AI project (2024) under Curriculum and Credit Framework

(CCF) for BBA

A Comparative Study on Human Intelligence and Artificial

Intelligence in Man Made Machines

Part – I - INTRODUCTION
Ever since the advancements in technology, developments in the area of Artificial
intelligence (AI) that is imbibing intelligence into machines. Humans have
invented lot of smart devices like calculator, computer and robotic devices which
intend to work same and even better than individuals in certain specific areas or
for some specific tasks. However, this doesn’t make machines intelligent than
human beings. Intelligence is not just about mathematical calculations, countering
moves in online games, storing and retrieving huge information in memory, speed
of performing a task or behaving in a pre-defined way all the time. Intelligence is
far beyond the things that we actually feel. Intelligence can be defined as an
expression of high mental activity involving learning, reasoning, understanding,
memorizing, interacting, and experimenting with one’s surrounding and finding
solutions to real-time problems. Different fields of study like psychology,
computer science, neurology and others may categorize intelligence into further
different branches. However, every intelligent system whether natural or artificial
has certain key features that accounts for the intelligibility in it. The paper
therefore figures out these significant features of human brain and machine
exhibiting an intelligent behaviour and evaluating human and artificial intelligence
on these features.
 Part – II - CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF INTELLIGENCE
Human brain processing power and capabilities are undoubtedly the best of all
living things. However, computer scientists and researchers have been trying really
hard to simulate the same functioning into machines, even with better
computational and problem-solving capabilities. There are certain characteristic
features on the basis of which we decide whether one individual is more or less
intelligent than the other [2]. Several IQ (Intelligent Quotient) tests have been
designed to assess the intelligence of people based on linguistics, logical
reasoning, computational capabilities, creativity, lateral thinking, mental agility,
technical aptitude and various other characteristics. Similarly, Turing test [3],
Captcha and various other challenge-response tests have been proposed over time
to adjudge machine and human intelligence. In this section, different characteristic
and distinctive features of intelligence as a whole have been discussed. On the
basis of these distinguishing and inter-related features, further assessment of
machine intelligence and human intelligence capabilities is done.

A. Numerical Computation ability- The ability to solve mathematical problems

using basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division) and other quantitative methods (fraction, ratios, percentage etc.) is
considered a vital feature of the intelligent system. The faster and more
accurate one makes the numerical computations and solves mathematical
equations and problems is assumed to be more intelligent than the one
taking longer time or lacking accuracy.

B. Logical Reasoning- Logical reasoning can be defined as a combination of

three things- deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning and abductive
reasoning. Deductive reasoning means determining the conclusion based
 on some premises (or pre-conditions) and a rule. Inductive reasoning is
determining rule for the provided conclusion and premises. Abductive
reasoning implies finding out premises from the conclusion and rules
provided.
C. Linguistics/ Natural Language Processing- Linguistics is the study of
natural language (which human beings use for communication) in the
context of its form, its meaning and context. Sometimes same word can
mean different in different contexts. Speech characteristics (sound, speed,
stressing on word) can also help in determining the context of the language.
Understanding the right form, meaning and context of language is
considered one of the features of intelligence.

D. Auditory & Visual Processing - Auditory and Visual processing is the

ability to interpret the audio information and visual information as
received from outside world (through ears and eyes respectively).
Psychologists believe that different believe exhibit different level of
intelligence for audio and visual information. Some people can
understand and remember information for longer time if they have heard it
while others tend to forget it easily and remember the information that they
see through pictures or videos for longer times.

E. Reaction time/speed- As per Newton’s third law, for every action there is
an equal and opposite reaction. In real-time, we face lots of random
situations that call for reactions from our side. All routine activities like
driving, playing, cooking, teaching etc. Requires an alert mind. However,
the timeliness of response is what is important. Hence, the capability of
reacting appropriately and in minimal time, in any particular situation,
can be assumed to be feature of brain intelligence.

F. Short-term and Long-term memory- All the information that is received by

human brain or a machine needs processing either immediately or may be
later. Every type of information that we see, hear, feel, sense or perceive
 is stored in the memory for further establishing relationship with other
objects, entities and situations that we face in future and helps in
decisionmaking process. However, some kind of information is of lesser
or no use in later cases. The characteristic ability of human brain or
machine to decide which information to store in short-term memory
and which in long-term memory is also a sign of intelligence

G. Rational decision making- Rational decision making is the ability to take a

decision which is derived from logics and is not influenced by any
favouritism, self-interest or any biasing. Rational thinking process provides
a simplified and efficient approach of problem solving or solution finding.
Though, decisions taken by human beings are widely affected by their
surroundings and other external factors. Such decisions results in irrational
behaviour and inappropriate solutions.

H. Multi-issue Negotiation- Negotiation is a dynamic process where two

agents make their own bids evaluating their recent bid and the opponent’s
recent bid. Majorly two properties of the negotiations are important:
those that concern the negotiators’ performance in the negotiation, and
those that concern the steps in their bidding behaviour. Negotiation
skills are indeed a sign of intelligence.
I. Creativity- One of the interesting features of intelligence is creativity
[2]. Creativity is the phenomenon of perceiving older things in new
ways and producing new tangible and intangible solutions which are not
influenced by a priori knowledge.

J. Multi-tasking- Another interesting behaviour of intelligence is multi-tasking

ability. It is the phenomenon of executing more than one task at the same
time. This unique capability of processing multiple inputs from different
systems and processing them differently and correctly at the same time is
truly an intelligence trait.
K. Intuitive behaviour- Intuition is an inexpressible aspect of human
intelligence. There are certain situations where computations and logics
fail. Intuition enables a decision to be taken in the confusing scenarios
without even telling why and how that decision was attained.
Psychologists suggest that any decision taken with first intuition turns out to
be a good decision.

