International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)

Vol. 14, No. 1, February 2024, pp. 1122~1134

ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v14i1.pp1122-1134  1122

Development of an internet of things-based weather station

device embedded with O2, CO2, and CO sensor readings

Prisma Megantoro1, Safaa Najah Saud Al-Humairi2, Arya Dwi Kustiawan1,

Muhammad Rafi Nabil Arsalan1, Rizki Putra Prastio1, Lilik Jamilatul Awalin1, Pandi Vigneshwaran3
1
Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Information Sciences and Engineering, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Acharya University, Karakul, Uzbekistan

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Weather station devices are used to monitor weather parameter conditions,
such as wind direction, speed, rainfall, solar radiation level, temperature, and
Received Mar 21, 2023 humidity. This article discusses the design of a customized weather station
Revised Jul 9, 2023 embedded with gas concentration readings, whereby the gas concentration
Accepted Jul 17, 2023 measurement includes oxygen (O 2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon
monoxide (CO). The measurements and data processing of input sensors
were transmitted to an Arduino Uno microcontroller, and the input data were
Keywords: then remitted to Wemos D1 Mini to be uploaded to a cloud server.
Furthermore, the gas sensors' characterization methods were also considered
Air quality to reveal the obtained results of accuracy, precision, linearity, and hysteresis.
Internet of things An android-based mobile application was also designed for monitoring
Product innovation purposes. The system in our experiment utilized an internet connection with
Telemetry a field station, base station, and database server.
Weather station
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Prisma Megantoro
Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga
60115 Surabaya, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Information about weather conditions is beneficial for any purpose [1]. Starting from disaster
management [2], agriculture [3], [4], traffic management, environmental learning [5], and finding out the
potential for renewable energy in a location. Weather parameters are wind speed and direction, air
temperature and humidity, rainfall, air pressure, and solar radiation. In addition, measuring air quality levels
is also very important, considering the effects of weather and climate change. Information about air quality
that various parties can access can also be used for environmental impact analysis for policymaking in the
environmental sector. In addition, the effect of clean air quality can also suppress the development of the
tourism sector. This is an example of Gili Iyang Island, Sumenep, Indonesia. The island, known as oxygen
island, has the second-highest oxygen level in the world, according to the Indonesian Institute of Aeronautics
and Space.
On the other hand, internet of things (IoT) technology is a new point in the science of long-distance
data transmission, commonly known as telemetry. This technology connects various devices and human
needs in an internet network [6], [7]. This allows everyone to access anything regardless of distance, as long
as it is connected to the internet [8]. internet of things technology is also commonly used for telemetry
purposes, especially for measuring the data of various fields, including weather and air quality data [9], [10].
Like some research that has been done before. Such as the intelligent weather station system based on the IoT

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conducted by Huang et al. [11]. Mini weather stations with IoT mobile applications have also been proposed
by Gupta et al. [12]. A study on designing a low-cost weather station using a NodeMCU was conducted by
Singh et al. [13] and Wulandari et al. [14] have developed an IoT-based weather station for farm, also used a
Raspberry Pi board by Savic et al. [15]. There is also research on weather stations used for agricultural
purposes that have been done by Botero-Valencia et al. [16]. The assessment of weather conditions is also
helpful in determining the potential of wind energy in Oman, described in the Al-Yahyai et al. [17].
Nsabagwa et al. [18] also aimed to design three generations of the automatic weather station prototype.
Previously, researchers had also developed a weather station device called AirFeel. AirFeel version 1 can
monitor weather conditions and levels of pollutant gases in the air (there are seven types of gases) [19]. The
device uses the ESP 32 devkit-C microcontroller board as a data collector and simultaneously uploads
datasets to the server.
Unlike previous studies, this AirFeel weather station device version has a different system topology.
The latest system uses two microcontroller boards, one for data acquisition and one for data communication.
The shield board is also separate, whereas the weather shield already has additional sensors. The new system
also has an oxygen sensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, a carbon monoxide sensor, and a solar cell used to
measure solar irradiation levels.

