CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

SOLID MENSURATION

• Solid – is any limited portion of space, bounded by surfaces.

• Section of a solid – is the plane figure cut from the solid by passing a plane
through it.

• Polyhedron – is a solid bounded by planes.

• Edges of a polyhedron – are the intersections of the bounding planes.

• Faces – are the portions of the bounding planes included by the edges. The
faces are polygons.
• Vertices – are the intersections of the edges.

SOLIDS FOR WHICH 𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉

➢ Cube
- is a polyhedron whose six faces are all squares.

➢ Rectangular Parallelepiped
- is a polyhedron whose six faces are all rectangles.

➢ Prism
- is a polyhedron of which two faces are equal polygons in parallel planes,
and the other faces are parallelograms.

➢ Cylinder
- is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes.

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 CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

CUBE

Properties:
1. The three dimensions of a cube are equal to each other. Therefore, all
edges are equal.
2. All the faces of a cube are congruent squares.

Formulas:

The total area of a cube is equal to the sum of the areas of its faces.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 6 (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒)
𝑻 = 𝟔𝒂𝟐

The volume of a cube is equal to the cube of its edges.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = (𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒)3
𝑽 = 𝒂𝟑

Examples:

1. A glass factory has an order for 1000 glass paper weights. Each is to be in the
form of a cube. If this order requires 8000 cu.in. of glass, what is the surface
area of one of the paper weights?

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College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

2. A cube of edge 𝑎 is cut by a plane containing two diagonally opposite edges of

the cube. Find the area of the section thus formed.

RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED

Properties:
1. The parallel edges of a rectangular parallelepiped are equal.
2. The opposite lateral faces of a rectangular parallelepiped are equal and
parallel.
3. Any two opposite faces of a rectangular parallelepiped may be taken as
the bases.
4. Every section of a rectangular parallelepiped made by a plane parallel to
the base is equal in area to that of the base.
Formulas:

The total area of a rectangular parallelepiped is equal to the sum of

the areas of the faces.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠.

𝑻 = 𝟐(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂)

The volume of a rectangular parallelepiped is equal to the product of

the base and the altitude.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑽 = 𝒂𝒃𝒄

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 CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

Examples:

1. A storage room has a rectangular floor 76 ft. by 42 ft. The walls are vertical and 20
ft. high. If there are no windows, find the total area of the ceiling, walls and floor.
Also find the storage of the room.

2. Given a rectangular parallelepiped with base 𝑎 by 𝑏 and altitude 𝑐. Find the area
of a section which contains two diagonally opposite edges of the parallelepiped.

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 CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

PRISM

Properties:
1. The 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 are the equal/congruent polygons; the 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 is the sum
of the areas of the remaining faces.
2. The intersections of the lateral faces are called the 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠. These
lateral edges are equal and parallel.
3. The sections of a prism made by parallel planes cutting all the lateral
edges are polygons.
4. The 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 of a prism is the perpendicular distance between the planes
of its bases.
5. A 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 of prism is a section perpendicular to the lateral edges.
(cross-section)
6. A 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚 is a prism whose lateral edges are perpendicular to its
bases; its lateral faces are rectangles.

Formulas:

The lateral area of a prism is equal to the product of a lateral edge

and the perimeter of the right section.

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 × 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑺 = 𝒆𝒑𝒌

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 CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

The volume of a prism is equal either to the product of a base and

the altitude, or to the product of a right section and a lateral edge.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝑽 = 𝑲𝒆

Polygons
A polygon is a closed plane figure that is formed by joining three or more
coplanar segments at their endpoints. Each segment is called a side of the polygon. Each
side intersects exactly two other sides, one at each endpoint. The point at which two sides
meet is called a vertex of the polygon.
A polygon is convex if each line containing a side contains no points in the
interior of the polygon. A polygon that is not convex is called concave.

The sides of a polygon that intersect are called consecutive sides. The
endpoints of any side of a polygon are consecutive vertices.
A diagonal of a polygon is a segment that joins two nonconsecutive vertices.
The sum of the measures of the angles of a convex polygon with 𝑛 sides is
(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎°
An exterior angle of any polygon is an angle both adjacent to and
supplementary to an interior angle.
The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a convex polygon, one
angle at each vertex, is 360˚.
A polygon with all sides of equal length is called an equilateral polygon. A
polygon with all angles of equal measure is an equiangular polygon. A regular
polygon is a polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular.
Polygons are named for the number of their sides.