L. Artistic ability- Artistic ability is another interesting feature of intelligence

which makes use of skills and imagination to create fine works of art
such as painting, dancing, sculpting and music composing. Harold
Cohen’s designed computer program, AARON, to create ART is a
significant contributor of this capability for artificial intelligence.

M. Information retrieval speed and accuracy- It is significant to retrieve stored

memory information in breadth of relevancy and depth of accuracy within
minimal time possible. This characteristic feature is critical to intelligence
of a system.

N. Memory storage capacity- Storage capacity of memory is another feature

that attributes to intelligence. Large amount of information storage
capacity along with faster retrieval capability makes an ultimate
combination for intelligent systems.

O. Exception handling ability – The ability to deal with completely

unimaginable and unforeseen problems in similar or different ways so as to
express erroneous happening or to recover from a fatal situation, is termed
as exception handling. It can be considered as a combination of creativity
along with reasoning ability

P. Autonomous thinking-Psychologists have given proof through experiments

that human brain is an autonomous entity which does take input from
external factors but the representation, computation and analysis of the
stored information and acquired input is completely independent and
 diverse. Autonomous thinking enables multi-tasking ability and provides
rational solutions.

Q. Experimental Learning- It is the ability to learn from experimentation.

Experimental learning results in finding alternate ways of achieving a goal.
It is another way of acquiring hidden information and knowledge for the
intelligent ones.

R. .Deliberational ability – It can be defined as the ability to discover and

establish correlation between formerly unrelated concepts or things. It also
implies deriving concepts from other concepts.

S. Emotional Quotient- Emotional Quotient can be also be termed as

emotional intelligence. Emotional quotient defines the ability of an
individual to understand and relate to the emotional state of others, to
differentiate between various feelings and to use emotional information for
guiding thinking and making decisions
 Part – III - FINDINGS OF COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT

Based on the characteristic features of intelligence, as discussed in previous

section, the comparative assessment of current intelligent machines and
human beings is presented in the following table.

Intelligence Assessment of features for human beings & machines

Feature
Human Artificial Remarks
Intelligence Intelligence
Numerical Less More Computers/ machines
Computation ability perform mathematical
computations faster
because of more hardware
processing power.
Logical Reasoning High Medium Human beings find it easy
to apply logics and
establish correlation
between concepts
Linguistic / Natural High Low Computers understand high
Language level language or machine
Processing language but natural
language processing seems
difficult for them.
Auditory & Visual High Medium Human god gifted senses
Processing such as hearing, vision,
smell, taste and

locomotion outperforms
machine intelligence.
Reaction time/speed Variable Stable Under stress condition,
sleepy and tired state
human beings tend to
show slow reactions
than otherwise.
Short term & Unpredictable Programmed Human brain phenomenon
Long term of keeping information in
Memory Decision short-term or long-term
memory is still
unidentified.
Rational decision Medium High Human decisions are
making mostly influenced by
external factors.
Multi issue Better Fairness in Different experiments
negotiation individual negotiation reveal different results
performance
Creativity High Poor Computers are
programmed to behave in
certain ways, making use
of available information.
Multi tasking Medium High Better memory and
processing power makes it
easier for computer
systems.
Intuitive behaviour Yes No Interesting behaviour of
human brain, not found in
machines.
Artistic ability Good Poor Computers lack creativity
and thus artistic ability
can’t be much.
Information Low High Data retrieval speed of
retrieval speed and modern computers is
accuracy approx.1000 times faster
that human’s ability
Memory storage Medium High Computer memory storage
capacity is huge and can be further
expanded.
Exception handling Good Poor Machines can handle
ability exceptions in case they
have been coded earlier
with the exception
scenarios.
Autonomous Medium High Every process executes
thinking independently on
computers.
Experimental Medium Poor Computers/ robots are
learning unable to do generic
experimentations.
Deriberational High Poor Computers lack the ability
ability of deriving or correlating
concepts.
Emotional Quotient High Poor Non-living things do not
have emotions.
 PART - IV. CONCLUSIONS
Artificial intelligence, neural networks and newly emerged field of cognitive
science is opening new horizon for decades of research focused on the study
of human brain and understanding the phenomenon behind intelligence. We tend
to believe that the current and upcoming generation of robots will be far more
intelligent and organized than the human beings. However, the findings in the
paper shows that artificial intelligence lags behind human intelligence on
numerous features/ parameters that contribute to ultimate intelligence. It is also
suggested that variation in the intelligence of similar age human beings is much
more than machines of similar type. The unpredictable and hidden features of
human brain, its working and intelligence will remain a matter of interest for
researchers in the years to come.
 Part – V - REFERENCES
• R. V. Yampolskiy and Joshua Fox, Artificial General Intelligence and
the Human Mental Model, In Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and
Philosophical Assessment, Berlin: Springer, 2012.
• R. Narsimhan, “Human Intelligence and AI: How close are we to bridging
the gap?,” IEEE Expert, pp. 77-79, April 1990.
• David M W Powers, “Characteristics and Heuristics of Human
Intelligence,” 2013 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence for
Human-like Intelligence (CIHLI), pp. 100-107, 2013.
• Komal, “Cognitive Science: Bridging the Gap between Machine and
Human Intelligence,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol.
114, No. 5, pp.16-19, March 2015.
• T. Bosse and C. M. Jonker, “Human vs. Computer Behaviour in Multi-Issue
Negotiation,” in Proc. RRS’05, 2005, paper 0-7695-2480-X/05