2. METHOD
As a result of previous research, the AirFeel weather station device was developed for version 4. In
the development of version 4, the system topology and the sensors used are very different. This research
consists of three parts, namely the design of field stations, database storage systems, and android-based
mobile applications.

2.1. System design

The AirFeel weather station version 4 system consists of a field station, a base station, and an
Android application. An overview of the design system is presented in Figure 1. The field station equipment
comprises sensors, interface circuits, a microcontroller board, and a mobile wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) router
(MiFi). At the same time, the base station device consists of a minicomputer that stores data online. In
addition, the results of data monitoring are also displayed in android-based applications that have been
published on the play store.

Figure 1. Customized weather station system block diagram

A field station is a device used to retrieve weather and gas parameter data. The data obtained from
the sensors is processed and then sent to the database server. The sensors consist of a weather sensor and
three gas parameters. A 3-cup anemometer is used to measure speed, a wind vane is used to measure wind
direction, and a rain gauge is used to measure rainfall. The weather station sensor shield accesses the sensor
data power signal. Where in the shield is suitable for the Arduino Uno board [20] and an SHT11 sensor to

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measure temperature and humidity, as well as a BMP280 sensor to measure barometric pressure, these data
are collected by the weather shield and then sent to the board microcontroller 1 via serial communication.
The carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor module and carbon monoxide (CO) sensor module have output as an analog
signal, so it is read by the external analog to digital converter (ADC). Also, the solar cell has voltage and
current output measured by a direct current (DC) voltage current sensor i.e. INA219. Then external ADC,
INA219, and the oxygen (O2) sensor module are accessed directly by board microcontroller 1 via inter-
integrated circuit (I2C) communication. On board microcontroller 1, all data obtained from air sensors and
weather shields are processed and combined into one dataset. Then the data set is sent serially to the
microcontroller board 2 and parsed again with the time and date data downloaded from the network time
protocol (NTP) server. The complete dataset consists of sensor data, date, and time, then sent to the real-time
database. Data transmission uses a 4G internet connection from a mobile Wi-Fi router (MiFi). In addition, the
dataset is also saved to the secure digital (SD) Card via serial peripheral interface (SPI) communication.
At the base station, datasets have been stored in real-time in the cloud database. The dataset can be
accessed by mini server computing devices used as data servers from AirFeel devices. In addition, the dataset
can also be accessed with an android-based smartphone with the AirFeel application. Thus, the dataset can be
viewed and monitored in real time via an android application with a good interface design.

2.2. Hardware design

This custom weather station device with air quality readings is supported by a mini photovoltaic
(PV) system, which generates electricity from solar irradiation [21]. This mini-PV system supplies the
electrical energy needed by the AirFeel device. Figure 2 shows the PV system consists of solar panels, a solar
charge controller (SCC), and batteries to store electrical energy. The electrical energy generated by the solar
panels is stored in the batteries so that the weather station system can operate day and night.
Apart from the availability of independent electricity, this device also requires a reliable internet
connection. The telemetry system is based on the IoT, where field data transmission is carried out via the 4G
network. Therefore, a capable Wi-Fi router device, such as MiFi Huawei E5576, is used.

Figure 2. Wiring diagram of custom weather station system supplied by mini-PV

2.3. Real-time database

The design of this device uses a Google Firebase account for temporary data storage in real-time
uploaded from the field station. In Firebase, the data is stored as JavaScript object notation (JSON) and
synchronized continuously to each associated client [10]. This means the client does not need to make any
calls to get data changes. Firebase takes control and notifies your application whenever data changes. If the
data on the server has not changed, there will be no calls and no responses, resulting in optimal use of
bandwidth [22], [23]. The feature used in this study is a real-time database.

2.4. Android-based application

This android-based application is used to observe changes in all measured parameters' values. The
AirFeel monitor application shows the results of reading data from the sensors at the field station. There are
three parameters of gas levels in the air, namely O2, CO2, and CO. In addition, six weather parameters are
also presented, namely wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, air temperature, air humidity, and barometric
pressure. This application's main menu also displays the field station's location with global positioning
system (GPS) readings and the date and time of data acquisition [24].

