USOO8655396 B2

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,655,396 B2

Malladi et al. (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 18, 2014

(54) METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR POWER (56) References Cited

ALLOCATION AND/OR RATE SELECTION
FORUL MIMOASIMO OPERATIONS WITH U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
PAR CONSIDERATIONS
6,393,276 B1 5/2002 Vanghi
6,639,911 B1 10/2003 Bingham
(75) Inventors: Durga Prasad Malladi, San Diego, CA
(US); Hao Xu, San Diego, CA (US) (Continued)
(73) Assignee: QUALCOMM Incorporated, San FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
Diego, CA (US) EP 13534.52 A2 10, 2003
JP 20031796.57 A 6, 2003
(*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this inued
patent is extended or adjusted under 35 (Continued)
U.S.C. 154(b) by 726 days. OTHER PUBLICATIONS
(21) Appl. No.: 12/444,575 Partial International Search Report PCT/US07/083814, Interna
tional Search Authority—European Patent Office—Apr. 15, 2008.
(22) PCT Filed: Nov. 6, 2007
(Continued)
(86). PCT No.: PCT/US2OOTAO83814
Primary Examiner — Yuwen Pan
S371 (c)(1), Assistant Examiner — Fanghwa Wang
(2), (4) Date: Jul. 2, 2009 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Nerrie M. Zohn
(87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2008/058143 (57) ABSTRACT
PCT Pub. Date: May 15, 2008
up. Late: Vay 15, A method for a wireless communication includes receiving or
(65) Prior Publication Data storing a peak to average (PAR) back off value; and applying
the PAR back off value to determine the transmission power
US 201O/OO2932O A1 Feb. 4, 2010 and rate for SIMO and MIMO transmissions. In one aspect,
Related U.S. Application Data the PAR back off value is at least partially based on modula
tion type. In another aspect, the PAR back off value is more
(60) Provisional application No. 60/864,573, filed on Nov. for higher order QAM than for QPSK. The power allocation
6, 2006. algorithm for different UL MIMO schemes is described as
follows. For MIMO without antenna permutation (e.g. per
(51) Int. Cl. antenna rate control), different PAR back off values are con
H04B 700 (2006.01) sidered for different data streams. For MIMO with antenna
H04L23/02 (2006.01) permutation or other unitary transformation Such as virtual
(52) U.S. Cl. antenna mapping or precoding, the PAR back off are deter
USPC .............. 455/522:455/13.4; 455/23:455/42: mined based on combined channel. The transmission data
455/450; 455/509; 375/261; 375/225 rate depends on power and also the receiver algorithms such
(58) Field of Classification Search as a MMSE receiver or MMSE-SIC receiver.
None
See application file for complete search history. 14 Claims, 12 Drawing Sheets

RECEWINGAPAR
BACK OFF WALUE 902

900 -
Y. APPLYNG THE
v. RECEIVED PARBACK
OFF WALUE TO -904
DETERMINE POWER
WALUE

A-908 A-906 A-910

THE PARISAT
TEPARSAT LEAST LEAST
PARTIALLY BASED ON PARTIALLY
is: MODULATON TYPE E. N
TRANSMSSION .
QPSKTHANFOR
OAM
 US 8,655,396 B2
Page 2

(56) References Cited RU 2238611 C1 10, 2004

RU 2264.036 11, 2005
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS WO WOO176098 A2 10/2001
WO 2004O77664 9, 2004
7,536,198 B1* 5/2009 Wu et al. ....................... 455,522 WO 2004.10995.0 12, 2004
8,041.315 B2 * 10/2011 Hamalainen et al. ...... 455/127.1 WO WO2006049669 5, 2006
2005/0283715 A1 12/2005
2006/003O352 A1
Sutivong et al.
2/2006 Kiran et al. ................... 455,522 WO 2006116704 11, 2006
2006/0057978 A1 3f2006 Love et al. ................. 455,127.1
2006, O153062 A1 7/2006 Tanabe et al. OTHER PUBLICATIONS
2006, O155534 A1 7/2006 Lin et al.
2006/0205357 A1* 9, 2006 Kim ................................ 455/69 International Search Report and Written Opinion—PCT/US07/
2006/02097.54 A1 9, 2006 Ji et al. if v
2006/0209764 A1 9, 2006 Kim et al. 083814. International Search Authority—European Patent Office
2006/0293.076 A1* 12/2006 Julian et al. ................... 455/522 Jun. 19, 2008.
2007/0004465 A1* 1/2007 Papasakellariou et al. ... 455/571 Written Opinion PCT/US2007/083814, International Search
2007/0081604 A1* 4/2007 Khan et al..................... 375,261 Authority, European Patent Office, Jun. 19, 2008.
28,839; A. 1858. St.
Cee all. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Taiwan Search Report TWO96141948 TIPO Aug. 13, 2011.
QualcommEurope: “TP on Link Analysis for DL Shared Channel for
Single User MIMO, 3GPP TSG-RAN WG1#45 R1-061527,
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS URL:http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg ran/WG 1. RL1/TSGR1 45/
JP 2003258927 A 9, 2003 Docs/R1-061527.zip. (May 8, 2006-May 12, 2006).
JP 200621-1649 A 8, 2006
JP 2007 158913 A 6, 2007 * cited by examiner
U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2014 Sheet 2 of 12 US 8,655,396 B2

6uSSeoOJ Je) uSue L OWIW

00£
U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2014 Sheet 3 of 12 US 8,655,396 B2

400
A1

ACCESS TERMINAL

CALCULATION
PROCESSOR

MULTIPLEX
ANTENNA

MULTIPLEX
TRANSMITTER MODULATOR
PROCESSOR

FIG. 4
U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2014 Sheet 4 of 12 US 8,655,396 B2

?ÕIG
ELOWRH >IELTle|WO
U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2014 Sheet 5 of 12 US 8,655,396 B2

Computing
Device
620a

Computing
Communications Device
NetWork/Bus 62Oe

Server Object

Database 630

F.G. 6
U.S. Patent US 8,655,396 B2

L
09
U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2014 Sheet 8 of 12 US 8,655,396 B2

RECEIVING A PAR
BACK OFF VALUE

Yv APPLYING THE
t RECEIVED PAR BACK
OFF VALUE TO -904
DETERMINE POWER
VALUE

910

THE PARISAT
THE PARIS AT LEAST LEAST
PARTIALLY BASED ON PARTIALLY
DETERMINING MODULATION TYPE BASED ON
A RAE For A MODULATION
TYPE AND IS
TRANSMISSION MORE FOR
QPSK THAN FOR
FIG 9 QAM
10O2

USING ACHANNEL QUALITY INDEX (CQI) FROM ONE ANTENNA IS POWER

CONTROLLED AS AREFERENCE SIGNAL

/ 1004 1006

DERVING AT LEAST DERVING AT LEAST

ONE CHANNEL ONE CHANNEL
CONDITION AT D'YNE ST CONDITION AT LEAST
LEAST PARTIALLY CONDITION PARTIALLY BASED ON
BASED ON A A PLURALITY OF
REQUEST CHANNEL BROADBAND PLOTS

FIG 10 is 1000
U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2014 Sheet 9 of 12 US 8,655,396 B2

1102

SOURCE
NODE B

A-1108 11 O6 A- 1110
SECURITY
PANPARNPSD Y SENSOR

MOBILE - 1104
DEVICE

4
A.
?
1100--1

FIG 11
U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2014 Sheet 10 of 12 US 8,655,396 B2

12O2

SOURCE
NODE B

SECURITY OPTIMIZER
FEEDBACK
LAYER FOR PAR

DEVICE 1204

F.G. 12
U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2014 Sheet 11 of 12 US 8,655,396 B2

PAR B
F.G. 13
1 o' F==== E 1400

PARB
F.G. 14
U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2014 Sheet 12 of 12 US 8,655,396 B2

