Applications of Machine learning:-

 Machine learning is a buzzword for today's technology, and it is growing very rapidly
day by day.
 We are using machine learning in our daily life even without knowing it such as Google
Maps, Google assistant, Alexa, etc.
 Below are some most trending real-world applications of Machine Learning:

1. Image Recognition:

 Image recognition is one of the most common applications of machine learning.

 It is used to identify objects, persons, places, digital images, etc.

2. Speech Recognition:

 While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes under speech
recognition, and it's a popular application of machine learning.
 Example: Google Assistant, Siri, Cortana, and Alexa

3. Traffic prediction:
 If we want to visit a new place, we take help of Google Maps, which shows us the
correct path with the shortest route and predicts the traffic conditions.
 It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-moving, or
heavily congested with the help of two ways:
 Real Time location of the vehicle form Google Map app and sensors
 Average time has taken on past days at the same time.

4. Product recommendations:

 Machine learning is widely used by various e-commerce and entertainment

companies such as Amazon, Netflix, etc., for product recommendation to the
user.
5. Self-driving cars:
 One of the most exciting applications of machine learning is self-driving cars.
 Machine learning plays a significant role in self-driving cars.
 Tesla, the most popular car manufacturing company is working on self-driving
car.
 6. Virtual Personal Assistant:
 We have various virtual personal assistants such as Google
assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri.

7. Medical Diagnosis:

 In medical science, machine learning is used for diseases diagnoses.

 With this, medical technology is growing very fast and able to build 3D models that
can predict the exact position of lesions in the brain.

Advantages of Machine Learning:

 Easily identifies trends & patterns.

 Continuous improvements.
 No human interaction needed.
 Handling multi-dimensional data.
 Wide range of applicability.
Disadvantages of Machine Learning:
 Changing nature of jobs.
 Highly Expensive
 High error chances
 Results interpretations
 Time & Resources
 Data Acquisition
 DEEP LEARNING

 Deep learning is a synonym for deep structured hierarchy learning.

 It is sub field of machine learning where Supervised, Unsupervised & semi supervised
learning methods are adopted to learn from data representation.
 It contains set of algorithms which have been inspired from the structure & function of
human brain.
 Deep learning is used to feature extraction.

 Deep learning will do imitate the human brain.

 Deep learning is a sub field of ML for learning feature hierarchies that are actually on
Artifical neural networks.
 Deep learning is implemented by the help of deep networks. Which is nothing but neural
networks with multiple hidden layers.
Neural networks:- Neural network is also known as Artifical neural networks (ANN) /
Simulated Neural network.

 Most popular techniques used for implementing deep architecture are:

1. Artifical Neural Networks (or) Multilayer Perception (or) Feed forward N/W.
2. Convolutional Neural Network (or) deep forward N/W.
3. Recurrent Neural Network
1) Artifical Neural Networks:-
 Artifical Neural Network (ANN) is inspired by the working of a human brain.
 The human brain has neurons interconnected to one another, ANN also have neurons
that are interconnected to one another in various layers of the networks.
 These neurons are known as nodes (or) units.
 Neural network are a set of algorithm that tries to recognize the patterns, relationships
& information from the data.
 Artifical Neural Network is also called as Multilayer perception or Feed forward
network.
 Components of ANN: -
A simple neural network consists of three (3) components:
i. Input layer
ii. Hidden layer (Middle layer)
iii. Output layer

Input Layer: -
Input nodes receives inputs/ information from
the outside world.

Hidden Layer: -
 Hidden layer is set of neurons where all the computations are performed on the
input data.
 Any number of hidden layers are used in neural network. But the simple network
consists only one hidden layer.

Output Layer: -
 The output layer is the output / Conclusion derived from all the computations
performed.
 There can be single or multiple nodes in the output layer.
 If we give binary classification problem the output node is 1.
 If we are give input as multi class classification, the output nodes are more than
one.
2) Convolutional Neural Network: -
 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is similar to a multilayer perceptron
network.
 The difference is network learns structures & purpose they are mostly used.
 CNN can be applied in domain of computer vision problems / image processing
etc.,
 If the given image is color then use three (3) as size or gray image use 1.
 The CNN used to reduce the number of parameters & speed up the training of the
model.
3) Recurrent Neural Network:- (RNN)
 The RNN is used to solve the problem occurs in CNN.
 Problems with CNN. We have input & It produce one output. In CNN it doesn’t
maintain internal memory.
  Every input is independent from other input.
 CNN cannot solve problems like sentences, stock price & Time Series.
 In RNN, each neuron or unit of RNN uses its internal memory to maintain
information about the previous output.
 When it is required to predict the next word of sentence. The previous word are
required.
 The RNN is used to member the previous output.
 The most & main important features of RNN is Hidden layers.
 The Hidden layers have a memory which remembers all the information what has
be calculated.
 It can also reduce the complexity of parameters.
Applications of Deep Learning:-
 Automatic colouring of black & white images.
 Automatically adding sounds to silent movies.
 Automatic machine translation.
 Object classification & detection in photographs.
 Automatic text generations.
 Automatic handwriting generation.
 Recommendation engine.
 Chat bots & Speech recognization.
 Image recognization, IOT, Computer Vision.
 MAIN CHALLENGES OF MACHINE LEARNING
There are a lot of challenges that machine learning professionals face to inculcate ML skills
and create an application from scratch.