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2.5. Sensor characterization

A complete sensor characterization must be performed to measure performance, accuracy, and
precision. Regarding measurements, accuracy is the primary factor affecting measurement performance.
Accuracy indicates how accurately an instrument or gauge is given a given value. This test was performed by
comparing the sensor with standardized equipment. The second test is to measure precision. This shows how
the gauge reads a given scale reading consistently over and over. This can be calculated from the standard
deviation obtained from each measurement.
In this study, sensor characterization was carried out for O2, CO2, and CO readings. The three gas
sensors use the interface module from DFROBOT, and the output from these sensors is an analog signal that
has been filtered and amplified. The output signal can be accessed by the microcontroller board 1, so it can
be directly processed into the actual unit, ppm.

3. IMPLEMENTATION
3.1. Field station system
All sensors, microcontrollers, and routers are placed in the field for measurement. As shown in
Figure 3, the testing location is in Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Surabaya, Indonesia. The latitude and
longitude coordinates are -7.266260 and 112.785307, respectively.
The aluminum box protects the field station’s components shown in Figure 3(a), which protects the
electronics from heat, rain, and animals (such as insects). Electrical equipment for the mini-PV system in the
form of solar charge controller (SCC) and batteries to supply the electrical energy needed by the customized
weather station system is also placed safely in the panel box. A digital timer is used to reset the weather
station system at a set time, i.e., three times a week.
The anemometer is a vertical windmill with three scoop-shaped grids that can catch the wind, as
shown in Figure 3(b). The vertical turbine type can take in the wind from all directions. A wind vane is used
to measure the direction of the wind. This wind vane is shaped like a rocket and has a wide fin on its back.
This fin allows the wind vane to rotate as the wind flows. The reading of the irradiation level of the sun is
using a mini solar cell.

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Customized weather station field system, (a) controller and gas sensors setup, (b) anemometer,
wind vane, rain gauge, and solar cell sensor probe set up on the field

Unlike previous research, this research uses a different gas concentration reading concept with the
deployment of the O2 measurement on the Gravity DFROBOT oxygen sensor module that is designed based
on an electrochemical principle and can support I2C output, calibrated in air, and can accurately measure
oxygen concentration in the outside air. Moreover, the CO2 reading also uses a sensor module from Gravity
DFROBOT. The sensor has an onboard MG-811 gas sensor, which is highly sensitive to CO2 and less
dependent on humidity and temperature. Also, for reading CO, it uses the DFROBOT sensor module. The
sensor uses MQ7, an easy-to-use CO detector that is reliable for detecting CO concentration in the air within
a precision range from 20 to 2,000 ppm.

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3.2. Firmware design

This program is made with the Arduino IDE. The program embedded on both microcontroller
boards is presented in Figure 4. Figure 4(a) describes the program workflow on microcontroller board 1,
while Figure 4(b) describes the program workflow for uploading datasets to the database server on
microcontroller board 2.
Figure 4(a) explains the program for the microcontroller board embedded in the Arduino Uno R3.
Arduino Uno R3 is the best choice for an automation system like this [25]–[27]. The workflow of this
program begins with system initialization in the form of serial communication feature initialization, input,
and output, barometric pressure sensor initialization, humidity sensor, current and voltage sensor module
(INA219), external analog to digital converter (ADC) initialization, as well as the interrupt function which
used to read weather sensors. Then read the weather parameters from the weather shield: wind speed and
direction, rainfall, humidity, temperature, and barometric pressure. After that, calculate the value of these
parameters in order to obtain the actual magnitude. The parameter reading of gas levels in the air is then
carried out on the O2, CO2, and CO sensors connected to the I2C pin on the board. The dataset obtained from
weather sensor readings is parsed with the gas sensor reading data. Then the dataset is sent to microcontroller
board 2 via serial communication.
Figure 4(b) explains the program for the microcontroller board 2 embedded in Wemos D1 Mini
ESP8266. The ESP8266-based microcontroller board is suitable for an automation system that uses an
internet connection [28]. The primary function of this board is to upload datasets to the database server in
Firebase. The workflow begins with system initialization, namely, initialize secure digital (SD) Card, serial
communication, initialize Wi-Fi connection, connect to Firebase, and enable user data protocol (UDP) for
connection to NTP server. The work of this program is waiting for the dataset to be sent serially from the
microcontroller board 1. After receiving the data, the program will request data date time to the
us.pool.ntp.org NTP server. The system will reset if the date and time data are not obtained. Then the date
time data will be parsed with the sensor reading dataset. Then the program will save the complete dataset to
the SD Card in the .txt format. Lastly, the program will upload the entire dataset to the Google Firebase
server database. The program will reset if an error occurs while uploading data to Firebase.