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CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

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 CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

Examples:
1. A masonry dam 40 ft. high has uniform vertical cross section as shown. The dam
is 80 ft. long and its material weighs 125 lb per cu. ft. Find the weight of the dam.
4’

40’

16’

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 CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

2. Find the volume of water in swimming pool with vertical ends and sides. The length
measured at the water line is 50 ft. and the breadth is 20 ft. the bottom of the
swimming pool is a plane sloping gradually downward so that the depth of the
water at one end is 4 ft. and at the other end is 8 ft.
If the sides, ends, and bottom of the swimming pool are constructed of tile blocks
whose glazed surface dimensions are 3 in. by 6 in., and if the ends and sides of the
1
pool extend 2 ft. above the water level, find the number of blocks used if 20 of the
surface area is covered by sealing material.

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CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

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 CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

CYLINDER

Cylindrical Surface
- is a surface generated by a moving straight line (generator) which is
always parallel to a fixed line, and which always intersects a fixed plane
curve (directrix) not in the plane with the fixed line.

Properties
1. The bounding cylindrical surface of a cylinder is called the
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒, and the two bounding parallel planes are called the
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠.
2. The bases of a cylinder are equal.
3. The 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 of a cylinder is the perpendicular distance between the
bases.
4. The sections of cylinder made by two parallel planes, neither of which
cuts a base and both of which cut an element, are congruent.
5. Every section of a cylinder parallel to the base has an area equal to that
of the base.
6. The section of a cylinder which contains an element of the cylinder and
a point of the cylindrical surface not in this element is a parallelogram.
This section contains the element through the given point.
7. The elements of a cylinder are equal.
8. A 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 of a cylinder is a section perpendicular to all elements of
the cylinder.
9. If the bases of prism are inscribed in the bases of a cylinder, and the
lateral edges of the prism are elements of the cylinder, the prism is said
to be inscribed in the cylinder.
10. If the bases of a prism are circumscribed about the bases of a cylinder,
and the lateral edges are parallel to the elements of the cylinder, the
prism is said to be circumscribed about the cylinder.

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 CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

Formulas:
The lateral area of a cylinder is equal to the product of the perimeter
of a right section and an element.

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑺 = 𝒑𝒌 𝒆

The volume of a cylinder is equal either to the product of a base and

the altitude, or to the product of a right section and an element.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑽 = 𝑲𝒆

Example:
1. A vertical stone column 12.5 ft has elliptical base with the longer axis twice the
shorter. If the weight of the column is 12,400 lbs. and if the stone weighs 160
lbs. per cu. ft., find the area of the largest axial section of the column.

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 CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

Circular Cylinder
- is a cylinder which has a circular right section.

Properties
If a prism whose right section is a regular polygon is inscribed or circumscribed
about a circular cylinder, and if the number of sides of the right section of the prism
is indefinitely increased in such a way that every side approaches zero, the volume
of the cylinder is the limit of the volume of the prism; the lateral area of the cylinder
is the limit od the lateral area of the prism; the perimeter of base of the cylinder is
the limit of the perimeter of a base of a prism.

Formulas:
The lateral area of a cylinder is equal to the product of the perimeter
of a right section and an element.

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑺 = 𝒑𝒌 𝒆

The volume of a cylinder is equal either to the product of a base and

the altitude, or to the product of a right section and an element.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑽 = 𝑲𝒆

Example:
1. A pole in the form of a circular cylinder of altitude 18 ft. and a diameter of
right section 0.4 ft. has a base whose largest dimension is 0.5 ft. If the
pole rolls until it has covered an area of level ground, equal to that of one
acre, how many revolutions will it make?

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College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

Right Circular Cylinder

- is a circular cylinder whose elements are perpendicular to its base.

Properties
1. The 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of a right circular cylinder is the line joining the centers of the
base.
2. A right circular cylinder may be generated by the revolution of a rectangle
about one side as an axis, and is therefore also called
𝑎 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
3. The center of any section of a right circular cylinder parallel to the base os
on the axis.
4. Any element of a right circular cylinder is equal to its altitude.
5. Every section of a right circular cylinder made by a plane containing an
element is a rectangle.

Formulas:
The lateral area of a right circular cylinder is the product of its
altitude and the circumference of its base.

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 × 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑺 = 𝒉𝒄

The volume of a right circular cylinder is the product of the area of

the base and its altitude.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉

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 CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
BS in Civil Engineering Program

Example:
1
1. An iron pipe 10 ft. long has in internal diameter of 1 ft. If the iron is in. thick,
2
find the volume of metal in the pipe.

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