LFDM - 64 OAM
LFDM-16 QAMF
LFDM - Permute
— — OFDM - 64 OAM
- OFDM - 16 OAMF

10
PARB

FG 15
 US 8,655,396 B2
1. 2
METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR POWER downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link
ALLOCATION AND/OR RATE SELECTION from the Node B to the UE, and the uplink (or reverse link)
FORUL, MIMO/SIMO OPERATIONS WITH refers to the communication link from the UE to the Node B.
PAR CONSIDERATIONS The Node B may also send control information (e.g., assign
ments of system resources) to the UE. Similarly, the UE may
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED send control information to the Node B to support data trans
APPLICATIONS mission on the downlink and/or for other purposes.
For open loop MIMO systems, the transmitter does not
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional know the MIMO channel conditions. The optimum power
Patent application Ser. No. 60/864,573 entitled “AMETHOD 10 allocation is then uniform distribution of power along all
AND APPARATUS FOR POWER ALLOCATION AND transmit antennas. With limited feedback, such as per stream
RATE SELECTION FORUL, MIMO/SIMO OPERATIONS Supportable rate, rate adaptation along with minimum mean
WITH PAR CONSIDERATIONS which was filed Nov. 6, square error (MMSE) detection and successive interference
2006. The entirety of the aforementioned application is herein cancellation (SIC, collectively MMSE-SIC) a receiver can be
incorporated by reference. 15 proven to be capacity achieving schemes. This is the basis for
PARC (per antenna rate control) system. Alternative MIMO
BACKGROUND schemes involve layer permutation, which effectively equal
ize the four spatial channels. Because the layer permutation is
I. Field a unitary transformation, one can easily show that this scheme
The following description relates generally to wireless is also capacity achieving. In fact, this is the basis for VAP
communications, and more particularly to providing a (virtual antenna permutation). In both of these schemes, equal
mechanism for power adjustments. power allocation is used at the transmitter.
II. Background For upload or uplink (UL) MIMO transmission, however,
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to equal power allocation is no longer feasible because of the
provide various types of communication content such as, for 25 constraints of the peak to average ratio considerations. Trans
example, Voice, data, and so on. Typical wireless communi mitting the same maximum power from all transmit antennas
cation systems may be multiple-access systems capable of may drive Some amplifier(s) into their non-linear region and
Supporting communication with multiple users by lead to high signal distortion
sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit
power, . . . ). Examples of Such multiple-access systems may 30 SUMMARY
include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time
division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency divi The following presents a simplified summary of one or
sion multiple access (FDMA) systems, 3GPP LTE systems, more embodiments in order to provide a basic understanding
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), local of such embodiments. This Summary is not an extensive over
ized frequency division multiplexing (LFDM), orthogonal 35 view of all contemplated embodiments, and is intended to
frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, and neither identify key or critical elements of all embodiments
the like. nor delineate the scope of any or all embodiments. Its sole
Generally, a wireless multiple-access communication sys purpose is to present some concepts of one or more embodi
tem can simultaneously support communication for multiple ments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed
wireless terminals. Each terminal communicates with one or 40 description that is presented later.
more base stations via transmissions on the forward and In accordance with an aspect, a method for a wireless
reverse links. The forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication system includes receiving a peak to average
communication link from the base stations to the terminals, (PAR) back off value; and applying the received PAR back off
and the reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication value to determine a power value Such as a power allocation
link from the terminals to the base stations. This communi 45 (PA) value. In accordance with one aspect, the PAR back off
cation link may be established via a single-in-single-out value is at least partially based on modulation type. In another
(SISO), multiple-in-signal-out (MISO), or a multiple-in-mul aspect, the method includes determining a rate for a UL
tiple-out (MIMO) system. transmission. In another aspect, the PAR back off value is at
A MIMO system employs multiple (N) transmit antennas least partially based on modulation type and is more for 64
and multiple (N) receive antennas for data transmission. A 50 QAM than for QPSK. The power allocation algorithm for
MIMO channel formed by the N transmit and N receive different UL MIMO schemes is described as follows. Power
antennas may be decomposed into NS independent channels, allocations (PA) without antenna permutation (e.g. per
which are also referred to as spatial channels, where Nesmin antenna rate control PARC): When allocating power for dif
{N, N}. Each of the Ns independent channels corresponds ferent antenna stream, one can consider different PAR back
to a dimension. The MIMO system can provide improved 55 off value for different modulation schemes. Different PAback
performance (e.g., higher throughput and/or greater reliabil off should be applied for different modulations, such as
ity) if the additional dimensionalities created by the multiple QPSK and 16 QAM. Therefore, if different layers use differ
transmit and receive antennas are utilized. ent modulation order, the power allocations will be different.
A MIMO system supports a time division duplex (TDD) Power allocations with antenna permutation (e.g. virtual
and frequency division duplex (FDD) systems. In a TDD 60 access point VAP): If the same modulation order is chosen for
system, the forward and reverse link transmissions are on the different layers, the PA back off can be chosen according to
same frequency region so that the reciprocity principle allows the back off factor for that modulation order. If different
the estimation of the forward link channel from the reverse modulation order is chosen, then the PA back off can be
link channel. chosen based on the PAR back off value from the permuted
In a wireless communication system, a Node B (or base 65 StreamS.
station) may transmit data to a user equipment (UE) on the In an aspect, the rate determination algorithm with PAR
downlink and/or receive data from the UE on the uplink. The considerations is describes as follows. In one aspect, a cen
 US 8,655,396 B2
3 4
tralized rate determination controlled by a Node B scheduler FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a suitable computing sys
is considered. A channel quality index (CQI) from one tem environment in accordance with one or more aspects.
antenna is power controlled as a reference signal. Channel FIG. 6 provides a schematic diagram of an exemplary
conditions from other antennas can be derived base on either networked or distributed computing environment in which
broadband pilot from all antennas or the special design of a PAR backing off can be employed in accordance with one or
request channel. In other words, the MIMO channel sounding more aspects.
is achieved by either periodically sending broadband pilots FIG. 7 illustrates a wireless communication system with
from all antennas or by sending the request channel from multiple base stations and multiple terminals, such as may be
different antennas. The broadband pilot symbols may be uti utilized in conjunction with one or more aspects of the herein
lized by the access terminals to generate channel quality 10 described PAR backing off.
information (CQI) regarding the channels between the access FIG. 8 is an illustration of an ad hoc or unplanned/semi
terminal and the access point for the channel between each planned wireless communication environment in accordance
transmit antenna that transmits symbols and receive antenna with various aspects of the herein described PAR backing off.
that receives these symbols. In an embodiment, the channel FIG.9 illustrates a methodology including receiving a PAR
estimate may constitute noise, signal-to-noise ratios, pilot 15 back off value in accordance with one or more aspects.
signal power, fading, delays, path-loss, shadowing, correla FIG. 10 illustrates a methodology 1000 wherein a channel
tion, or any other measurable characteristic of a wireless quality index (CQI) from one antenna is power controlled as
communication channel. The UE reports delta power spectral a reference signal in accordance with one or more aspects.
density (PSD) with respect to the reference signal within the FIG. 11 illustrates a methodology wherein a source node B
headroom adjusted by the load indicator with consideration is in communication with a mobile device inaccordance with
of the path differentials from serving and other sectors. To be one or more aspects.
consistent with SIMO operations, one can report back the FIG. 12 illustrates an environment wherein a Node B such
delta PSD for the antenna transmitting the CQI signal. PA as a sourceNode B 1202 is in communication with a mobile
back off with the PAR consideration can be determined by device in accordance with one or more aspects.
assuming a QPSK transmission. The Node-B uses this 25 FIG. 13 illustrates PAR for LFDM for 16 QAM and QPSK
reported delta PSD to calculate the data rate of the user who in accordance with one or more aspects.
does not suffer from an inter-user interference (e.g., the last FIG. 14 illustrates PAR for LFDM for 64 QAM and QPSK
decoded user in the SIC operation). If the selected modulation in accordance with one or more aspects.
is higher than QPSK, additional back offshould be applied, FIG. 15 illustrates PAR for LFDM for 64 QAM and 16
and supportable rate is recalculated. The Node-B can calcu 30 QAM in conjunction with one or more aspects.
late the data rates of the users who suffer from the inter-user