(a) (b)

Figure 4. Workflow diagram of firmware programs; (a) microcontroller board 1 Arduino Uno and
(b) microcontroller board 2 Wemos D1 Mini ESP8266

3.3. Database
Field devices upload data sets every minute. The data is then saved to the real-time database. This
database storage is temporary, not permanent, so the dataset will always be replaced by data later. In the
Android application, data will be updated every 2 minutes. During this period, the application requests data
access data from the real-time database. In the smartphone application, datasets are stored for a limited time.
Datasets for application will be deleted in 24 hours.

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A Python-based application is also made to create a more complete database. The program in this
desktop application requests data from the Firebase real-time database every 5 minutes. The dataset that has
been received is then stored on the Raspberry Pi 4B minicomputer memory. The results of receiving the
dataset are stored in a .csv file format. Thus, complete data access can be retrieved from the database on this
Raspberry Pi memory. In addition to the Android applications and mini-computer databases, the dataset is
stored on the SD Card for backing up.

3.4. Android-based user interface design

Figure 5 presents the monitoring menu on an android-based application called AirFeel monitor. This
application can already be downloaded from Google Play Store. This app is programmed with android studio.
The main function of the AirFeel monitor application is data acquisition from a real-time database and then
displaying it on the smartphone screen.
Figure 5(a) shows the real-time reading of all parameters obtained from field station measurements.
There are seven field devices in this AirFeel monitoring system, but the options displayed are only AirFeel
device five systems. Figure 5(b) depicts the solar irradiation level sub-menu with actual chart and
measurement acquisition data. The user can also find the measurement points on the chart by clicking on the
chart area. Figure 5(c) shows a graphic wind rose. The wind rose is used to analyze wind direction and speed
at the location. Figure 5(d) displays location data for AirFeel device five based on the GPS. The user
interface (UI) in this application is used to make it easier for users/operators to monitor weather conditions
and gas concentrations in the air in real time.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 5. UI real-time display on AirFeel application; (a) main menu, (b) sub-menu for CO monitoring,
(c) sub-menu for wind rose, and (d) sub-menu for field device location

3.5. Sensor value conversion

In this study, calibration was performed only for CO2 and CO sensors. This is considering that the
manufacturer has calibrated all-weather sensors. Likewise, the O2 sensor, that sensor has been calibrated.
CO2 sensor readings were carried out 50 times with an interval of 5 ms. Figure 1, the CO 2 sensor is read with
an ADS115 external ADC operating at 15 bits. Then the sensor output voltage is calculated by (1):
𝐴𝐷𝐶𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑉𝑐𝑜2 = (1)
𝑀𝑎𝑥_𝐴𝐷𝐶

where 𝑉𝑐𝑜2 is CO2 sensor output, 𝐴𝐷𝐶𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 is sampling value from ADC integer, 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 is voltage reference
𝑉 2
for a sensor such as 5 V, and 𝑀𝑎𝑥_𝐴𝐷𝐶 is the maximum value of 15-bit ADC. If, the value of, 𝑐𝑜 ⁄𝐷𝐶
𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛

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greater or equal to the zero-point voltage (𝑉𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜_𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ) such as 0.220 V which define the output of the sensor
in volts when the concentration of CO2 is 400 ppm. Then define the curve as an array as (2):