1. Poor Quality of Data:-

 Data plays a significant role in the machine learning process.
 One of the significant issues that machine learning professionals face is the
absence of good quality data. Unclean and noisy data can make the whole
process extremely exhausting.
 We don’t want our algorithm to make inaccurate or faulty predictions. Hence
the quality of data is essential to enhance the output.
2. Underfitting of Training Data:-
 This process occurs when data is unable to establish an accurate relationship
between input and output variables.
 To overcome this issue:
i. Maximize the training time
ii. Enhance the complexity of the model
iii. Add more features to the data
iv. Reduce regular parameters
v. Increasing the training time of model
3. Overfitting of Training data:-
 An overfitting is occurs when the low bias & high variance. That means the
model training is very well but testing is very low.
 Training is properly done & but Testing is not properly done.
How to avoid the overfitting:-
a) Cross Validation
b) Training with more data
c) Removing features
d) Early stopping of training
 Both overfitting & underfitting cause the degraded performance of the machine
learning model.

4. Lack of Training Data:-

 The most important task you need to do in the machine learning process is to
train the data to achieve an accurate output.
  Less amount training data will produce inaccurate result.
5. Slow Implementation:-
 This is one of the common issues faced by machine learning professionals.
 The machine learning models are highly efficient in providing accurate results.
 But it takes more time to provide accurate results.
Difference Between Artificial Intelligence vs Machine Learning vs Deep
Learning:-

Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning

AI stands for Artificial ML stands for Machine DL stands for Deep Learning, and
Intelligence, and is Learning, and is the study is the study that makes use of
basically the that uses statistical methods Neural Networks (similar to
study/process which enabling machines to neurons present in human brain)
enables machines to improve with experience. to imitate functionality just like a
mimic human behaviour human brain.
through particular
algorithm.
AI is the broader family
consisting of ML and DL ML is the subset of AI. DL is the subset of ML.
as it’s components.

AI is a computer DL is a ML algorithm that uses

ML is an AI algorithm
algorithm which exhibits deep(more than one layer) neural
which allows system to learn
intelligence through networks to analyze data and
from data.
decision making. provide output accordingly.

If you have a clear idea

If you are clear about the math
about the logic(math)
involved in it but don’t have idea
involved in behind and you
Search Trees and much about the features, so you break
can visualize the complex
complex math is involved the complex functionalities into
functionalities like K-Mean,
in AI. linear/lower dimension features
Support Vector Machines,
by adding more layers, then it
etc., then it defines the ML
defines the DL aspect.
aspect.

The aim is to basically The aim is to increase It attains the highest rank in terms
increase chances of accuracy not caring much of accuracy when it is trained
success and not accuracy. about the success ratio. with large amount of data.

Three broad Three broad categories/types DL can be considered as neural

categories/types Of AI Of ML are: Supervised networks with a large number of
are: Artificial Narrow Learning, Unsupervised parameters layers lying in one of
Intelligence (ANI), Learning and Reinforcement the four fundamental network
Artificial General Learning architectures: Unsupervised Pre-
Intelligence (AGI) and trained Networks, Convolutional
Artificial Super Neural Networks, Recurrent
Intelligence (ASI) Neural Networks and Recursive
Neural Networks

The efficiency Of AI is Less efficient than DL as it

basically the efficiency can’t work for longer More powerful than ML as it can
provided by ML and DL dimensions or higher amount easily work for larger sets of data.
respectively. of data.

Examples of AI:
Examples of ML: Virtual
Google’s AI-Powered Examples of DL: Sentiment
Personal Assistants: Siri,
Predictions, Ridesharing based news aggregation, Image
Alexa, Google, etc., Email
Apps Like Uber and Lyft, analysis and caption generation,
Spam and Malware
Commercial Flights Use etc.
Filtering.
an AI Autopilot, etc.

DL networks consist of multiple

In reinforcement learning,
layers of interconnected neurons
AI systems can be rule- the algorithm learns by trial
that process data in a hierarchical
based, knowledge-based, and error, receiving
manner, allowing them to learn
or data-driven. feedback in the form of
increasingly complex
rewards or punishments.
representations of the data.