CHAPTER 7

MOTION

Describing Motion

 Motion can be perceived through direct or indirect evidences

 Objects can appear to be moving or stationary depending on the observer's

perspective

 The position of an object is described by specifying a reference point, or origin

 Motion along a straight line is the simplest type of motion

 The distance covered by an object is the total path length it travels

 The displacement of an object is the change in its position from the initial to the final

 Magnitude is the numerical value of a physical quantity, without specifying direction

 Displacement can be positive, negative, or zero depending on the direction of motion

 Displacement can be calculated by subtracting the initial position from the final
position

 Speed is the rate at which distance is covered, calculated by dividing distance by time

 Velocity is the rate at which displacement occurs, calculated by dividing displacement

by time

 Velocity can be positive, negative, or zero depending on the direction of displacement

Magnitude of displacement and distance travelled

 Displacement is the shortest distance between the initial and final positions of an
object.

 It is a vector quantity and includes both magnitude and direction.

 Distance, on the other hand, is the total length of the path travelled by an object.

 It is a scalar quantity and only includes magnitude.

 The magnitude of displacement can be equal to, smaller than, or greater than the
distance travelled by an object.
  In some cases, the magnitude of displacement can be zero while the distance travelled
is not zero.

 For example, if an object moves from point O to point A and then back to point O
again, the magnitude of displacement will be zero as the final position coincides with
the initial position. However, the distance travelled will be OA + AO.

 Therefore, the magnitude of displacement and the distance travelled are two different
physical quantities.

 Uniform motion and non-uniform motion

 Uniform motion is when an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time.

 The time intervals in uniform motion should be small.

 Non-uniform motion is when an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of

time.

 This can happen in real-life situations such as a car moving on a crowded street or a
person jogging in a park.

 Examples:

 If an object moves 5m in the first second, 5m in the second second, 5m in the third
second, and 5m in the fourth second, it is in uniform motion.

 If an object covers different distances in each second, it is in non-uniform motion.

 TITLE: Displacement and Distance in Motion

Speed and Velocity

 Speed is the rate at which an object travels a certain distance in a unit of time.

 Velocity is the speed of an object moving in a specific direction.

 Speed and velocity have the same units, such as m/s or km/h.

 Average speed is calculated by dividing the total distance traveled by the total time
taken.

 Average velocity is calculated by taking the arithmetic mean of the initial velocity and
final velocity.

 During uniform motion, the velocity remains constant.

 In non-uniform motion, the velocity varies and the change in velocity is not zero.

 The odometer of a car measures the distance traveled by the car.

  The path of an object in uniform motion is a straight line.

 The average speed and average velocity can be different depending on the motion of
the object.

 The speed of light is approximately 3 x 10^8 m/s.

Title: Understanding Accelerated Motion

 Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of an object per unit time.

 The acceleration is positive if it is in the direction of velocity and negative when it is

opposite to the direction of velocity.

 Uniform acceleration occurs when an object's velocity changes by equal amounts in

equal intervals of time.

 Non-uniform acceleration occurs when an object's velocity changes at a non-uniform

rate.

 Examples of motions where acceleration is in the direction of motion include a car

accelerating forward or a person pedaling a bicycle.

 Examples of motions where acceleration is against the direction of motion include

applying brakes to a moving car or a person running and then suddenly stopping.

 Examples of motions with uniform acceleration include freely falling bodies.

 An example of motion with non-uniform acceleration is a car increasing its speed by

unequal amounts in equal intervals of time.

 Distance-time graphs can be used to represent the motion of an object.

 For uniform speed, the distance-time graph is a straight line.

 The slope of the distance-time graph represents the object's speed.

 Distance-time graphs can also be used to represent accelerated motion.

 Graphs provide a convenient way to present information about the motion of an

object.

Velocity-time graphs represent the variation in velocity of an object with time.

 If an object moves at uniform velocity, the velocity-time graph will be a straight line
parallel to the x-axis.

 The area enclosed by the velocity-time graph and the time axis is equal to the
magnitude of displacement.
  For uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity-time graph is a straight line.

 The area under the velocity-time graph represents the distance moved by the object.

 Non-uniformly accelerated motion can have velocity-time graphs with various shapes.

 The distance-time graph can be plotted from the given information of the train's
arrival and departure times at different stations.

Equations of Motion

 When an object moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration, there are three
equations that relate its velocity, acceleration, and distance covered:

 - v = u + at

 - s = ut + ½at^2

 - as = v^2 - u^2

 These equations can be derived graphically

 Example: A train starts from rest and reaches a velocity of 72 km/h in 5 minutes. We
can find the acceleration and distance traveled:

 - Acceleration: a = (v - u) / t = (72 km/h - 0 km/h) / (5 minutes * 60 seconds/minute) =

1 m/s^2

 - Distance: s = ut + ½at^2 = (0 km/h) * (5 minutes * 60 seconds/minute) + ½ * 1

m/s^2 * (5 minutes * 60 seconds/minute)^2 = 3 km

 The negative sign in equations indicates opposite directions (e.g., deceleration)

 Example: A car applies brakes and decelerates with an acceleration of 6 m/s^2. It

takes 2 seconds to stop. We can find the distance traveled:

 - Initial velocity: u = at + v = 6 m/s^2 * 2 s + 0 m/s = 12 m/s

 - Distance: s = ut + ½at^2 =12 m/s * 2 s + ½ * 6 m/s^2 * (2 s)^2 = 12 m

 These equations are used to describe the motion of objects in a straight line with
uniform acceleration

Circular Motion and Acceleration

 When the velocity of an object changes, it is said to be accelerating.

 The change in velocity can be due to a change in magnitude, direction, or both.

 An example of a change in direction of motion without a change in velocity
magnitude is an object moving in a circular path.

 In uniform circular motion, the speed of the object remains constant, but the direction
of motion changes continuously.

 The motion of an athlete running along a circular track is an example of uniform

circular motion.

 As the number of sides of a track increases, the athlete has to change direction more
often.

 If the number of sides becomes infinite, the track approaches the shape of a circle.

 The motion of an object in uniform circular motion is an example of accelerated

motion.

 When a stone is released while moving in a circular path, it continues to move in the
direction it was moving at the time of release.

 Objects like hammers or discuses thrown by athletes also move in the direction they
were moving at the time of release.

 Examples of objects moving under uniform circular motion include the moon, the
earth, satellites, and cyclists on circular tracks.