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑂2𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 = [2.602 𝑉𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ( ⁄(2.603 − 3))] (2)

where 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is the voltage drop of the sensor when transferring the sensor from air into 1,000 ppm CO2,
such as 0.030 V. Then the real value of CO2 in percentage will be calculated as (3):
𝑉𝑐𝑜2
⁄𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛− 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
( 𝑉 )
( 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛⁄(2.603−3))+2.602
𝐶𝑂2(%) = 10 (3)

where 𝐷𝐶𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 is equal to 13.5. Then conversion for the CO sensor by giving (4). External ADC reads the CO
sensor on channel number 0.
𝐴𝐷𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑥 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑉𝑐𝑜 = (4)
𝑀𝑎𝑥_𝐴𝐷𝐶

𝐶𝑂 = 19.32 𝑥 𝑉𝑐𝑜 −0.64 (5)

where 𝑉𝑐𝑜 is the output voltage from the sensor and, 𝐴𝐷𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 is ADC reading on channel number 0.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Field station system work
A reliable power source must support the field station system. This is even more so if the system is
used in a remote area. In remote areas, there is usually no power source from the network. Therefore, this
device's supply of electrical energy must be available independently. As explained in Figure 2, the PV system
used in this weather station device has specifications, i.e., 50 Wp monocrystalline PV panel, 12 V DC 10 A
SCC, and 12 V 18 Ah deep cycle valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery.
The AirFeel system uses 5 V electricity supplied by the PV system. The DC 5 V supply is used
for controllers, sensors, and MiFi routers. In operation, it was found that the controller devices, including
sensors, consumed a current of 260 mA. Meanwhile, the mifi router consumes a DC of 130 mA. That
means the entire AirFeel system device requires around 1.95 Watts of power. A designed PV system is
proven to make a customized weather station system that can live for 24 hours. The PV system has also
been tested in cloudy weather conditions, but AirFeel is still active until the following day with 60%
battery capacity.

4.2. Base station system work

The base station is used to store datasets that have been downloaded in real time from the Firebase
server. This base station is located in the laboratory. The base station section comprises a minicomputer
(Raspberry Pi 4B), SD card memory, a monitor screen, and other utilities. Researchers can observe data
traffic from all field stations with the data provided by this local database server. Using a Python-based
program, the database successfully stores the dataset readings on the real-time database link from the AirFeel
5 and 7 field stations. The datasets are downloaded and saved at 5-minute intervals in .csv format. The base
station program embedded on the Raspberry Pi 4B board can operate 24 hours non-stop. In addition, when
there is a power failure or loss of internet connection, this program will restart.

4.3. Android-based monitoring system

Android-based applications that have been successfully created with an informative and good
interface. One main menu allows the user to read the parameters, which are presented clearly. This
application can be downloaded from the Google Play Store under AirFeel. To access information from field
stations, users must register a Google account for their mobiles/tablets with the operator. Then the operator
will add a Google account on the Firestore page with the appropriate information from the user. The AirFeel
application is still developing and has limited data access. All features and menus can be accessed when the
user has successfully logged in to the application. Access the AirFeel application menu not only on one field
station 5 but on all field stations installed. Subsequently, all data from AirFeel devices in the field can be
presented integratively and informally.

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4.4. Instrumentation analysis

The accuracy and precision level are obtained from the sensor characterization testing results. The
O2, CO2, and CO sensors are tested within their signal conversion board. In this study, the measurements
tested were O2, CO2, and CO readings. This test is carried out by comparing sensor readings with
standardized measuring instruments. The method used to calculate accuracy is reproducibility. The tests
are performed under the same physical conditions, the same sensor settings, the same standard
measurement equipment, and by the same measurement operator. SEN0465 DFR O 2 sensor tested with
Lutron PO2-250 O2 meter. SEN0159 DFR MQ811 CO2 sensor is tested with Lutron GC-2028. SEN0132
DFR MQ7 CO sensor is tested with a standardized Co meter, Lutron GCO-2008. Table 1 shows the test
results for the used sensors.

