CHAPTER TWO

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

2.1 DOUBLE INTEGRALS AND THEIR EVALUATION BY ITERATED INTEGRALS.

2.1.1. DEFINITION OF DOUBLE INTEGRAL

Definition: The double integrals of f over the rectangle R is

m n

 f ( x, y )dA  lim  f ( xij , yij )A if the limit exist

* *
(1)
R m , n  i 1 j 1

fig 2.1

Note that : If f is non-negative and continuous, then volume of the solid bounded by f from
m n
V   f  x, y  dA  lim  f ( xij , yij )A
* *
above and R from below is given by
R m , n i 1 j 1

1|Page
Multiple integral
 2.1.2 ITERATED INTEGRALS

Theorem 1.5.1: (Double integrals as iterated single integrals)

Suppose that f ( x, y ) is continuous on the rectangle R  [a, b]  [c, d ] . Then

d
b
 
d b


R
f ( x, y )dA    f ( x, y )dydx    f ( x, y )dxdy
a c  c a  (2)

Example 1: Compute the iterated integrals in equation (2) for the function

f ( x, y )  5 x 4  2 x 2 y on the rectangle R  [ 1,3]  [0,2] .

Solution: The rectangle R is shown in Fig 5.2. With the help of equation 2,

2
2 
 5x 
3 3

    yx y
4 2 4 2 2
 (5 x 2 x y ) dy  dx dx 2
1  0  1 y 0

 10x 
3
 4
 4 x 2 dx -1 3 x
1
Fig 2.2
3
 4 
  2 x5  x3  
1576 .
 3  1 3

Interchanging orders of integrations will also give the same result. That is

3 
3

   5 2 3 
2 2

0 1     x  x y  dy
4 2
5 x 2 x y dx  dy
 0  x 1
3

2
 56   28 2 
2
   244  y dy   244 y  y 
0  3   3  0  1576 .
3

2|Page
Multiple integral
 Example 2: Evaluate the iterated integrals

3 2 2 3
a)   x 2 y dy dx b) x
2
y dx dy
0 1 1 0

Solution : Class activity

Fubini’s Theorem : If f is continuous on the rectangle

b d d b
R  {( x, y ) : a  x  b and c  y  d } , then  f ( x, y)dA    f ( x, y) dy dx    f ( x, y) dx dy
R a c c a

More generally, this is true if we assume that f is bounded on R , f is discontinuous

only on a finite number of smooth curves, and the iterated integrals exist.

 ( x  3 y
2
Example 3 : Evaluate the double integral )dA , where
R

R  {( x, y ) : 0  x  2 and 1  y  2}

Solution : Fubini’s theorem gives

2 2

 ( x  3 y   (x  3y
2 2
)dA = ) dy dx
R 0 1

 xy  y  dx
2
3 2
= 1
0

=  ( x  7) dx
0

3|Page
Multiple integral
 2
 x2 
=   7 x  = -12
2 0

Exercise 1 . Evaluate  y sin xy  dA , where R  [1,2]  [0,  ]

R

2.1.3 PROPERTIES OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS

Let C be a constant, f and g be continuous functions on a region R on which f ( x, y ) attains

a minimum value m and a maximum value M. Let a(R) denote area of the region R, if all the
indicated integrals exist, then

 cf ( x, y )dA  c  f ( x, y )dA
i. R R ,

 ( f ( x, y)  g ( x, y))dA   f ( x, y)dA   g ( x, y)dA

ii. R R R ,

m.a ( R )   f ( x, y )dA  M .a( R)

iii. R ,

 f ( x, y)dA   f ( x, y)dA   f ( x, y)dA     f ( x, y )dA

iv. R R1 R2 Rn

provided that R  R1  R2  ...  Rn and the Ri ' s are mutually disjoint regions for each

i  1,2,3,..., n.

2.1.4 DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER GENERAL REGION

Let type I regions (Vertically simple regions) are show below

Fig2.3

4|Page
Multiple integral
 If f is continuous on type I region D such that

b g2 ( x)

D  {( x, y) : a  x  b and g1 ( x)  y  g 2 ( x)},  f ( x, y )dA   f ( x, y)dA    f ( x, y) dy dx

D D a g1 ( x )

Type II regions (horizontally simple regions)are show below

fig 2.4

If f is continuous on type II region D such that

d h2 ( y )

D  {( x, y) : c  y  d and h1 ( x)  x  h2 ( x)} ,  f ( x, y )dA   f ( x, y )dA    f ( x, y) dx dy

D D c h1 ( y )

Example 4 : Evaluate  ( x  2 y )dA where D

D
is the region bounded by the parabolas

y  2x 2 and y  x2 1 .