interference based on post-SIC effective signal to noise ratio DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(SNR). If the modulation order is higher than QPSK, addi
tional back off can be applied and Supportable rates are recal Various aspects are now described with reference to the
culated in accordance with an aspect. 35 drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to
In general Some central ideas include a) apply different like elements throughout. In the following description, for
transmission powers and PAR back offs depend on at least purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set
modulation orders for SIMO as well as MIMO users, and b) forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or
the transmission powers for each of the MIMO streams as more aspects. It may be evident, however, that Such aspect(s)
well as the supportable rates of different streams also depends 40 may be practiced without these specific details. In other
on various MIMO transformations such as per antenna rate instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in
control, antenna permutation, or other unitary transformation block diagram form in order to facilitate describing one or
Such as virtual antenna mapping. more aspects.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, In accordance with an aspect, a method for a wireless
the one or more embodiments comprise the features herein 45 communication system includes receiving a peak to average
after fully described and particularly pointed out in the (PAR) back off value; and applying the received PAR back off
claims. The following description and the annexed drawings value to determine a power value. In accordance with one
set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the one or more aspect, the PAR back off values is at least partially based on
embodiments. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a modulation type. In another aspect, the method includes
few of the various ways in which the principles of various 50 determining a rate for a UL transmission. In another aspect,
embodiments may be employed and the described embodi the PAR back off value is at least partially based on modula
ments are intended to include all Such aspects and their tion type and is more for 64 QAM than for QPSK. The power
equivalents. allocation algorithm for different UL MIMO schemes is
described as follows. Power allocations PA without antenna
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 55 permutation (e.g. per antenna rate control PARC): When allo
cating power for different antenna stream, one can consider
FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless communication system in different PAR back off value for different modulation
accordance with various aspects set forth herein. schemes. Different PA back off can be applied for different
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a transmit modulations, such as QPSK and 16 QAM. Therefore, if dif
ter system (also known as the access point) and a receiver 60 ferent layers use different modulation order, the power allo
system (also known as access terminal) in a MIMO system in cations will be different. Power allocations with antenna per
accordance with one or more aspects. mutation (e.g. virtual access point VAP): If the same
FIG.3 illustrates a ULMIMO Transceiver Block Diagram modulation order is chosen for different layers, the PA back
in accordance with one or more aspects. off can be chosen according to the back off factor for that
FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary access terminal that can pro 65 modulation order. If different modulation order is chosen,
vide feedback to communications networks, in accordance then the PA back off can be chosen based on the PAR back off
with one or more aspects. value from the permuted streams.
 US 8,655,396 B2
5 6
In an aspect, the rate determination algorithm with PAR process and/or thread of execution and a component may be
back off value considerations is describes as follows. In one localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or
aspect, a centralized rate determination controlled by a Node more computers. Also, these components can execute from
B scheduler is considered. A channel quality index CQI from various computer readable media having various data struc
one antenna is power controlled as a reference signal. Chan tures stored thereon. The components may communicate by
nel conditions from other antennas can be derived base on way of local and/or remote processes such as in accordance
either broadband pilot from all antennas or the special design with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from
ofrequest channel. In other words, the MIMO channel sound one component interacting with another component in a local
ing is achieved by either periodically sending broadband system, distributed system, and/or across a network Such as
pilots from all antennas or by sending the request channel 10 the Internet with other systems by way of the signal). Addi
from different antennas. The broadband pilot symbols may be tionally, components of systems described herein may be
utilized by the access terminals to generate channel quality rearranged and/or complemented by additional components
information (CQI) regarding the channels between the access in order to facilitate achieving the various aspects, goals,
terminal and the access point for the channel between each advantages, etc., described with regard thereto, and are not
transmit antenna that transmits symbols and receive antenna 15 limited to the precise configurations set forthina given figure,
that receives these symbols. In an embodiment, the channel as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art.
estimate may constitute noise, signal-to-noise ratios, pilot Furthermore, various aspects are described herein in con
signal power, fading, delays, path-loss, shadowing, correla nection with a subscriberstation. A subscriber station can also
tion, or any other measurable characteristic of a wireless be called a system, a Subscriber unit, mobile station, mobile,
communication channel. The UE reports delta power spectral remote station, remote terminal, access terminal, user termi
density (PSD) with respect to the reference signal within the nal, user agent, a user device, or user equipment. A subscriber
headroom adjusted by the load indicator with consideration station may be a cellular telephone, a cordless telephone, a
of the path differentials from serving and other sectors. To be Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) phone, a wireless local loop
consistent with SIMO operations, one can report back the (WLL) station, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handheld
delta PSD for the antenna transmitting the CQI signal. PA 25 device having wireless connection capability, or other pro
back off with the PAR back off value consideration can be cessing device connected to a wireless modem or similar
determined by assuming a QPSK transmission. The Node-B mechanism facilitating wireless communication with a pro
uses this reported delta PSD to calculate the data rate of the cessing device.
user who does not suffer from an inter-user interference (e.g., Moreover, various aspects or features described herein
the last decoded user in the SIC operation). If the selected 30 may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of
modulation is higher than QPSK, then additional back off can manufacture using standard programming and/or engineer
be applied, and a supportable rate is recalculated. Node-B ing techniques. The term “article of manufacture” as used
calculates the data rates of the users who suffer from the herein is intended to encompass a computer program acces
inter-user interference based on post-SIC effective signal to sible from any computer-readable device, carrier, or media.
noise ratio (SNR). If the modulation order is higher than 35 For example, computer-readable media can include but are
QPSK, additional back off can be applied and supportable not limited to magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk,
rates are recalculated in accordance with an aspect. By back floppy disk, magnetic strips ...), optical disks (e.g., compact
off it is meant to be any amount less than the full amount disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD)...), smart cards, and
available. flash memory devices (e.g., card, Stick, key drive . . . ).
In addition, various aspects of the disclosure are described 40 Additionally, various storage media described herein can rep
below. It should be apparent that the teaching herein may be resent one or more devices and/or other machine-readable
embodied in a wide variety of forms and that any specific media for storing information. The term “machine-readable
structure and/or function disclosed herein is merely represen medium' can include, without being limited to, wireless
tative. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art channels, and various other media capable of storing, con
should appreciate that an aspect disclosed herein may be 45 taining, and/or carrying instruction(s) and/or data.
implemented independently of any other aspects and that two Moreover, the word “exemplary” is used herein to mean
or more of these aspects may be combined in various ways. serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or
For example, an apparatus may be implemented and/or a design described herein as "exemplary' is not necessarily to
method practiced using any number of the aspects set forth be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects
herein. In addition, an apparatus may be implemented and/or 50 or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to
a method practiced using other structure and/or functionality present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this appli
in addition to or other than one or more of the aspects set forth cation, the term 'or' is intended to mean an inclusive 'or'
herein. As an example, many of the methods, devices, sys rather than an exclusive “or'. That is, unless specified other
tems, and apparatuses described herein are descried in the wise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B is intended to
context of an ad-hoc or unplanned/semi-planned deployed 55 mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X
