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Class 10-Physics-Machines Part3

The document explains the concepts of Mechanical Advantage (MA), Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA), Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA), Velocity Ratio (VR), and Efficiency (η) of machines. It highlights the differences between IMA and AMA, the significance of VR, and the reasons why machines are not 100% efficient, primarily due to energy loss from friction and moving parts. The relationships between these concepts are also discussed, emphasizing that for practical machines, MA is always less than VR and efficiency is always less than 1.

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11 views4 pages

Class 10-Physics-Machines Part3

The document explains the concepts of Mechanical Advantage (MA), Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA), Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA), Velocity Ratio (VR), and Efficiency (η) of machines. It highlights the differences between IMA and AMA, the significance of VR, and the reasons why machines are not 100% efficient, primarily due to energy loss from friction and moving parts. The relationships between these concepts are also discussed, emphasizing that for practical machines, MA is always less than VR and efficiency is always less than 1.

Uploaded by

bookbookworm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class 10 Ch3- Machines

Mechanical advantage (MA): Mechanical advantage literally means


advantage given by the machine, in terms of effort applied, and load lifted
by it. If a machine lifts a comparatively large load, compared to effort
applied, then it has a positive mechanical advantage.
As already pointed out, load moved by a machine can partly be useful load,
and can partly be due to the movable parts of the machine and friction.
Therefore mechanical advantage can be classified under two classes.
1. Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) -The ratio between total load
moved (or resistance overcome) to the effort applied is called ideal
mechanical advantage.
Total load= useful load + load due to friction and movable parts of
the machine
If total load=L and useful load=l
load due to friction and movable parts of the machine=x
Effort applied=E
L= l+x
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐿 𝑙+𝑥
𝐼𝑀𝐴 = = =
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐸 𝐸

2. Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA)-The ratio between useful load


moved to the effort applied is called actual mechanical advantage.
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙
𝐴𝑀𝐴 = =
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐸
Important note
While using general terms, AMA is generally referred to as MA
(mechanical advantage). Thus, if in any question, mechanical advantage
is mentioned, it means only the actual mechanical advantage and not the
ideal mechanical advantage.

Velocity ratio
Velocity ratio of a machine is defined as the ratio of the velocity at
which effort is applied on a machine to the velocity at which load
moves. It being the ratio of two distances has no unit.

1
If 'D' is the displacement caused by an effort in time 't', such that 'd'
is the displacement caused by the load in the same time t, then:
𝐷
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 =
𝑡
𝑑
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑡
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑉𝑅 ) =
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐷/𝑡 𝐷
𝑉𝑅 = =
𝑑/𝑡 𝑑
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑉𝑅 =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Thus, velocity ratio is also defined as the ratio of displacement of the
effort to the displacement of load in the same interval of time.
• The velocity ratio for a particular machine is a constant quantity and
does not change, as long as the dimensions of the machine do not change.

Efficiency of a machine (η)


The ratio between the useful output to the actual input of the machine is
called its efficiency. It is denoted by the letter eta (η) eta
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑦 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂=
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
• The output of an actual machine is always less than its input on account
of the following reasons:
1. A part of the energy is wasted in moving the parts of the machine,
which is not considered as useful work.
2. A part of the energy is wasted in overcoming the friction between
the various parts of the machine.

Relation between the efficiency, mechanical advantage and the


velocity ratio of a practical machine
Consider a practical machine which displaces a useful load 'l' through a
distance 'd', when an effort E, causes a displacement through distance D.

2
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
= 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 𝑙 × 𝑑.
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 𝐸 × 𝐷.
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑙 × 𝑑
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑦 = =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸 × 𝐷
𝑙/𝐸 𝑀𝐴
𝜂= =
𝐷/𝑑 𝑉𝑅
• Since efficiency of an ideal machine is 1 (or 100%) mechanical
advantage is numerically equal to velocity ratio. However due to friction
between the moving parts of machine efficiency of machine is less than
1 and mechanical advantage is less than velocity ratio that is MA < VR
• MA means actual mechanical advantage (AMA).
• For all practical machines, efficiency (𝜂) is always less than 1.
• For all practical machines, MA is always less than velocity ratio.

Relation between IMA and VR for a perfect machine


Consider a perfect machine (whose parts are weightless and frictionless).
Let an effort 'E' causes a displacement 'D', when total load 'L' is displaced
through a distance 'd'.
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐿 × 𝑑
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐸 × 𝐷
By the principle of a perfect machine,
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐿×𝑑 = 𝐸×𝐷
𝐿 𝐷
=
𝐸 𝑑
𝐼𝑀𝐴 = 𝑉𝑅
However, if 𝐿 = 𝑙 + 𝑥 where l is the useful load and x is the
resistance due to the movable parts of the machine and friction, etc.,
then from the above expression:

3
𝐿 𝐷
=
𝐸 𝑑
𝑙+ 𝑥 𝐷
=
𝐸 𝑑
𝑙 𝑥 𝐷
+ =
𝐸 𝐸 𝑑
𝑥
𝐴𝑀𝐴 + = 𝑉𝑅
𝐸
𝑥
= 𝑉𝑅 − 𝐴𝑀𝐴
𝐸
𝑥 = 𝐸(𝑉𝑅 − 𝐴𝑀𝐴)
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑀𝐴
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝐸(𝐼𝑀𝐴 − 𝐴𝑀𝐴)

Why is a machine not 100% efficient?


1. A part of the input is wasted in moving the parts of the machine.
2. A part of the input is wasted in overcoming friction between the various
parts of the machine.

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