Table 1. Accuracy and precision test result

Sensor Average error Accuracy (%) Standard deviation Precision (%) Response time
(seconds)
DFR O2 sensor 4.32 95.68 1.2 98.8 + 14.6
DFR MQ811 CO2 sensor 11.26 88.74 46 54 + 21.2
DFR MQ7 CO sensor 6.57 93.43 4.2 95.8 + 18.4

4.5. Data acquisition

As a further system performance test, data was acquired to measure weather parameters and gas
concentration levels in the air. The processed dataset comes from the recorded data file on the SD Card. The
system does this e SD Card data recording every 1 minute. This stored dataset contains 16 measurement
parameters. The parameters stored in this dataset include CO concentration (ppm), O2 concentration (%),
CO2 concentration (ppm), wind direction (degree), wind speed (m/s), wind gust (m/s), humidity (%), air
temperature (ºC), barometric pressure (hPa), rainfall (mm hour), daily rainfall (mm hour), solar irradiation
(W/m2 ), latitude, longitude, date, and time.

4.5.1. Data sampling and validation for short period

Data sampling is carried out in 2 methods: daily data acquisition for 24 hours and data acquisition
while the system is activated. Figure 6 shows the dataset obtained on January 16th, 2023. In Indonesia, this
date is the rainy season. Based on weather forecast data on Accuweather on the same date, it was found that
cloudy weather occurred in a few days. It also rains every day, so the wind parameter readings and solar
irradiation are slightly inconsistent.
Figure 6(a) shows the wind rose on January 16th, 2023. It shows that the wind mainly blew from the
northwest and north direction, with an average speed of 5 to 10 m/s. Then Figure 6(b) shows the same as the
wind rose; the wind in the specific location had a maximum speed (wind gust) of 6.2 m/s. Figure 6(b) also
shows the solar irradiation level at maximum is 1,648 W/m2 . Elevated thermal levels characterized the
prevailing meteorological conditions.

(a) (b)

Figure 6. Weather data recorded on January 24 hours on January 16th, 2023; (a) wind rose, (b) solar
irradiation level and wind speed

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The chart of O2 gas in the upper subplot shows that O2 concentration on that day is not too
fluctuating. The range of O2 values measured between 21.2% to 22.0%. The O2 value indicates that air
quality in the location is in good condition. The chart of CO2 in the center subplot shows that the CO2 value
measured between 907 to 1,404 ppm. It indicates that the CO2 concentration on that day is too polluted. It
was because the location for testing the system is outside, near the main road inside the campus area. Figure
7 shows the measurement readings for gas concentration. Gases measured are O2, CO2, and CO stored in the
SD Card module for 24 hours on January 6th, 2023.
Then the bottom chart of the CO value is measured between 4 to 7 ppm. The average CO
concentration outside did not affect the body's condition and respiration. The O2 and CO reading is unstable
because the sensor has not had good repeatability when programmed in the Arduino Uno microcontroller board.

Figure 7. The O2, CO2, and CO dataset was recorded 24 hours on January 6th, 2023

4.5.2. Data sampling and validation for long period

Data acquisition was held for overall system activation from January 1st, 2023, to February 21st
2023. Based on Figure 8, the O2, CO2, and CO gas concentration data measured in the air are mostly in
healthy condition. Furthermore, the chart of O2 measurement done by the DFROBOT O2 sensor shows that
the O2 value is not too fluctuating and concentration over the days indicates air with oxygen-rich.

Figure 8. Air gas concentration (O2, CO2, and CO) measured in location between January to February 2023

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Besides that, the measurement of CO2 (MQ811 sensor) and CO (MQ7 sensor) are somewhat
fluctuating in those days. It can be caused by air pollution, considering the location of this system test is near
the main road, with lots of vehicles passing by, especially on weekdays. Otherwise, the CO2 and CO
concentration decreases during the weekend.
Figure 9 also shows the weather parameters measured by the AirFeel weather station system. The
dataset obtained from SD card storage of the AirFeel version 4 system has done to be analyzed. This system
successfully records all sensor readings every 1 minute.
The weather parameter was recorded in 16 parameters, such as gas concentration and weather
condition. The weather condition reading in Figure 9 shows the system has a consistent measurement system
with coherent accuracy and precision. The data obtained are compared to secondary data from
accuweather.com at the exact date and time, and they are appropriate.