wireless communication environment that provides a repeat employs A: X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X
ing ACK channel in an orthogonal system. One skilled in the employs A or B is satisfied under any of the foregoing
art should appreciate that similar techniques could apply to instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an as used in this
other communication environments. application and the appended claims should generally be
As used in this application, the terms “component,” “sys 60 construed to mean “one or more unless specified otherwise
tem, and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related or clear from context to be directed to a singular form.
entity, eitherhardware, Software, Software in execution, firm As used herein, the terms to “infer” or “inference” refer
ware, middle ware, microcode, and/or any combination generally to the process of reasoning about or inferring states
thereof. For example, a component may be, but is not limited of the system, environment, and/or user from a set of obser
to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an 65 Vations as captured via events and/or data. Inference can be
object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or employed to identify a specific context or action, or can
a computer. One or more components may reside within a generate a probability distribution over states, for example.
 US 8,655,396 B2
7 8
The inference can be probabilistic—that is, the computation blocks, wherein each resource block made up of one or more
of a probability distribution over states of interest based on a sub-carrier and one or more OFDM symbol. One or more
consideration of data and events. Inference can also refer to resource blocks may be used for transmission of data, control
techniques employed for composing higher-level events from information, pilot, or any combination thereof.
a set of events and/or data. Such inference results in the A multicast/broadcast single-frequency network or
construction of new events or actions from a set of observed MBSFN is a broadcast network where several transmitters
events and/or stored event data, whether or not the events are simultaneously send the same signal over the same frequency
correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the channel. Analog FM and AM radio broadcast networks as
events and data come from one or several event(s) and data well as digital broadcast networks can operate in this manner.
Source(s). 10 Analog television transmission has proven to be more diffi
The transmission reinforcing techniques described herein cult, since the MBSFN results in ghosting due to echoes of the
may be used for various wireless communication systems same signal.
such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and single-carrier A simplified form of MBSFN can be achieved by a low
frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDMA) systems. The power co-channel repeater, booster, or broadcast translator,
terms “system” and “network” are often used interchange 15 which is utilized as gap filler transmitter. The aim of SFNs is
ably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology efficient utilization of the radio spectrum, allowing a higher
such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), number of radio and TV programs in comparison to tradi
cdma2000, etc. UTRA includes Wideband CDMA tional multi-frequency network (MFN) transmission. An
(W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). Cdma2000 covers MBSFN may also increase the coverage area and decrease the
IS-2000, IS-95, and IS-856 standards. ATDMA system may outage probability in comparison to an MFN, since the total
implement a radio technology Such as Global System for received signal strength may increase to positions midway
Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may between the transmitters.
implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA MBSFN schemes are somewhat analogous to what in non
(E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash broadcast wireless communication, for example cellular net
OFDMO, etc. These various radio technologies and standards 25 works and wireless computer networks, is called transmitter
are known in the art. macrodiversity, CDMA soft handoff and Dynamic Single
UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are part of Universal Mobile Frequency Networks (DSFN). MBSFN transmission can be
Telecommunication System (UMTS). Long Term Evolution considered as a severe form of multipath propagation. The
(LTE) is an upcoming release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA. radio receiver receives several echoes of the same signal, and
UTRA, E-UTRA, GSM, UMTS, and LTE are described in 30 the constructive or destructive interference among these ech
documents from an organization named "3rd Generation oes (also known as self-interference) may result in fading.
Partnership Project” (3GPP). Cdma2000 is described in This is problematic especially in wideband communication
documents from an organization named "3rd Generation and high-data rate digital communications, since the fading in
Partnership Project 16” (3GPP2). For clarity, certain aspects that case is frequency-selective (as opposed to flat fading),
of the techniques are described below for uplink transmission 35 and since the time spreading of the echoes may result in
in LTE, and 3GPP terminology is used in much of the descrip intersymbol interference (ISI). Fading and ISI can be avoided
tion below. by means of diversity Schemes and equalization filters.
LTE utilizes orthogonal frequency division multiplexing In wideband digital broadcasting, self-interference cancel
(OFDM) on the downlink and single-carrier frequency divi lation is facilitated by the OFDM or COFDM modulation
sion multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. OFDM and SC 40 method. OFDM uses a large number of slow low-bandwidth
FDM partition the system bandwidth into multiple (N) modulators instead of one fast wide-band modulator. Each
orthogonal Subcarriers, which are also commonly referred to modulator has its own frequency Sub-channel and Sub-carrier
as tones, bins, etc. Each Subcarrier may be modulated with frequency. Since each modulator is very slow, one can afford
data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency to insert a guard interval between the symbols, and thus
domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. 45 eliminate the ISI. Although the fading is frequency-selective
For LTE, the spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be over the whole frequency channel, it can be considered as flat
fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (N) may be depen within the narrowband Sub-channel. Thus, advanced equal
dent on the system bandwidth. In one design, N=512 for a ization filters can be avoided. A forward error correction code
system bandwidth of 5 MHz, N=1024 for a system bandwidth (FEC) can counteract that a certain portion of the sub-carriers
of 10 MHz, and N=2048 for a system bandwidth of 20 MHz. 50 are exposed to too much fading to be correctly demodulated.
In general, N may be any integer value. Referring to FIG. 1, a multiple access wireless communi
The system may support a frequency division duplex cation system according to one embodiment is illustrated. An
(FDD) mode and/or a time division duplex (TDD) mode. In access point 100 (AP) includes multiple antenna groups, one
the FDD mode, separate frequency channels may be used for including 104 and 106, another including 108 and 110, and an
the downlink and uplink, and downlink transmissions and 55 additional including 112 and 114. In FIG. 1, only two anten
uplink transmissions may be sent concurrently on their sepa nas are shown for each antenna group, however, more or
rate frequency channels. In the TDD mode, a common fre fewer antennas may be utilized for each antenna group.
quency channel may be used for both the downlink and Access terminal 116 (AT) is in communication with antennas
uplink, downlink transmissions may be sent in some time 112 and 114, where antennas 112 and 114 transmit informa
periods, and uplink transmissions may be sent in other time 60 tion to access terminal 116 over forward link 120 and receive
periods. The LTE downlink transmission scheme is parti information from access terminal 116 over reverse link 118.
tioned by radio frames (e.g. 10 ms radio frame). Each frame Access terminal 122 is in communication with antennas 106
comprises a pattern made of frequency (e.g. Sub-carrier) and and 108, where antennas 106 and 108 transmit information to
time (e.g. OFDM symbols). The 10 ms radio frame is divided access terminal 122 over forward link 126 and receive infor
into plurality of adjacent 0.5 ms sub-frames (also referred to 65 mation from access terminal 122 over reverse link 124.
as Sub-frames or timeslots and interchangeably used herein Access terminals 116 and 122 can be UEs. In a FDD system,
after). Each sub-frame comprises plurality of resource communication links 118, 120, 124, and 126 may use differ
 US 8,655,396 B2
10
ent frequency for communication. For example, forward link conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, and down converts) a
120 may use a different frequency than that used by reverse respective received signal, digitizes the conditioned signal to
link 118. provide samples, and further processes the samples to provide
Each group of antennas and/or the area in which they are a corresponding “received’ symbol stream.
designed to communicate is often referred to as a sector of the An RX data processor 260 then receives and processes the
access point. In the embodiment, antenna groups each are N received symbol streams from N receivers 254 based on
designed to communicate to access terminals in a sector, of a particular receiver processing technique to provide N.
the areas covered by access point 100. “detected” symbol streams. The RX data processor 260 then
In communication over forward links 120 and 126, the demodulates, de-interleaves, and decodes each detected sym
10 bol stream to recover the traffic data for the data stream. The
transmitting antennas of access point 100 utilize beam form processing by RX data processor 260 is complementary to
ing in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of forward that performed by TX MIMO processor 220 and TX data
