ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES 20EC COL BLE (ECE) ~ II Semester “Reflection =vSWR Matching Smith Chast ~Looding Dr. N. V. Koteswara Rao Reflection + The impedance at any point on the transmission line sven by Ufroruty th pat of BE ereey Seana se Buhctncsaae ee Department of ECE Impedance dzcrtnous or CBIT(A) iaplarormiaihed or non Reflection Reflection + The voltage at any point on the line is given by TemGh Ser [coat ee The term (2) ints Cyne coed mathematical form indicates rem) tema) mathematical form indicates Tam: Feel progressing from ioad end to Sending end. While it is progressing lis amplitude is Secreasing exponentially. The term (a) in its mathematical form indicates, an. incident wave. which is an, secgent wave (which (3 In general, wnen Zx #Z there exists two waves: = indent = Reflected Feceiving end while progressing. its amplitude ‘decreasing exponentially. «te 225 tae ay maaes «Me wee daira The fefeton _coeent distance ‘x’ from the sending end. | lossless transmission line is * Kerat faces | equal 022 30 What i ts voltage. value at a distance of A/12 K.-S Sig from the above point towards. cera the sending end. Assume the «maemo pote D feralassessineaco | lines lossless. Example:cee Me Comer Fora losslessline ct ocr Ka=Ky(12-60°) : 2230" 12.60" Ste) Ka 022-30" mG — xb te Va Cex 4 Cet ZBx + CZ x lossless line is considered Voltage Standing Waves The voltage at any point on the line is given by (for a lossless line ic v Cy HX + Ceti bx C,Z-Bx + CPx ‘The voltage across the transmission line (at any point) is the vectorial sum or algebraic sum of incident wave voltage and reflected wave voltage At some locations on the transmission line, these two voltages may add in in-phase, When they are adding in phase, a voltage maximum is observed. At some locations on the transmission line these two voltages may add in out of phase. At this location a voltage minimum is observed. ‘Therefore the voltage across the transmission line swings between maximum voltage to minimum voltage and vi Va Cis + Ce =CZx + C2 Bx. fe = \V, + IV Va =WNil-I¥el When Z,- ZB) V=Vpe=V, 2x lossless line is considereda vu) ze Votare f Zo0 tein Location on th ne lossless line is considered ben ne pa a Location on ne lossless line is considered Votage thelne {ecatlon on the ne lossless line is considered % LelaCe 8 2Q on Vins Vain The successive distance between two minimas or two maximas is half wavelength (4.2). The successive distance between minima to maxima or vice versa is quarter wavelength (04). Location, of voltage maximum. is same as location of a current minimum and it is same as location of impedance maximum, Similarly, the location of voltage minimum is same as current maximum and it is also same as impedance minimum. Voltage standing wave ratio VSWR of 8 is the ratio of Vis € Vii K is the reflection coefficient at the load end Za K KIS Zo 0 oi 0980 _[-t-1aa [fx 2Q OC) i=1Z" [1 [a Ki Sain = 1 io Sum =o [K| is the magnitude of the K. (bis the phase angle of K. If °K" is reflection coefficient, then KP is called power reflection coefficient. 6 of power reflected = 100 KP % *% of power delivered = (1 —[K) 100% Return loss = 20108, K|‘© Expression for Location of Vinx Brynn “$= 20 > 1 mas n= 12 max + Expression for Location of Van 2B Yin $= Cnt Dt a0 I min 1-152 nin 9” is the distance measured from the lod Expressions for Zaus amd Zan Zam = SL ua impedance on the line Figure shows @ voltage standing wave pattem of a lossless transmission line, Given that the characteristic impedance of the line is 1000. Find VSWR, reflection coefficient, % of power reflected. % of nawer delivered and also find load impedanes. ‘At Toad, Pini the given figure) 2Pyaue}= nee “For H min na is occuring at load ie. Yun = 0 is observed (Shown in {2 pas -¥- 0008 {B)oos fore [0 or e¥ are same] power flected = 100 MP aaie ‘A Transmission line is Lossless and is terminated by unknown load impedance. The 1 voltage maximum is observed at a distance of 0,154 from the load, the VSWR ‘measured on the line is 2.0. Find the reflection coefficient, normalized load impedance, Power reflection coefficient, % of power reflected, % of power delivered to the load and also find return loss. (Hint: If any impedance is divided with characteristic ‘impedance (Z;), then that impedance is known as normalized impedance]Sol Given ‘VSWR or § To find Reflection coefficient, impedance, power reflection coefficient cf power reflected, 6 of power delivered to Toad and return loss, sormalized 14> 0» forthe 1* ma vote) Yen 018% 2) 019) Bot, tyltt Ee Baa ta tek seamen 20 Ponca 2 ot Nomi line ‘power seta ‘sc omer dive tthe and 10-111 = 889% Assume the load is purely reactive load and the line characteristic impedance is 50Q, Find the magnitude of the reflection coefficient and voltage standing wave ratio Source Load Source aufer Load MATCHING + Purpose ofa transmission line sto transport energy from the source tothe Toad, + When the load mismatches (2 # Za) refletions would result, + Those reflections will uavel towards the source and the source bound 19 aceept these reflections. + Accepting of energy by the souceis agains tots property. + Because of thes reflections tome soures lead to unstable or damaged condi ‘+The Impedance matching technique is employed for protecting the sources from reflections,Impedance matching Quarter wave Stu matehing Transformer be AA Quarter Wave Transformer bud vs 4 (Quarter Wave Transformer Stub Matching Connecting a quarter wave Line between main transmission line load the impedance is shown Design involves finding Z, i.e, Characteristic impedance of this quarter wave line is the mean of Zo