Figure 9. Weather parameters measured in location between January to February 2023

4. CONCLUSION
The design of a weather station system and gas concentration reading was successfully made to
monitor actual weather and air quality condition. The laboratory scale test shows that the measurement of each
gas sensor has coherent accuracy and repeatable measurement results. The test results show changes in the gas
concentration value considered by the standardized measurement device. On the field test, the system also
indicates that all three gas sensors have higher than 85% accuracy, such as +95% for DFR O2 sensor reading,
+88% for DFR MQ811 O2 sensor reading, and +93% for DFR MQ7 CO2 sensor reading. The Airfeel monitor
android-based application is beneficial for monitoring all sensor readings in all field station devices by
requesting data to Firebase database every 2 minutes. With its second version, the mobile application can store
temporary data on users’ smart gadgets and has a location monitor by GPS. An online database server has also
been created using a Raspberry Pi 4 B device with a Python-based database program. This database program
requests data from the same Firebase Database, then stores it in a database array on its read-only memory
(ROM) storage. This AirFeel version 4 weather station system can be activated 24 hours long by electricity
supplied from a mini-PV system. The weather station system and its mobile Wi-Fi router, which has 1.95 Watts
total power consumption, can be satisfied with a 50 Wp solar panel and a 12 V 9 Ah deep cycle battery. So, this
system can be applied reliably in a remote area, for instance, a remote or small island.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia collaborates with Management and Science
University, Malaysia for providing Research Collaboration Program (UNAIR-MSU) in 2023. We also thank
the Faculty of Advanced and Multidisciplinary Technology also Research Center for New and Renewable
Energy, Universitas Airlangga, for supporting this research.
Development of an internet of things-based weather station device embedded with … (Prisma Megantoro)
1132  ISSN: 2088-8708

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Prisma Megantoro is a lecturer in electrical engineering at the Faculty of

Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga since 2020. He received
his bachelor degree and master’s degree from Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia in 2014 and 2018. His current research is focused on solar photovoltaic
technology, embedded system, and the internet of things. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Safaa Najah Saud Al-Humairi is an esteemed associate professor at

Management and Science University, serving as the Program Coordinator and Researcher
Coordinator. With over 15 years of experience in bio-engineering design and manufacturing,
he has made significant contributions, particularly in sensor design and implementation over
the last 8 years. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Arya Dwi Kustiawan was born in Tuban, Indonesia 15 May 2003. After
studies in electrical engineering at Airlangga University in 2021. He is active in the research
of renewable energy, instrumentation, and microcontroller system as a part of
Instrumentation and Energy Research Community (IMERCY). He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Muhammad Rafi Nabil Arsalan was born in Surabaya, Indonesia in 2002,

after graduating from high school, he continued his studies in electrical engineering at the
Universitas Airlangga in 2021. Now he is actively researching renewable energy,
instrumentation, and microcontroller system as a part of Instrumentation and Energy
Research at Universitas Airlangga Research Community. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Rizki Putra Prastio is a lecturer in robotics and artificial intelligence

engineering, Airlangga University since 2020. He earned his bachelor's degree in physics
from Airlangga University in 2013 and finished his master’s degree in electrical engineering
from Bandung Institute Technology in 2016. His research interests including image
processing, radar, computer vision, biomedical instrumentation, and machine learning. He
can be contacted at email: [email protected].

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1134  ISSN: 2088-8708

Lilik Jamilatul Awalin was born in East Java, Indonesia, in 1977. She received
the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical Engineering in 1999 from the University of
Widya Gama, Master of Engineering. degree in 2004 from the Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember, Indonesia and Ph.D. degree in 2014 from University of Malaya. She was a
senior lecturer in International College of UKL, Malaysia from 2015 to 2020. Currently, she
is Head of Section in Airlangga University, Indonesia. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Pandi Vigneshwaran has obtained his Doctoral Degree in Anna University

Chennai during 2016 and Master of Engineering under Anna University Chennai during
June 2005. He has 18.4 years of experience and specialization in Cybersecurity. Presently,
He is working as Professor in Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Acharya
University, Karakul, Uzbekistan. His area of interest includes security, routing, and
intelligent data analysis. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 14, No. 1, February 2024: 1122-1134