links for the different access terminals 116 and 124. Also, an processor 214 at transmitter system 210. A processor 270
access point using beam forming to transmit to access termi periodically determines which pre-coding matrix to use. Pro
nals scattered randomly through its coverage causes less 15 cessor 270 formulates a reverse link message comprising a
interference to access terminals in neighboring cells than an matrix index portion and a rank value portion.
access point transmitting through a single antenna to all its The reverse link message may comprise various types of
access terminals. information regarding the communication link and/or the
An access point may be a fixed station used for communi received data stream. The reverse link message is then pro
cating with the terminals and may also be referred to as an cessed by a TX data processor 238, which also receives traffic
access point, a Node B, or some other terminology. An access data for a number of data streams from a data source 236,
terminal may also be called an access terminal, user equip modulated by a modulator 280, conditioned by transmitters
ment (UE), a wireless communication device, terminal, 254a through 254r, and transmitted back to transmitter sys
access terminal, or some other terminology. tem 210.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a transmit 25 At transmitter system 210, the modulated signals from
ter system 210 (also known as the access point) and a receiver receiver system 250 are received by antennas 224, condi
system 250 (also known as access terminal) in a MIMO tioned by receivers 222, demodulated by a demodulator 240,
system 200. At the transmitter system 210, traffic data for a and processed by a RX data processor 242 to extract the
number of data streams is provided from a data source 212 to reserve link message transmitted by the receiver system 250.
a transmit (TX) data processor 214. 30 Processor 230 then determines which pre-coding matrix to
In an embodiment, each data stream is transmitted over a use for determining the beam forming weights then processes
respective transmit antenna. TX data processor 214 formats, the extracted message.
codes, and interleaves the traffic data for each data stream In an aspect, logical channels are classified into Control
based on a particular coding scheme selected for that data Channels and Traffic Channels. Logical Control Channels
35 comprises Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) that is DL
stream to provide coded data. channel for broadcasting system control information. Paging
The coded data for each data stream may be multiplexed Control Channel (PCCH) which is DL channel that transfers
with pilot data using FORM techniques. The pilot data is paging information. Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
typically a known data pattern that is processed in a known which is Point-to-multipoint DL channel used for transmit
manner and may be used at the receiver system to estimate the 40 ting Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (MBMS)
channel response. The multiplexed pilot and coded data for scheduling and control information for one or several
each data stream is then modulated (i.e., symbol mapped) MTCHS. Generally, after establishing a Radio Resource Con
based on a particular modulation scheme (e.g., BASK, ASK, trol (RRC) connection this channel is only used by UEs that
M-PSF, or M-QAM) selected for that data stream to provide receive MBMS. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) is
modulation symbols. The data rate, coding, and modulation 45 Point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated
for each data stream may be determined by instructions per control information and used by UEs having an RRC connec
formed by processor 230. tion. In aspect, Logical Traffic Channels comprise a Dedi
The modulation symbols for all data streams are then pro cated Traffic Channel (DTCH) that is Point-to-point bi-direc
vided to a TX MIMO processor 220, which may further tional channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user
process the modulation symbols (e.g., for OFDM). TX 50 information. Also, a Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH) for
MIMO processor 220 then provides N modulation symbol Point-to-multipoint DL channel for transmitting traffic data.
streams to N transmitters (TMTR) 222a through 222t. In In an aspect, Transport Channels are classified into DL and
certain embodiments, TX MIMO processor 220 applies UL. DL Transport Channels comprises a Broadcast Channel
beam-forming weights to the symbols of the data streams and (BCH), Downlink Shared Data Channel (DL-SDCH) and a
55 Paging Channel (PCH), the PCH for support of UE power
to the antenna from which the symbol is being transmitted. saving (DRX cycle is indicated by the network to the UE),
Each transmitter 222 receives and processes a respective broadcasted over entire cell and mapped to PHY resources
symbol stream to provide one or more analog signals, and which can be used for other control/traffic channels. The UL
further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and up converts) the Transport Channels comprises a Random Access Channel
analog signals to provide a modulated signal Suitable for 60 (RACH), a Request Channel (REQCH), an Uplink Shared
transmission over the MIMO channel. N. modulated signals Data Channel (UL-SDCH), and plurality of PHY channels.
from transmitters 222a through 222t are then transmitted The PHY channels comprise a set of DL channels and UL
from Nantennas 224a through 224t, respectively. channels.
At receiver system 250, the transmitted modulated signals The DL PHY channels comprises:
are received by N antennas 252a through 252r and the 65 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
received signal from eachantenna 252 is provided to a respec Synchronization Channel (SCH)
tive receiver (RCVR) 254a through 254r. Each receiver 254 Common Control Channel (CCCH)
 US 8,655,396 B2
11 12
Shared DL Control Channel (SDCCH) TABLE 1
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) Modulation Order for 2x2 MIMOUL PAR Simulations
Shared UL Assignment Channel (SUACH) First Stream Second Stream
Acknowledgement Channel (ACKCH)
Case 1 16 QAM QPSK
DL Physical Shared Data Channel (DL-PSDCH) Case 2 64 QAM QPSK
UL Power Control Channel (UPCCH) Case 3 64 QAM 16 QAM
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Load Indicator Channel (LICH)
10 The fast Fourier transform (FFT) size considered is
The UL PHY Channels comprises: No. 512 and the DFT size considered is N=100 tones. A
total of N. ' tones guard tones are inserted symmetri
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) cally on both sides of the 300 data tones. Finally, localized
Channel Quality Indicator Channel (CQICH) frequency tones are mapped into the first N data tone loca
15 tions. Typically the PAR backoffs are such that 64 QAMD-16
Acknowledgement Channel (ACKCH) QAMDQPSK.
Antenna Subset Indicator Channel (ASICH) FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary access terminal 400 that can
Shared Request Channel (SREQCH) provide feedback to communications networks, in accor
dance with one or more aspects of the herein described PAR
UL Physical Shared Data Channel (UL-PSDCH) back off and/or PAback off. Access terminal 400 comprises a
Broadband Pilot Channel (BPICH) receiver 402 (e.g., an antenna) that receives a signal and
In an aspect, a channel structure is provided that preserves performs typical actions on (e.g., filters, amplifies, down con
low signal peak to average (PAR) values, and at any given verts, etc.) the received signal. Specifically, receiver 402 can
time, the channel is contiguous or uniformly spaced in fre also receive a service schedule defining services apportioned
quency that is a desired property of a single carrier waveform. 25 to one or more blocks of a transmission allocation period, a
schedule correlating a block of downlink resources with a
FIG.3 illustrates a ULMIMO Transceiver Block Diagram block of uplink resources for providing feedback information
300 showing a plurality of M point DFT blocks 302 where as described herein, or the like. Receiver 402 can comprise a
discrete fast Fourier transforms (FFT) are performed and a demodulator 404 that can demodulate received symbols and
plurality of Subcarrier Mapping blocks 304 where subcarrier 30 provide them to a processor 406 for evaluation. Processor 406
mapping takes place. A MIMO Transmitter processing is can be a processor dedicated to analyzing information
illustrated at block 306. A plurality ofN point IFFT blocks are received by receiver 402 and/or generating information for
at 308 where inverse FFT takes place, and two sets of nodes transmission by a transmitter 416. Additionally, processor
310 and 312 are positioned between the N point Inverse FFT 406 can be a processor that controls one or more components
blocks 308 and a plurality of N point FFT blocks 314 where 35 of access terminal 400, and/or a processor that analyzes infor
FFT takes place. A MIMO Transmitter processing is illus mation received by receiver 402, generates information for
trated at block 316 and a plurality of Mpoint IDFT blocks are transmission by transmitter 416, and controls one or more
at 318 where inverse DFT can take place. components of access terminal 400. Additionally, processor
For SC-FDM, the transmitted signals are generated in time 406 can execute instructions for interpreting a correlation of
domain and converted into frequency domain through an M 40 uplink and downlink resources received by receiver 402.
point discrete Fourier transform (DFT) operation. For identifying un-received downlink block, or generating a feed
OFDM, the DFT blocks 302 are bypassed. To focus on the back message. Such as a bitmap, appropriate to signal Such
impact of MIMO operations, one can consider only LFDM un-received block or blocks, or for analyzing a hash function
for SC-FDM, which is most relevant to UL data transmis to determine an appropriate uplink resource of a plurality of
sions. The simulations can be easily extended to include 45 uplink resources, as described herein.
inverse fast Fourier transform demodulation (IFDM) if such Access terminal 400 can additionally comprise memory
need arises. For MIMO operations, one can consider different 408 that is operatively coupled to processor 406 and that may