Solution : The parabolas intersect at 2 x 2  x 2  1 , that is , x  1.The region D sketched as

type I region but not as type II region

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Multiple integral
Fig 2. 5 D  {( x, y ) : 1  x  1 and 2 x 2  y  1  x 2 }

1 y 1 x
2

 
1
1 x 2
 ( x  2 y )dA =   ( x  2 y) dy dx =  xy  y
2
2 x2 dx
D 1 y  2 x 2 1

1
=  (3x 4  x 3  2 x 2  x  1)dx
1

1
  3x 5 x 4 2 x 3 x 2  32
=      x =
 5 4 3 2  1 15

Exercise : 2. Find the volume of the solid that lies below the paraboloid z = x2 +y2

above the region D in the xy- plane bounded by the line y = 2x and the parabolic y = x2

6|Page
Multiple integral
 2.2 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES.

Let z  f ( x, y ) is continuous and is defined in the region R, then

 f ( x, y)dA  R f (r cos , r sin )r dr d

R
(3)

Thus, we formally transform in to polar coordinates a double integral over a polar rectangle of the

form a  r  b,     by substituting x  r cos , y  r sin  , dA  rdrd

and inserting the appropriate limits of integration on r and  .

Example 5. Use polar coordinates to evaluate the integral  x 2  y 2 dxdy , where R is the
R

semi-circular region x 2  y 2  a 2 , y  0 of radius a (See Fig 2.6)

Fig 2.6

 x 2  y 2 dxdy   r cos 2  r sin 2 rdrd

Solution: R R

7|Page
Multiple integral
  a  r3
 a
 3 
d  a d  a 
3
   r dr d   
3 0
2

0
 3  3
.
0 0 0 

 ln( x  y 2 )dxdy, where R

2
Exercise 3. Use polar coordinates to evaluate the integral
R

by the circles x  y  4 and x  y  e (See Fig 5.7).

2 2 2 2 2
is the annual region bounded

o
2 e

2 .3 APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS

Fig 2.7

2.3.1 Area and volume by double integration

Definition 2.3.1

Suppose that a function f is continuous and non negative on the bounded plane region R.(See
Fig5.8). Then the volume V of the solid that lies below the surface z  f ( x, y ) and above the
region R is defined to be
z
S
V   f ( x, y )dA
R
(5)
z=f(x, y)
D
provided that this integral exists.

If the region R in equation (5) is vertically simple,

y
x
then the volume integral in equation (5) takes the form R
Fig 2.8
8|Page
Multiple integral
 b f 2 ( x)

V   zdA    f ( x, y)dydx (6)

R x  a f1 ( x )

in terms of iterated integrals .On the other hand, if the region R in equation (5) is horizontally
simple, then the volume integral in equation (5) takes the form

d h2 ( y )

V   zdA    f ( x, y)dxdy (7)

R y  c x  h1 ( y )

in terms of iterated integrals.

Definition 1.5.2

Suppose f ( x, y )  1 as a special case in equation (5). We define the area A of a plan region R
by

A  1.dA
R
(8)

where R is the region between the graphs of two continuous functions f1 and f 2 on [a, b] such

that f1  f 2 , equation (8) becomes

b f2 ( x)

A   1dA    dydx (9)

R x  a y  f1 ( x )

as iterated integrals. But if the region R is bounded by two continuous functions h1 and h2 on

[c, d[ such that h1  h2 equation (8) becomes

d h2 ( y )

A   1dA    dxdy . (10)

R y  c x  h1 ( y )

In polar coordinates equation (5) and (8) become

9|Page
Multiple integral
  h2 ( )
V   f (r cos , r sin )rdr d (11)
 h1 ( )

and

 h2 ( )
A  rdrd . (12)
 h1 ( )

Example 6 Let D be the solid region bounded above by the paraboloid Z  2  x 2  y 2

and below by the xy – plane. Find the volume V of D.

z

z=2-x2-

Fig 2.9
Solution:

The region R of equation (5) is the disc x

2
 y 2  2 . By using polar coordinates,

2 2
V   (2  x  y ) dA    2  r  rdrd
2 2 2

R 0 0

10 | P a g e
Multiple integral
 2
2 2 2
 2 r4 
   
2r  r drd    r   d
3
2
0 0 0 4 0
  d  2 .
0

Example 7

Calculate area of the region R described in Fig5.10

y
y

(1,1) (1,1)
x=y2
Solution:
3
x=y1/
R R
y=x3
x
x
FigFig.1.2.2
2.10

 x 
 
1 1
A   1dA     dydx   x  x 3 dx
R x 0  y  x3  0

1
 2 32 
  x   1  0  .
2 2
3 0 3 3

11 | P a g e
Multiple integral
2.3.2. Surface area by Double Integration

Definition 2.3.2

Let R be a vertically or horizontally simple region, and let f has continuous partial

derivatives on R. If S is the graph of f on R, then the surface area A of S is defined by

A    f x ( x, y) 2   f y ( x, y ) 2  1 dA (13)
R

Example 8

Find the surface area S of the portion of the paraboloid Z  2  x2  y 2

that lies above the xy-plane .

