CE 101: Engineering Graphics

Lecture # 01

Introduction

National Institute of Technology,

Hamirpur 177005
Syllabus

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 Note to the Students
1. Practical assignments are to be completed in the
Drawing Hall during the respective practice period
itself.
2. No make-up class for the completion of the
incomplete assignments.
3. Only one make-up class for a missed class, that too
only under medical ground. Students having
attendance (lecture + tutorial) less than 75%, or for
both lecture and tutorial independently will be
debarred from appearing in the end semester
examination.
4. No entry to the lecture hall 5 minutes after the start3
of the class.
 ENGINEERING DRAWING

Graphical means of expression of

technical details without the
barrier of a language.

Universal language for Engineers

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 What will you learn from this course?

How to communicate technical information.

• Visualization – the ability to mentally understand visual

information.
• Graphics theory – geometry and projection techniques
used for preparation of drawings.
• Standards – set of rules for preparation of technical
drawings. Conventions – commonly accepted practices
in technical drawings.
• Tools – devices used to create technical drawings and
models.
• Applications – the various uses for technical drawings.

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Graphic language: mode of communication through SKETCHES

Drawing: graphical representation of an OBJECT

Engineering Drawing

Drawing of an object contains all the necessary information,

required for the construction/fabrication of the object, like

 Actual Shape and Dimensions

 Accurate Sizes and Measurements

 Geometric Details

 Material Specifications 6

 Manufacturing Methods and Processes

 List of tools required for the drawing practice session

Sl. No. Item Quantity

1 Mini-drafter (or T-Square) 1
2 Engineering Drawing Box 1
3 French curves 1 set
4 Set-square 1 set
5 Protractor 1
6 Drawing Clip 1 set
7 Lead pencil/clutch pencil 2-3
8 Lead (HB, H & 2H) 1 each set
9 Eraser 1
10 Sand paper/cello tape 1
11 Blade / pencil sharpener 1
12 Drawing Sheet 1 per session

➢ Students without Engineering Drawing Box will not be allowed to

attend the practical session.
➢ School Instrument box is not allowed. 10
Mini-drafter

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Mini-drafter fixed on a drawing table
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 Set-square

Fench Curves
Drawing Clips
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Scale set
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Engineering Drawing Box

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Pencils

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 Dimensions of Engineer’s Drawing Boards

Designation Length x Width Recommended for

(mm) use with sheet
sizes
D0 1500 x 1000 A0
D1 1000 x 700 A1
D2 700 x 500 A2
D3 500 x 500 A3
D0 and D1 for drawing offices, for students use – D2

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Standard sizes of drawing sheets as per BIS

Designation Size
(mm)
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297

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Drawing
Sheet
Sizes

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Drawing sheet Layout

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Title Block

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 Line Strokes
Vertical and inclined lines are drawn from top to bottom,
horizontal lines are drawn from left to right. Curved lines
are drawn from left to right or top to bottom.

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 Line types
Illustration Application
Thick Outlines, visible edges, surface
boundaries of objects, margin lines
Continuous thin Dimension lines, extension lines,
section lines leader or pointer lines,
construction lines, boarder lines

Continuous thin wavy Short break lines or irregular

boundary lines – drawn freehand

Continuous thin with zig-zag

Long break lines

Short dashes, gap 1, length 3 mm Invisible or interior surfaces

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 Line types

Illustration Application
Short dashes Center lines, locus lines
Alternate long and short
dashes in a proportion of 6:1,

Long chain thick at end

Cutting plane lines

Continuous thick border line

Border

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 Units of Measurement

➢ International systems of units (SI) – which is based

on the meter.
➢ Millimeter (mm) - The common SI unit of measure on
engineering drawing.
➢ Individual identification of linear units is not
required if all dimensions on a drawing are in the
same unit (mm).
➢ The drawing shall however contain a note: ALL
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM. (Bottom left corner
outside the title box)
 Dimensioning

➢ Indicating on a drawing, the size of the object and

other details essential for its construction and
function, using lines, numerals, symbols, notes, etc.

➢ Dimensions indicated on a drawing should be those

that are essential for the production, inspection and
functioning of the object.