types of permutation patterns for both OFDM and LFDM: 1. store data to be transmitted, received, and the like. Memory
MIMO transmission without antenna permutation. 2. MIMO 408 can store information related to downlink resource sched
transmission with symbol level permutation: the transmitted 50 uling, protocols for evaluating the foregoing, protocols for
streams are permuted on a symbol bases during each of the identifying un-received portions of a transmission, for deter
Transmission Time Interval. (TTI). By symbol level permu mining an indecipherable transmission, for transmitting a
tation, it is meant the transmitted streams are permuted for feedback message to an access point, and the like.
each of the six LFDM symbols within the 0.5 ms slot of the It will be appreciated that the data store (e.g., memory 408)
E-UTRA uplink transmission. For simplicity, presented are 55 described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile
simulation results for 2x2 MIMO only. However, extension to memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile
4x4 is trivial. For MIMO transmissions, one can consider two memory. By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvola
streams of the same or different modulation orders. Based on tile memory can include read only memory (ROM), program
the current LTEE-UTRA specifications, QPSK and 16 QAM mable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM
are chosen as the UL modulation order. So for the two trans 60 (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), or flash
mit antenna case, it is very likely to have 16 QAM as the memory. Volatile memory can include random access
modulation order for the one stream, while QPSK as the other. memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By
Or, in some cases, 16 QAM for both streams. If one extends way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in
the current MCS to include 64 QAM, then one may also have many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic
combinations of 64 QAM with QPSK or 16 QAM. In this 65 RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double
application, one can consider the following three cases with data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ES
mixed modulation orders. DRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus
 US 8,655,396 B2
15 16
video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM and the like. A 6, and can itself represent multiple interconnected networks.
hard disk drive is typically connected to the system bus 525a In accordance with an aspect of at least one generalized
through a non-removable memory interface Such as an inter non-limiting embodiment, each object 610a, 610b, etc. or
face, and a magnetic disk drive or optical disk drive is typi 620a, 620b, 620c. 620d, 620e, etc. can contain an application
cally connected to the system bus 525a by a removable that might make use of an application programming interface
memory interface, such as an interface. (API), or other object, software, firmware and/or hardware,
A user can enter commands and information into the com suitable for use with the design framework in accordance with
puter 510a through input devices such as a keyboard and at least one generalized non-limiting embodiment.
pointing device, commonly referred to as a mouse, trackball It can also be appreciated that an object, such as 620c, can
or touchpad. Other input devices can include a microphone, 10 be hosted on another computing device 610a, 610b, etc. or
joystick, game pad, satellite dish, Scanner, or the like. These 620a, 620b, 620c, 620d, 620e, etc. Thus, although the physi
and other input devices are often connected to the processing cal environment depicted can show the connected devices as
unit 520a through user input 540a and associated interface(s) computers, such illustration is merely exemplary and the
that are coupled to the system bus 525a, but can be connected physical environment can alternatively be depicted or
by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, 15 described comprising various digital devices such as PDAs,
game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A graphics Sub televisions, MP3 players, etc., any of which can employ a
system can also be connected to the system bus 525a. A variety of wired and wireless services, software objects such
monitor or other type of display device is also connected to as interfaces, COM objects, and the like.
the system bus 525a via an interface, such as output interface There are a variety of systems, components, and network
550a, which can in turn communicate with video memory. In configurations that Support distributed computing environ
addition to a monitor, computers can also include other ments. For example, computing systems can be connected
peripheral output devices Such as speakers and a printer, together by wired or wireless systems, by local networks or
which can be connected through output interface 550a. widely distributed networks. Currently, many of the networks
The computer 510a can operate in a networked or distrib are coupled to the Internet, which provides an infrastructure
uted environment using logical connections to one or more 25 for widely distributed computing and encompasses many dif
other remote computers, such as remote computer 570a, ferent networks. Any of the infrastructures can be used for
which can in turn have media capabilities different from exemplary communications made incident to optimization
device 510a. The remote computer 570a can be a personal algorithms and processes according to the present innovation.
computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or In home networking environments, there are at least four
other common network node, or any other remote media 30 disparate network transport media that can each Support a
consumption or transmission device, and can include any or unique protocol. Such as Power line, data (both wireless and
all of the elements described above relative to the computer wired), voice (e.g., telephone) and entertainment media. Most
510a. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 5 include a home control devices such as light Switches and appliances
network 580a, such local area network (LAN) or a wide area can use power lines for connectivity. Data Services can enter
network (WAN), but can also include other networks/buses. 35 the home as broadband (e.g., either DSL or Cable modem)
Such networking environments are commonplace in homes, and are accessible within the home using either wireless (e.g.,
offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, and HomeRF or 802.11A/B/G) or wired (e.g., Home PNA, Cat 5,
the Internet. Ethernet, even power line) connectivity. Voice traffic can
When used in a LAN networking environment, the com enter the home either as wired (e.g., Cat 3) or wireless (e.g.,
puter 510a is connected to the LAN 580a through a network 40 cellphones) and can be distributed within the home using Cat
interface or adapter. When used in a WAN networking envi 3 wiring. Entertainment media, or other graphical data, can
ronment, the computer 510a typically includes a communi enter the home either through satellite or cable and is typically
cations component, Such as a modem, or other means for distributed in the home using coaxial cable. IEEE 1394 and
establishing communications over the WAN, such as the DVI are also digital interconnects for clusters of media
Internet. A communications component, such as a modem, 45 devices. All of these network environments and others that
which can be internal or external, can be connected to the can emerge, or already have emerged, as protocol standards
system bus 525a via the user input interface of input 540a, or can be interconnected to form a network, Such as an intranet,
other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, that can be connected to the outside world by way of a wide
program modules depicted relative to the computer 510a, or area network, such as the Internet. In short, a variety of
portions thereof, can be stored in a remote memory storage 50 disparate sources exist for the storage and transmission of
device. It will be appreciated that the network connections data, and consequently, any of the computing devices of the
shown and described are exemplary and other means of estab present innovation can share and communicate data in any
lishing a communications link between the computers can be existing manner, and no one way described in the embodi
used. ments herein is intended to be limiting.
FIG. 6 provides a schematic diagram of an exemplary 55 The Internet commonly refers to the collection of networks
networked or distributed computing environment in which and gateways that utilize the Transmission Control Protocol/
PAR backing off and/or PAbacking off can be employed. The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols, which are well
distributed computing environment comprises computing known in the art of computer networking. The Internet can be
objects 610a, 610b, etc. and computing objects or devices described as a system of geographically distributed remote
620a, 620b, 620c, 620d, 620e, etc. These objects can com 60 computer networks interconnected by computers executing
prise programs, methods, data stores, programmable logic, networking protocols that allow users to interact and share
etc. The objects can comprise portions of the same or different information over network(s). Because of such wide-spread
devices such as PDAs, audio/video devices, MP3 players, information sharing, remote networks such as the Internet
personal computers, etc. Each object can communicate with have thus far generally evolved into an open system with
another object by way of the communications network 640. 65 which developers can design Software applications for per
This network can itself comprise other computing objects and forming specialized operations or services, essentially with
computing devices that provide services to the system of FIG. out restriction.
 US 8,655,396 B2
17 18
Thus, the network infrastructure enables a host of network number of known protocols such as HTTP Servers 610a,
topologies such as client/server, peer-to-peer, or hybrid archi 610b, etc. can also serve as clients 620a, 620b, 620c, 620d.
