Geographic Information Systems

Eng. Emran K. Abu Murshed

Hashemite University

2/23/2021 Eng. Emran K. Abu Murshid 1

 Lab 1: Introduction to ArcGIS

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Introduction

ArcGIS is one of the best geographic information

systems software in the world, this program was
created by Environmental Systems Research
Institute – ESRI in USA

We will use ArcGIS 10.5 in this course

Read more:

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 Introduction

ArcGIS have 4 main components:

ArcMap ArcScene

ArcCatalog ArcGlobe

In addition to a group of tools for spatial analysis

in: ArcToolbox

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 Introduction

1- ArcMap: is the main program where you can open, edit and analyze GIS
data.

2- ArcCatalog: is the first assistant of ArcMap where you can manage & store
GIS data.

3- ArcScene: performing 3D analysis of GIS data.

4- ArcGlobe: presents a globe of the earth over which users can navigate
easily in three dimensions.

5- ArcToolbox: contains many tools used in spatial analysis and processing.

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 Introduction

• Geographic representation is a representation of some

part of the Earth’s surface or near-surface, at different
scales.

• Any application of GIS requires clear attention to

questions of what should be presented, and how.

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Introduction

Geographic data

Place
Time
Attributes

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 Data types

Two methods are used to reduce geographic phenomena to forms

that can be coded in computer databases:

Vector Raster
(point, line & (cells or
polygon) pixels)

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 Data Types

Raster Data (Images)

• Space is divided into an array of rectangular (usually square) cells
(pixels = picture elements).

• All geographic variation is expressed by assigning properties or

attributes to these cells.

• One of the most common forms of raster data comes from

remote-sensing satellites.
Read more:

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Data Types

Raster Data (Images)

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 Shapefiles

• ArcGIS using “Shapefile” to store GIS data in.

• example: Amman.shp Jordan.shp

• .shp is the extension for all shapefiles

• Shapefiles can be used and recognized in

other GIS software like “Google Earth”

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 Shapefiles

Shapefiles contains 2 main types of data:

Spatial Data Attribute Data

Contains 2 types Contains
of data: descriptive data
that describes the
• Geometry spatial data such
(Point, line or as name, area,
polygon). population …etc.

• Coordinates
(X,Y data).

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 Shapefiles

• Most common data used in ArcGIS is Vector.

• Points, lines and polygons called “features”

• Shapefile types are:

- Point - Line (Polyline) - Polygon

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 Geographic Information Systems
Training Session

Eng. Emran K. Abu Murshed

Hashemite University

10/25/2020 Eng. Emran K. Abu Murshid 1

 Lab 2: ArcCatalog & Geodatabases

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 ArcCatalog

ArcCatalog is an application where you can store

and manage GIS data, the management process
include:

Copy Paste Delete

Modify Create

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 ArcCatalog

ArcCatalog have 3 main viewing options:

1- Contents: where the contents of the folder
displayed.

2- Preview: here you find a small preview of the

shapefile and attribute table.

3- Description (Metadata): contains additional data

about the shapefile like author and abbreviations.
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 Geodatabase
File Geodatabase:
• A collection of various types of GIS datasets held
in a file system folder.

• This is the recommended native data format for

ArcGIS stored and managed in a file system folder.

• Extension for file Geodatabase is (.gdb)

Read more:

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 Table joining

• The process of merging 2 tables together using a primary field

or key field.

• Primary field: a field with unique values that the join will be
based on.

• You can merge a table with the attribute table from a shapefile
or join 2 tables together.

• The join process is temporary so you have to save the joined

shapefile or table into a new file.

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 Table joining

• The process of merging 2 tables together using a primary field

or key field.

• Primary field: a field with unique values that the join will be
based on.

• You can merge a table with the attribute table from a shapefile
or join 2 tables together.

• The join process is temporary, so you must save the joined

shapefile or table into a new file.

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 Table joining

• Example:

ID Name 1st GIS ID Name 1st Hydro

1 A 20 1 A 13
2 B 15 2 B 20
3 C 10 3 C 11
4 D 18 4 D 17

ID Name 1st Hydro 1st GIS

1 A 13 20
2 B 20 15
3 C 11 10
4 D 17 18
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 Geographic Information Systems
Training Session

Eng. Emran K. Abu Murshed

Hashemite University

11/1/2020 Eng. Emran K. Abu Murshid 1

Lab 3: Thematic Maps & Layout Process

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Choropleth Maps
It’s a map showing the spatial distribution of
one attribute.

Also known as
“Thematic Maps”

Read more:

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 Symbology
the process of classifying the map into categories according to specific
attribute.

Types of Symbology:

By
Category
By Quantity
By Charts
By Multiple
Attributes

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 Symbology

By Category

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 Symbology

By Quantity

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Symbology

By Charts

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 Layout process

Layout:
The process of getting the map ready to print by
adding the basic map elements:

Title
North Arrow
Scale bar
Legend
Coordinate
System

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 Layout process

In addition to the basic elements there are some

optional map elements like:
Reports
Images

Graphs
Reference
Author
Read more:

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 Geographic Information Systems
Training Session

Eng. Emran K. Abu Murshed

Hashemite University

11/15/2020 Eng. Emran K. Abu Murshid 1

 Lab 4: Coordinates Systems &
Georeferencing

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 Coordinate Systems

There are 2 main types of coordinate systems:

Geographic
Coordinate
System (3D)
Projected
Coordinate
System (2D)

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Geographic Coordinate System (3D)

•Longitude: lines run north and south.

•Latitude: lines run east and west.
•The lines measure distances in degrees.