and 2x. 2, = yZZu In place of *. tine length of may aso be 4 4 connected where a ~ 1, 3, S(odd number) This is a simple technique and has a main disadvantage that whenever frequency of operation is changed length of quarter wave line has to be readjusted by disconnecting from main transmission, line. A section of a lossless transmission line either it is open circuited or short circuited can act as a circuit reactive element circuit susceptive element. Desired reactance or susceptance can be achieved by property choosing length of a transmission line. These sections are named as stubs and are used in the impedance matching technique. Hence the name Stub ‘matching.When a lossless transmission line is shorvopen circuited, the input impedance and admittance are given by Y,. =-—Leot/ mhos Z, Zoc = ~jZocotfil Q Yoo = — tanp/ mhos Zo Consider lossless line... Is Za Na Zn 7, Let seutanpy °Z,+iZ, tanpy Normalized Impedanes ean be written as 7, -2a Zab idatanpy ™Z,” Ziq tanpy IW Zya = 1 => Zy = Zo — Line is matched. Normalized Admittance can be written as y_ Scan p cont 2B FiB is the length of the short circuit stub ee eal ‘his the location ofthe stub from the load 4-008"! 2B [Klzo “s': VSWR where Note: Open circuit stubs are not preferred because it is impractical to realize an ideal open circuit Whena transmission line is open circuited itis terminated by a medium impedance Hence an ‘deal open eiruit i impractical to realize Smith Chart It is a graphical solution provider for any transmission line problem, Itisa family of circles. Ze % Zy/Zy+1 R: Real part of 3) x ary part of Za) IKI =Ke+ je 1K: Real pat of *K! Ky: Imaginary pat of K Zyl2p—1| Zealot nomaized oa impedance 2) K= [Kido Ze Re jx UK UK) 0-K,= IK) Rationalization of above for separating real and imaginary parts 1-K} -K? Te °° 28 ___,@) Ky Equation (1) & (2) represents a family of cirelesConsider equation (1), bringing it into the form of a circle equation: KUR-2K,R+R+Ki “Ki -Ky Ki(1+R)-2K,R+Ki(+R)=1-R Divide with (1+ R) on both sides i Rog IER ee ee GR ak) ‘om both sides eR BJ +6.-07-(g) ‘The above equation represents equation of a eine wim some (E> o}amt rat Tek (ale ‘R: real part of (Z), can assume all possible values ranging from 0 t0%0, Infinite number of eiteles ean be dravin, ‘As the value of Ris increasing, radius is decreasing, (fe) (x)(40) eo oor iad wo) oa oat ey) (® ® ®) OOe oyConstant R circles are having following properties: Alll these circles are passing through (1, 0). Alll the circles are having their centers between 0 and | on K, axis All the circles are neither concentric nor intersecting each other. ‘Consider equation (2), Kix-2K.x+x+Kix-2K, Divide with X on both sides, K?-2K, +1+Ki- ast (1) ents =o Theabove equation represents equation ofa} is the imaginary part of aormaized oad spedance ean ll posible values aging ‘Thereforeonc can draw nfintenamber of cites (= (en: ) [a ) & 8) @ So) ayae) oo a aa & oa wat eo nO oat (a) Fo‘The Constant X circles are having following properties 1. Allthe circles are passing through (1,0) 2. All the circles are having their centers on K.=1 fine, 3. The circles above the horizontal axis represents locus of positive reactance whereas the circles below the horizontal axis represents locus of negative reactance. 4, All the circles are neither concentric nor intersecting each other.“The locus of Constant Ro circles and Constant X- citles together is called Sith chart “The lous of Constant R circles and Constant X- citles togetber is called Sith charPaper insulated cable pair (16 gauge)... * R=42.1 Ohms/km 5 mohos/km, * C=0.062yF/km mH/km G/C=0.0242 X 103 and R/L=42.1 X 109 R/L>> G/C Distortion and Minimum attenuation condition is not satisfied ‘Both conditions can be approached in four ways. + Reduce R : This will decrease the attenuation but require large conductors, which in turn causes an inerease in cable size and cost. Reduction of R will also lower Zol + Increase G : This can be accomplished by lowering conductor insulation or by introducing shunt conductance along the line. This isa poor solution because it increases losses. Inereasing Galso lower Zo} + Decrease € : This will increase the spacing between the conductor, resulting inerease of cable size and cost, Decreasing C increases [Zl although lowers « + Increase L : Reduces the distortion and offers hest approach to achieve distortion less and minimum attenuation conditions Loading... + Increasing inductance by inserting inductance in series with the line is termed as LOADING and such lines are called loaded line. + In practice, lumped inductors known as loading coils ate place at suitable intervals along the line to increase the effective distributed inductance. + Campbell’s equation is derived by G. A. Campbell + This equation makes possible the calculation of the effect of loading coils in reducing attenuation and distortion on Lines. Campbell equation cosh(y/d) = cosh(yd) + x sinh(yd) 7" where, “vis the propagation constant of the unloaded line 7/ is the propagation constant of the loaded line dis the interval between coils on the loaded line ind Zs the impedance of a loading c Zp is the characteristic impedance of the unloaded line.‘Text Books: 1, Matthew N.O. _ Sadiku, "Elements of Electromagnetics", 7 edition, Newyork Oxford University Press, 2018. 2. William H. Hayt Jr. and John A. Buck, "Engineering Electromagnetics", 8" edition, TMI, 2016. EC. Jordan and KG. Balmain, "Electromagnetic, Waves and Radiating Systems", 2"! edition, PHI,2000, Suggested Readings: 1. John D. Ryder, "Networks Lines and Fields’, 2™edition, PHI, 2015. 2. RK. Shevgaonkar, “Electromagnetics Waves”, Tata MeGraw Hill India, 2005.