Solution

The given surface lies over the region R in the xy-plane bounded by the circle x  y  2 . If
2 2

f ( x, y )  2  x 2  y 2 , then f x ( x, y )  2 x and f y ( x, y )  2 y .

By equation (6),

A    f x ( x, y)2   f y ( x, y)2  1 dA   4 x 2  4 y 2  1 dA
R R .

This double integral can easily be evaluated by using polar coordinates.

2 2
A  4( x  y )  1 dA   4r 2  1 rdrd
2 2

R 0 0

2
 2 0
4r 2  1 rdr

12 | P a g e
Multiple integral
 2
9

8 
1
u du

3 9
 9
 13
4
 u du  u 2
 
1
6 1
3

2.4 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES

2.4.1 THE NOTION OF TRIPLE INTEGRALS

Definition: The triple integral of a function f ( x, y, z ) defined in a closed three dimensional

l m n
region D.  f ( x, y, z)dv  lim  f ( x , y
D l ,m ,n i 1 j 1 k 1
i j , z k )A (14)

called the triple integral of f ( x, y, z ) over D. The limit does exist if f is continuous
(sectionally continuous) in D.

Note : The triple integral over R given by (14) as an iterated integral of the form

b g 2 ( x) f 2 ( x, y )  g 2 ( x) 
b

f 2 ( x, y )
 

   f ( x, y, z )dxdydz       f ( x, y, z )dzdy dx
xa 
x  a y  g1 ( x ) z  f1 ( x , y )  y  g1 ( x ) 
 z  f1 ( x , y ) 
  (15)

Example 9

1
Let R be the rectangular region in the xy-plane bounded by the lines x  , x  1, y  0 and
6

y   , and let D be the parallelepiped between the graph of

z = 0 and z = 2 on R. Evaluate

13 | P a g e
Multiple integral
  zx sin( xy)dv
D

Solution:

By equation (15), we have

1  2

 zx sin( xy)dv     zx sin( xy)dzdydx

D x 1 / 6 y 0 z 0

2
1 
 z2x 
   sin xy dydx
1/ 6 0  0
2

1  1 

   (2 x sin( xy)dydx    2 cos(xy)

1/ 6 0 1/ 6
dx
0

1
 
1
  2(1  cos(x))dx   2 x  sinx 
2
1/ 6    1/ 6

5 1
 
3 

Example 10

Let D be the solid region bounded by the circular paraboloids z  3  x  y

2 2
and

z  5  x 2  y 2 for which x  0 and y  0 as seen in Fig 5.10 Evaluate  ydv .

D

Solution

14 | P a g e
Multiple integral
First find the intersection points of the two paraboloids.

3  x 2  y 2  5  x 2  y 2  x 2  y 2  4 . But if x2  y 2  4 , then

z  3  ( x 2  y 2 )  3  4  1 . We find that the corresponding region R in the xy-plane is the

horizontal simple region in the first quadrant that lies inside the circle x 2  y 2  4 , and hence

between the graphs of x = 0 and x  4  y2 for 0 y2 . Since

3  x 2  y 2  5  x 2  y 2 for (x,y) in R, we have

3 x 2  y 2
2 4  y 2 3 x 2  y 2 2 4 y 2

 ydv     y dz dx dy    yz dx dy
D 0 0 5 x  y
2 y 0 0
5 x 2  y 2

2 4 y 2

  y(8  2 x
2
 2 y 2 )dxdy
0 0

 
 
2 3
1
   y (8  2 y 2 ) 4  y 2  y 4  y 2 2  dy = 128 .
0 
2 15

2.4.2 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

Theorem 2.4.2.