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Geographic Coordinate System (3D)

Units used to express GCS coordinates are:

Degree Minute Second

(DMS)

32o 15’ 32.14”

Decimal Degree (DD)

32.142514 Degree Decimal Minute

(DDM)

32o 15.35’

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Projected Coordinate System (2D)

Projection: The process of transforming earth’s

spherical surface to a flat map while maintaining
spatial relationships.

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Projected Coordinate System (2D)

projection process involves stretching and

distortion

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 Datum

•All mapping & coordinate systems are based on a

datum.

•It’s a mathematical surface (overlay) that best fits the

shape of the earth.

•WGS84 = is the most common datum used in maps

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Projected Coordinate System (2D)

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Projected Coordinate System (2D)

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

coordinate:

•The world is divided into 60 x 6o longitude strips.

•Coordinates are in meters.

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Projected Coordinate System (2D)

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Projected Coordinate System (2D)

Jordan Transverse Mercator (JTM) projection:

Jordan is located between zone 36N and 37N, Royal Geographic
Center established a new projection to solve the problem by
moving the origin of ellipsoid to Aqaba city where the ellipsoid
best fit with Jordan map, this projection called “Jordan Transverse
Mercator” (JTM).

Read more:

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 GPS system
- A system of 24 satellites revolves around the earth that can send the
location to GPS devices in any point on earth.

- at least 4 satellites required to give location.

More satellites available = more accurate location.

GPS gives the following information:

- Latitude - Longitude - Elevation

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 Digitizing

Requirements:
Coordinate
Source Map Objective
System
Could be raster images We need to know what What we need to
like Google earth maps is the coordinate system digitize?
and scanned maps of the source map Example: streets and
or shapefiles (vector) universities … buildings
…etc.
Knowing the purpose of
digitizing will help us to
choose the shapefiles
required to digitize the
map.

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 Raster Digitizing

Is defining the location of an earth surface data by a

Georeferencing known coordinate referencing system.
This process is done by adding 4 GCP’s at the corner of the
map in order to adjust the coordinates value.

Saving the resulted image in TIFF format which contains

Rectify the adjusted coordinates.

Selecting the coordinate system for the rectified image,

Defining Projection coordinates system should be the same as used in
Georeferencing process.

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Raster – Vector Digitizing
Maps with coordinates grid

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Raster – Vector Digitizing
Google earth image with 4 GCP’s (A through D)

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 Handy GPS App

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 Geographic Information Systems

Eng. Emran K. Abu Murshed

Hashemite University

11/29/2020 Eng. Emran K. Abu Murshid 1

 Lab 5+6: Selection &
Spatial Data Processing

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Selection
Types of selection:

By Select tool By Attribute By Location

Query Spatial
Builder Analysis

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Selection
Query Builder VS Select by Location

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Query Builder

Single condition

Attribute operator Value

(Area, Population..) ( > < = …) (150,000)

Multiple condition

operator Condition 2
Condition 1
( AND, OR, (population
(area >10000)
NOT) <100000)

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Select By Location

Types of Spatial relationships:

• Intersect
• Contain
• Within distance of
• Adjacent

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 Spatial Data Processing
ArcToolbox offering many tools for spatial data processing, each tool is designed to do
specific objective to process and modify the Geodata.

Feature
extracting Feature
Dissolve clipping
features Union
Append features
features Buffering
features
Read more:

11/29/2020 Eng. Emran K. Abu Murshid 7

Spatial Data Processing Feature extracting
The process of selecting specific features and export them into a new shapefile.

1- Selecting features.
2- Right click on the layer contains the selected feaures.
3- choose: Data → export data.
4- select where to save the new shapefile and press OK.
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 Spatial Data Processing
Feature
clipping
The process of cutting the edges of shapefile according to another shapefile
called “clipping feature”

1- Go to ArcToolbox.
2- Browse for “Analysis tools” then for “Extract”
3- Select “Clip”.
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 Spatial Data Processing Dissolve features
The process of grouping features according to a field in the attribute table called
“dissolve field”

1- Go to ArcToolbox.
2- Browse for “Data Management tools” then for “Generalization”
3- Select “Dissolve”.
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 Spatial Data Processing Append features

The process of merging multiple shapefiles of the same

type into one shapefile called “target layer” while
preserving the attributes of the target layer only.

1- Go to ArcToolbox.
2- Browse for “Data Management tools” then for “General”
3- Select “Append”.

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 Spatial Data Processing Union features

The process of merging multiple shapefiles of the same

type into a new shapefile while preserving the attributes of
all input layers.

1- Go to ArcToolbox.
2- Browse for “Analysis tools” then for “Overlay”
3- Select “Union”.

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 Spatial Data Processing Buffering
features
The process of creating a zone around features represents the range of effect for any
attribute like coverage, danger zone or spread extent.

1- Go to ArcToolbox.
2- Browse for “Analysis tools” then for “Proximity”
3- Select “Buffer”.

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 Model Builder

• Model Builder is a visual programming language for building

geoprocessing workflows.

• Geoprocessing models automate and document your spatial

analysis and data management processes.

• You create and modify geoprocessing models in Model Builder,

where a model is represented as a diagram that chains together
sequences of processes and geoprocessing tools, using the
output of one process as the input to another process.

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 Model Builder

For example we will build the following model in Model

Builder:

input 2 Roads
input 1
Jordan output 1 Process 2 output 2
Map
Amman Amman
Map Clip Roads
Extract
“Amman”
Process 3 Process 4 output 4
Process 1 Universiti
Amman
Clip universitie Buffer es
buffer
s

output 3

input 3 Universities

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