tectures. The "client' is a member of a class or group that uses 620e, etc., as can be characteristic of a distributed computing
the services of another class or group to which it is not related. environment.
Thus, in computing, a client is a process, i.e., roughly a set of 5 As mentioned, communications can be wired or wireless,
instructions or tasks, that requests a service provided by or a combination, where appropriate. Client devices 620a,
another program. The client process utilizes the requested 620b, 620c, 620d, 620e, etc. can or cannot communicate via
service without having to “know’ any working details about communications network/bus 640, and can have independent
the other program or the service itself. In a client/server communications associated therewith. For example, in the
architecture, particularly a networked system, a client is usu 10
case of a TV or VCR, there can or cannot be a networked
ally a computer that accesses shared network resources pro aspect to the control thereof. Each client computer 620a,
vided by another computer, e.g., a server. In the illustration of 620b, 620c, 620d, 620e, etc. and server computer 610a, 610b,
FIG. 6, as an example, computers 620a, 620b, 620c, 620d. etc. can be equipped with various application program mod
620e, etc. can be thought of as clients and computers 610a,
610b, etc. can be thought of as servers where servers 610a, 15 ules or objects 635a, 635b, 635c, etc. and with connections or
610b, etc. maintain the data that is then replicated to client access to various types of storage elements or objects, across
computers 620a, 620b, 620c, 620d, 620e, etc., although any which files or data streams can be stored or to which
computer can be considered a client, a server, or both, portion(s) of files or data streams can be downloaded, trans
depending on the circumstances. Any of these computing mitted or migrated. Any one or more of computers 610a,
devices can be processing data or requesting services or tasks 610b, 620a, 620b, 620c, 620d, 620e, etc. can be responsible
that can implicate the optimization algorithms and processes for the maintenance and updating of a database 630 or other
in accordance with at least one generalized non-limiting storage element, such as a database or memory 630 for storing
embodiment. data processed or saved according to at least one generalized
A server is typically a remote computer system accessible non-limiting embodiment. Thus, the present innovation can
over a remote or local network, such as the Internet or wire 25 be utilized in a computer network environment having client
less network infrastructures. The client process can be active computers 620a, 620b, 620c. 620d, 620e, etc. that can access
in a first computer system, and the server process can be active and interact with a computer network/bus 640 and server
in a second computer system, communicating with one computers 610a, 610b, etc. that can interact with client com
another over a communications medium, thus providing dis puters 620a, 620b, 620c, 620d, 620e, etc. and other like
tributed functionality and allowing multiple clients to take 30 devices, and databases 630.
advantage of the information-gathering capabilities of the FIG. 7 illustrates a wireless communication system 700
server. Any software objects utilized pursuant to the optimi with multiple base stations 710 and multiple terminals 720,
Zation algorithms and processes of at least one generalized Such as may be utilized in conjunction with one or more
non-limiting embodiment can be distributed across multiple aspects of the herein described PAR backing off. A base
computing devices or objects. 35 station is generally a fixed station that communicates with the
Client(s) and server(s) communicate with one another uti terminals and may also be called an access point, a Node B, or
lizing the functionality provided by protocol layer(s). For some other terminology. Each base station 710 provides com
example, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a common munication coverage for a particular geographic area, illus
protocol that is used in conjunction with the WorldWideWeb trated as three geographic areas, labeled 702a, 702b, and
(WWW), or “the Web.” Typically, a computer network 40 702c. The term "cell' can refer to a base station and/or its
address such as an Internet Protocol (IP) address or other coverage area depending on the context in which the term is
reference such as a Universal Resource Locator (URL) can be used. To improve system capacity, a base station coverage
used to identify the server or client computers to each other. area may be partitioned into multiple Smaller areas (e.g., three
The network address can be referred to as a URL address. smaller areas, according to cell 702a in FIG. 7), 704a, 704b,
Communication can be provided over a communications 45 and 704c. Each smaller area can be served by a respective
medium, e.g., client(s) and server(s) can be coupled to one base transceiver subsystem (BTS). The term “sector can
another via TCP/IP connection(s) for high-capacity commu refer to a BTS and/or its coverage area depending on the
nication. context in which the term is used. For a sectorized cell, the
Thus, FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary networked or distrib BTSs for all sectors of that cell are typically co-located within
uted environment, with server(s) in communication with cli 50 the base station for the cell. The transmission techniques
ent computer (s) via a network/bus, in which the herein described herein may be used for a system with sectorized
described PAR backing off can be employed. In more detail, cells as well as a system with un-sectorized cells. For sim
a number of servers 610a, 610b, etc. are interconnected via a plicity, in the following description, the term “base station” is
communications network/bus 640, which can be a LAN, used generically for a fixed station that serves a sector as well
WAN, intranet, GSM network, the Internet, etc., with a num 55 as a fixed station that serves a cell.
ber of client or remote computing devices 620a, 620b, 620c, Terminals 720 are typically dispersed throughout the sys
620d, 620e, etc., such as a portable computer, handheld com tem, and each terminal may be fixed or mobile. A terminal
puter, thin client, networked appliance, or other device. Such may also be called a mobile station, user equipment, a user
as a VCR, TV, oven, light, heater and the like in accordance device, or some other terminology. A terminal may be a
with the present innovation. It is thus contemplated that the 60 wireless device, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant
present innovation can apply to any computing device in (PDA), a wireless modem card, and so on. Each terminal 720
connection with which it is desirable to communicate data may communicate with Zero, one, or multiple base stations on
over a network. the downlink and uplink at any given moment. The downlink
In a network environment in which the communications (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the
network/bus 640 is the Internet, for example, the servers 65 base stations to the terminals, and the uplink (or reverse link)
610a, 610b, etc. can be Web servers with which the clients refers to the communication link from the terminals to the
620a, 620b, 620c. 620d, 620e, etc. communicate via any of a base stations.
 US 8,655,396 B2
19 20
For a centralized architecture, a system controller 730 nel, two-way communication device extending a typical base
couples to base stations 710 and provides coordination and station by incorporating all of the major components of the
control for base stations 710. For a distributed architecture, telecommunications infrastructure. A typical example is a
base stations 710 may communicate with one another as UMTS access point base station containing a Node-B, RNC,
needed. Data transmission on the forward link occurs from and GSN, with only an Ethernet or broadband connection
one access point to one access terminal at or near the maxi (less commonly, ATM/TDM) to the Internet or an intranet.
mum data rate that can be supported by the forward link Application of VoIP allows such a unit to provide voice and
and/or the communication system. Additional channels of the data services in the same way as a normal base station, but
forward link (e.g., control channel) may be transmitted from with the deployment simplicity of a Wi-Fi access point. Other
multiple access points to one access terminal. Reverse link 10 examples include CDMA-2000 and WiMAX solutions.
data communication may occur from one access terminal to The main benefit of an Access Point Base Station is the
one or more access points. simplicity of ultra low cost, Scalable deployment. Design
FIG. 8 is an illustration of an ad hoc or unplanned/semi studies have shown that access point base stations can be
planned wireless communication environment 800, in accor designed to Scale from simple hot-spot coverage through to
dance with various aspects of the herein described PAR back 15 large deployments by racking Such units into full-scale base
ing off. System 800 can comprise one or more base stations stations. The claimed attractions for a cellular operator are
802 in one or more sectors that receive, transmit, repeat, etc., that these devices can increase both capacity and coverage
wireless communication signals to each other and/or to one or while reducing both capex (Capital expenditures) and opeX
more mobile devices 804. As illustrated, each base station802 (Operating expenditures).
can provide communication coverage for a particular geo Access Point Base Stations are stand-alone units that are
graphic area, illustrated as three geographic areas, labeled typically deployed in hot spots, in-building and even
806a, 806b, 806c, and 806d. Each base station 802 can com in-home. Variations include attaching a Wi-Fi router to allow
prise a transmitter chain and a receiver chain, each of which a Wi-Fi hot-spot to work as backhaul for a cellular hotspot, or
can in turn comprise a plurality of components associated vice versa. Femtocells are an alternative way to deliver the
with signal transmission and reception (e.g., processors, 25 benefits of Fixed Mobile Convergence. The distinction is that
modulators, multiplexers, demodulators, demultiplexers, most FMC architectures require a new (dual-mode) handset,