Let D be a solid region between the graphs of F1 and F2 on R, where R is the plane region

between the polar graphs of h1 and h2 on  ,   , with 0      2 and

0  h1    h2 ( ) for      . If f is continuous on D, then

 h2 ( ) F2 ( r cos  , r sin  )

D
f ( x, y, z )dv   
 h1 ( )  F1 ( r cos  , r sin  )
f (r cos , r sin  , z )rdz dr d . (16)

Example 11

Let D be the solid region bounded above by the plane y + z =4, below by the xy-plane and on the

sides by the cylinder x  y  16 as shown in Fig 5.11

2 2

15 | P a g e
Multiple integral
 z
2 2
x +y =1
y+z=4
Evaluate 
D
x 2  y 2 dv .
4

Solution:

Observe that D is the solid region between the D

graphs of z = 0 and z = 4 – y on R, where R is

the disk x 2  y 2  16 . In polar coordinates R is 4 y

4
Fig2.11
the region between the polar graphs of x
555.112.
r  0 and r  4 for 0    2 .

Consequently in cylindrical coordinates D is the solid region between the graphs z = 0 and

z = 4 – r sin  for (r,  ) in R . Then by Theorem 5.4.2 we have

2 4 4  r sin 

 x  y dv     r.rdz dr d
2 2

D 0 0 0

2 4 4  r sin 

 r drd
2
z
0 0 0

2 4 2
4

 
4 r4 
 4r  r sin dr d    r 3  sin  d
2 3

0 0
0 0 3 4

2 2
 256   256 
 
512
 64 sin  d    64 cos   .
0    3 0
3 3

2.4.3 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES

Theorem 2.4.3 ( Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates)

If f ( x, y, z ) is continuous on a solid region D, then

16 | P a g e
Multiple integral
 f ( x, y, z )dv   f (  sin cos ,  sin sin ,  cos )  sin  d d d
2
(17)
D D

Then the point P is said to have spherical coordinates  , and  , and we write P   , ,  as

well as P  ( x, y, z ) , where 0  r  ,0    2 and 0     . From trigonometry we

find that r   sin  and z   cos .These equations, along with the polar coordinated
formulae x  r cos and y  r sin yield the following formulae for converting from

rectangular coordinates to spherical coordinates: x  r cos   sin cos ,

y  r sin    sin  sin  , z   cos .

As you can easily verify that

x2  y 2  z 2   2    x2  y 2  z 2 tan  
y
, ( x  0)
x

z
cos  , ( x 2  y 2  z 2  0) .
x y z
2 2 2

Example 12

 z dv ; where D is the solid region x

2
Evaluate
2
 y2  z2  1 .
D

Solution:

By using spherical coordinates

2  1

 z dv      cos   2 sin  d d d

2 2

D 0 0 0

17 | P a g e
Multiple integral
 
2 
  4  2
1


      d  cos  sin d  d
00 0  

 5
 1

 2    cos2  sin  d
0 0
5
 


2 2
 
5 0
cos2  sin d 
5
2 4
   .
3 15

Example 13 : Use spherical coordinates and evaluate  x 2  y 2  z 2 dv , where D is the ball
D

x 2  y 2  z 2  a 2 (a > 0).

Solution: Using the transformation equations x   sin cos , y   sin sin ,

z   cos ,  2  x 2  y 2  z 2 and dv   2 sin d d d , we have

2  a

 x  y  z dv     . sin  d d d

2 2 2 2

D 0 0 0



   2 

a

 
2  4
  3 
a
      sin d d d    
 
sin   d d
  0 0   0 
0 0 0   4


  a 4 sin  
2 
    d d
0 0   
4

2 2
a4 a4
0 cos  0 d  2 0 d   a4 .


4

18 | P a g e
Multiple integral
2.5 APPLICATION OF TRIPLE INTEGRAL

2.5.1 VOLUME BY TRIPLE INTEGRATION

Suppose f ( x, y, z )  1 in equation (14). The volume of solid D is defined to be

V   dv
D
(18)

Example 14

Use a triple integral to find the volume of the solid enclosed between the cylinder x 2  y 2  16
and the planes z = 0 and y + z = 4.

Solution:

The solid D and its projection R on the xy-plane are shown in Fig 5.12 The lower surface of the
solid is the plane z = 0, and the upper surface is the plane y + z = 4, or equivalently,
z
2 2
z = 4-y. Thus, from (18) x +y =
y+z



4 y


V   dv     dzdA   (4  y)dA
D R 
0   R
D
2 4
   4  r sin  r dr d
0 0
(by using cylindrical coordinates)
4 y
4
Fig
2
4 x
2
4   2 r3  2.122.22
 
   4r  r 2 sin dr d  0  2r  3 sin  d
0 0  0

2 2
 
   32  sin d   32  cos   16  64  64   64 .
64 64
0   0  3 
3 3 3

19 | P a g e
Multiple integral