➢ Dimensions indicated should not be mistaken as

those that are required to make the drawing of an
object.
➢ Extension line – a thin, solid line
perpendicular to a dimension line,
indicating which feature is associated with
the dimension.

➢ Visible gap – there should be a visible

gap of 1.5 mm between the feature’s
corners and the end of the extension line.
 Leader line

❑ A thin, solid line used to indicate the feature with

which a dimension, note, or symbol is
associated.
❑ Generally a straight line drawn at an angle that is
neither horizontal nor vertical.
❑ Terminated with an arrow touching the part or
detail.
❑ On the end opposite the arrow, the leader line will
have a short, horizontal shoulder. Text is
extended from this shoulder such that the text
height is centered with the shoulder line
 Arrows
3 mm wide and should be 1/3rd as wide as they are
long - symbols placed at the end of dimension lines to
show the limits of the dimension. Arrows are uniform
in size and style, regardless of the size of the drawing.
Spacing of Dimensions
Placing of Dimensions

Orientation of Dimensioning Text

Dimensioning of angles
 Dimensioning of Circular Features
A circle should be dimensioned by giving its diameter
instead of radius. The dimension indicating a
diameter should always be preceded by the symbol ø,
Dimensioning a Length
Depends on Available Space
 Dimensioning Radii

Arcs of Circle Precede with ‘R’ to distinguish from length

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 RULES OF DIMENSIONING
1. Between any two extension lines, there must be one and only one
dimension line bearing one dimension.
2. As far as possible, all the dimensions should be placed outside the
views. Inside dimensions are preferred only if they are clearer and
more easily readable.
3. All the dimensions on a drawing must be shown using either Aligned
System or Unidirectional System. In no case should, the two systems
be mixed on the same drawing.
4. The same unit of length should be used for all the dimensions on a
drawing. The unit should not be written after each dimension, but a
note mentioning the unit should be placed below the drawing.
5. Dimension lines should not cross each other. Dimension lines should
also not cross any other lines of the object.
6. All dimensions must be given.
7. Each dimension should be given only once. No dimension should be
redundant.
8. Do not use an outline or a centre line as a dimension line. A centre line
may be extended to serve as an extension line.
9. Avoid dimensioning hidden lines.
10. For dimensions in series, adopt any one of the following ways.
i. Chain dimensioning (Continuous dimensioning) All the
dimensions are aligned in such a way that an arrowhead of one
dimension touches tip-to-tip the arrowhead of the adjacent
dimension. The overall dimension is placed outside the other
smaller dimensions.
ii. Parallel dimensioning (Progressive dimensioning) All the
dimensions are shown from a common reference line. Obviously,
all these dimensions share a common extension line. This method
is adopted when dimensions have to be established from a
particular datum surface
iii. Combined dimensioning When both the methods, i.e., chain
dimensioning and parallel dimensioning are used on the same
drawing, the method of dimensioning is called combined
dimensioning.
Dimensioning Guidelines

Avoid crossing extension lines

Multiple extension
line crossings may
be confused for
the outside corner
of the part.

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 LETTERING (IS: 9609-2001)
Writing of titles, dimensions, notes, and other important particulars on a
drawing is called lettering.

1. Single-Stroke Letters: The Bureau of Indian Standards (IS: 9609-2001)

recommends single-stroke lettering for use in engineering drawings.
Single stroke means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be
such as is obtained in one stroke of the pencil.
Single-stroke letters are of two types:
• Vertical
• Inclined

Inclined letters lean to the right, the slope being 75ᵒ with the horizontal. The
size of a letter is described by its height. According to the height of letters,
they are classified as:
i. Lettering “A”: Height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts
ii. Lettering “B”: Height of the capital letter is divided into 10 equal parts
Specifications of A -Type Lettering

Ratio of height to width varies, but in most cases is 6:5

Ratio of height to width varies, but in most cases is 6:5

Specifications of B -Type Lettering
Single-Strock Letters
2. Gothic Letters: Stems of single-stroke letters, if given more
thickness, form what are known as gothic letters. These are mostly
used for the main titles of ink drawings.
The thickness of the stem may vary from 1/5 to 1/10 of the height of
the letters. The figure shows the alphabet in Gothic with thickness
equal to 1/7 of the height.
Thank you 45