antennas, and so forth.), as will be appreciated by one skilled while a femtocell-based deployment will work with existing
in the art. Mobile devices 804 may be, for example, cellular handsets.
phones, Smart phones, laptops, handheld communication As a result, Access Point Base Stations must work with
devices, handheld computing devices, satellite radios, global 30 handsets that are compliant with existing RAN technologies.
positioning systems, PDAs, and/or any other Suitable device The reuse of existing RAN technologies (and potentially
for communicating over wireless network 800. System 800 re-use of existing frequency channels) could create problems,
can be employed in conjunction with various aspects since the additional femtocell transmitters represent a large
described herein in order for PAR back off to be implemented number of interference sources, potentially resulting in Sig
Successfully in one exemplary non-limiting embodiment. 35 nificant operational challenges for existing deployments.
FIG. 9 illustrates a methodology 900 including receiving a This is one of the biggest areas that femtocells must overcome
PAR back off value at 902. At 904 is applying the received if they are to be successful.
PAR back off value to determine a power value such as the PA. Access Point Base Stations typically rely on the Internet
At 906 is that the PAR back off value is at least partially based for connectivity, which can potentially reduce deployment
on the modulation type. At 908 is determining a rate for a UL 40 costs but introduces security risks that generally do not exist
transmission. At 910 is the PAR is at least partially based on in typical cellular systems. Aboomer cell is a very big cell that
modulation type and is more for QAM than for QPSK. would cover state sized area or larger.
When the embodiments are implemented in software, firm FIG. 10 illustrates a methodology 1000 wherein a channel
ware, middleware, or microcode, program code or code seg quality index (CQI) from one antenna is power controlled as
ments, they may be stored in a machine-readable medium, 45 a reference signal at 1002. Deriving at least one channel
Such as a storage component. A code segment may represent condition is at 1004. Deriving at least one channel condition
a procedure, a function, a Subprogram, a program, a routine, at least partially based on a plurality of broadband pilots is at
a Subroutine, a module, a Software package, a class, or any 1006. Deriving at least one channel condition at least partially
combination of instructions, data structures, or program State based on a request channel is at 1008. The decisions on what
ments. A code segment may be coupled to another code 50 and how to derive can be made through the employ of an AI
segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving layer. In addition, in other embodiments with or without a
information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory con security layer, cells can dynamically change derivations
tents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be based at least partially on an AI decision. A sensor can provide
passed, forwarded, or transmitted using any Suitable means feedback at to assist in that decision. For example, the sensor
including memory sharing, message passing, token passing. 55 can determine network conditions at a specific time and alter
network transmission, etc. the number and/or locations of interference.
For a software implementation, the techniques described FIG. 11 illustrates a methodology 1100 wherein a source
herein may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, node B is in communication with a mobile device at 1104. In
functions, and so on) that perform the functions described one exemplary generalized non-limiting embodiment, the
herein. The software codes may be stored in memory units 60 methodology 1000 includes employing a security layer at
and executed by processors. The memory unit may be imple 1006. At 1108, at least one of a power allocation (PA), a
mented within the processor or external to the processor, in Power to Average ratio (PAR), and a power spectral density
which case it can be communicatively coupled to the proces (PSD) is dynamically altered or adjusted as described herein.
Sor via various means as is known in the art. Because at least a portion of the communication between
The mobile device can be broadcasting to by employing a 65 the device 1104 and the Node B are wireless, the security
femtocell or a boomer cell. A femtocell was originally called layer 1106 is provided in one exemplary generalized non
an Access Point Base Station—and is a Scalable, multi-chan limiting embodiment. The security layer 1106 can be used to
 US 8,655,396 B2
25 26
PAR back off value based on a difference between the determining a second modulation type of the channel based
first modulation scheme and the second modulation on the channel quality report and the first PAR backoff
scheme. value;
6. The apparatus of claim 5, in which the scheduling infor determining a second PAR backoff value associated with
mation further comprises a transmission rate based on the 5
the second modulation type; and
difference between the PAR back off value associated with
the first modulation scheme and the PAR back off value transmitting scheduling information to a UE, the schedul
associated with the second modulation scheme. ing information including the second modulation type
7. An apparatus of wireless communication, comprising: associated with the second PAR back off value and a
means for receiving a channel quality report of a channel, 10
power allocation, the power allocation compensating for
the channel quality report associated with a first modu a difference between the first PAR backoff value and the
lation type and a corresponding first peak to average second PAR backoff value based on a difference
power ratio (PAR) back off value: between the first modulation scheme and the second
means for determining a second modulation type of the modulation scheme.
channel based on the channel quality report and the first 15 12. The computer program product of claim 11, in which
PAR backoff value: the scheduling information further comprises a transmission
means for determining a second PAR backoff value asso rate for the channel based on a difference between the first
ciated with the second modulation type; and PAR back off value associated with the first modulation
means for transmitting scheduling information to a UE, the scheme and the second PAR back off value associated with
Scheduling information including the second modula the second modulation scheme.
tion type associated with the second PAR back off value 13. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising:
and a power allocation, the power allocation compen a memory; and
sating for a difference between the first PAR backoff at least one processor coupled to the memory and config
value and second PAR backoff value based on a differ
ence between the first modulation scheme and the sec ured for:
ond modulation scheme. 25 reporting, by a user equipment (UE), channel quality
8. The apparatus of claim 7, in which the scheduling infor information for a channel, the reporting associated
mation further comprises a transmission rate for the channel with a first modulation scheme and a corresponding
based on a difference between the first PAR back off value first peak to average power ratio (PAR) back off value:
associated with the first modulation scheme and the second and
PAR back off value associated with the second modulation 30 receiving scheduling information by the UE in response to
scheme. the reporting, the scheduling information including a
9. A computer program product for wireless communica Second modulation type associated with a second PAR
tions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium back off value and a power allocation for the channel, the
and comprising program code for performing the steps of: power allocation compensating for a difference between
reporting, by a user equipment (UE), channel quality infor 35 the first PAR backoff value and the second PAR back off
value based on a difference between the first modulation
mation for a channel, the reporting associated with a first scheme and the second modulation scheme.
modulation scheme and a corresponding first peak to 14. An apparatus of wireless communication, comprising:
average power ratio (PAR) back off value; and a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the
receiving scheduling information by the UE in response to memory and configured for:
the reporting, the scheduling information including a 40
receiving a channel quality report of a channel, the chan
second modulation type associated with a second PAR nel quality report associated with a first modulation
back off value and a power allocation for the channel, the type and a corresponding first peak to average power
power allocation compensating for a difference between
the first PAR backoff value and the second PAR back off ratio (PAR) back off value:
value based on a difference between the first modulation 45 determining a second modulation type of the channel based
Scheme and the second modulation scheme. on the channel quality report and the first PAR backoff
10. The computer program product of claim 9, in which the value;
Scheduling information further comprises a transmission rate determining a second PAR backoff value associated with
based on the difference between the PAR back off value the second modulation type; and
associated with the first modulation scheme and the PAR back 50 transmitting scheduling information to a UE, the schedul
off value associated with the second modulation scheme. ing information including the second modulation type
11. A computer program product for wireless communica associated with the second PAR back off value and a
tions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium power allocation, the power allocation compensating for
and comprising program code for performing the steps of: a difference between the first PAR backoff value and the
receiving a channel quality report of a channel, the channel 55 second PAR backoff value based on a difference
between the first modulation scheme and the second
quality report associated with a first modulation type and modulation scheme.
a corresponding first peak to average power ratio (PAR)
back off value;