application on-premises, but due to heavy load, it can burst into the public cloud.
Benefits of Hybrid Cloud

o Cost-Effectiveness - The overall cost of a hybrid solution decreases since it majorly uses
the public cloud to store data.
o Security - Since data is properly segmented, the chances of data theft from attackers are
significantly reduced.
o Flexibility - With higher levels of flexibility, businesses can create custom solutions that
fit their exact requirements

Limitations of Hybrid Cloud

o Complexity - It is complex setting up a hybrid cloud since it needs to integrate two or

more cloud architectures
o Specific Use Case - This model makes more sense for organizations that have multiple
use cases or need to separate critical and sensitive data

CLOUD STORAGE

Cloud Storage is a mode of computer data storage in which digital data is stored on servers in
off-site locations. The servers are maintained by a third-party provider who is responsible for
hosting, managing, and securing data stored on its infrastructure. The provider ensures that
data on its servers is always accessible via public or private internet connections.

Cloud Storage enables organizations to store, access, and maintain data so that they do not
need to own and operate their own data centers, moving expenses from a capital expenditure
model to operational. Cloud Storage is scalable, allowing organizations to expand or reduce
their data footprint depending on need.

Google Cloud provides a variety of scalable options for organizations to store their data in the
cloud. Learn more about Cloud Storage at Google Cloud.

WHY CLOUD COMPUTING MATTERS

 For developers, cloud computing provides increased amounts of storage and
processing power to run the applications they develop. Cloud computing also enables new
ways to access information, process and analyze data, and connect people and resources from
any location anywhere in the world. In essence, it takes the lid off the box; with cloud
computing, developers are no longer boxed in by physical constraints.

For IT departments, cloud computing offers more flexibility in computing power, often at
lower costs. With cloud computing, IT departments don't have to engineer for peak-load
capacity, because the peak load can be spread out among the external assets in the cloud. And,
because additional cloud resources are always at the ready, companies no longer have to
purchase assets (servers, workstations, and the like) for infrequent intensive computing tasks.
If you need more processing power, it's always there in the cloud—and accessible on a cost-
efficient basis.

For end users, cloud computing offers all these benefits and more. An individual using a web-
based application isn't physically bound to a single PC, location, or network. His applications
and documents can be accessed wherever he is, whenever he wants. Gone is the fear of losing
data if a computer crashes. Documents hosted in the cloud always exist, no matter what
happens to the user's machine.

And then there's the benefit of group collaboration, for both individuals and organizations.
Users from around the world can collaborate on the same documents, applications, and
projects, in real time. It's a whole new world of collaborative computing, all enabled by the
notion of cloud computing.

For everyone concerned, cloud computing does all this at lower costs, because the cloud
enables more efficient sharing of resources than does traditional network computing. When
you tap into the power of the cloud, you get supercomputing power at PC prices—something
that offers particular appeal to individuals and small businesses. And, with cloud computing,
hardware doesn't have to be physically adjacent to a firm's office or data center; cloud
infrastructure can be located anywhere, including and especially areas with lower real estate
and electricity costs.

ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Cost Savings

Cost saving is one of the biggest Cloud Computing benefits. It helps you to save substantial
capital cost as it does not need any physical hardware investments. Also, you do not need
trained personnel to maintain the hardware. The buying and managing of equipment is done
by the cloud service provider.

Strategic edge
Cloud computing offers a competitive edge over your competitors. It is one of the best
advantages of Cloud services that helps you to access the latest applications any time without
spending your time and money on installations.

High Speed

Cloud computing allows you to deploy your service quickly in fewer clicks. This faster
deployment allows you to get the resources required for your system within fewer minutes.

Back-up and restore data

Once the data is stored in a Cloud, it is easier to get the back-up and recovery of that, which is
otherwise very time taking process on-premise.

Automatic Software Integration

In the cloud, software integration is something that occurs automatically. Therefore, you don’t
need to take additional efforts to customize and integrate your applications as per your
preferences.

Reliability

Reliability is one of the biggest benefits of Cloud hosting. You can always get instantly updated
about the changes.

Mobility

Employees who are working on the premises or at the remote locations can easily access all
the could services. All they need is an Internet connectivity.

Unlimited storage capacity

The cloud offers almost limitless storage capacity. At any time you can quickly expand your
storage capacity with very nominal monthly fees.

Collaboration

The cloud computing platform helps employees who are located in different geographies to
collaborate in a highly convenient and secure manner.

Quick Deployment

Last but not least, cloud computing gives you the advantage of rapid deployment. So, when
you decide to use the cloud, your entire system can be fully functional in very few minutes.
Although, the amount of time taken depends on what kind of technologies are used in your
business

DISADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Performance Can Vary

When you are working in a cloud environment, your application is running on the server
which simultaneously provides resources to other businesses. Any greedy behavior or DDOS
attack on your tenant could affect the performance of your shared resource.

Technical Issues

Cloud technology is always prone to an outage and other technical issues. Even, the best cloud
service provider companies may face this type of trouble despite maintaining high standards
of maintenance.

Security Threat in the Cloud

Another drawback while working with cloud computing services is security risk. Before
adopting cloud technology, you should be well aware of the fact that you will be sharing all
your company’s sensitive information to a third-party cloud computing service provider.
Hackers might access this information.

Downtime

Downtime should also be considered while working with cloud computing. That’s because
your cloud provider may face power loss, low internet connectivity, service maintenance, etc.

Internet Connectivity

Good Internet connectivity is a must in cloud computing. You can’t access cloud without an
internet connection. Moreover, you don’t have any other way to gather data from the cloud.

Lower Bandwidth

Many cloud storage service providers limit bandwidth usage of their users. So, in case if your
organization surpasses the given allowance, the additional charges could be significantly
costly

Lacks of Support

Cloud Computing companies fail to provide proper support to the customers. Moreover, they
want their user to depend on FAQs or online help, which can be a tedious job for non-technical
persons

CLOUD SERVICES

Cloud services are infrastructure, platforms, or software that are hosted by third-party
providers and made available to users through the internet.

Cloud services facilitate the flow of user data from front-end clients (e.g., users’ servers,
tablets, desktops, laptops—anything on the users’ ends), through the internet, to the
provider’s systems, and back. Cloud services promote the building of cloud-native
applications and the flexibility of working in the cloud. Users can access cloud services with
nothing more than a computer, operating system, and internet connectivity.
Examples of cloud services

All infrastructure, platforms, software, or technologies that users access through the internet
without requiring additional software downloads can be considered cloud
computing services—including the following as-a-Service solutions.

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provides users with compute, networking, and

storage resources.

Platforms-as-a-Service(PaaS) provides users with a platform on which applications

can run, as well as all the IT infrastructure required for it to run.

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) provides users with—essentially—a cloud application,

the platform on which it runs, and the platform’s underlying infrastructure.