Journal of Advancements in Material Engineering

Volume 4 Issue 1

Materials, Methods and Techniques in Textiles for the

Development of Space Suits
Dr. Nemailal Tarafder
EX-Emeritus Professor,
Department of Textile Engineering,
Hooghly Engineering and Technology College, West Bengal, India
Email: [email protected]

Abstract
A space suit is a special type of suit worn by an astronaut during an expedition on the space.
In order to keep the astronauts alive in the critical conditions of the outer space, these are
worn by them. As the environment on the space is extreme from all corners, therefore it is
designed to suit the astronauts as they avail the same in Earth’s conditions. Any space suit is
composed of many layers materials starting from three to fourteen in number. Each layer has
its own function for the survival of the astronauts on the space. The First NASA space suits
were silver in colour because scientist thought that it would reflect the burning hot sun rays.
In Technical Textiles, Aerospace Textiles are an area which covers finished products
engineered by textile materials. Among the other special garments made for the astronauts,
G-suits are very common. The modified advanced crew suit at NASA contains all necessary
functional elements to support life and enable the space walk. Notional Key Performance
Parameters (KPPS) are to identify the major areas where improvement is necessary over the
current systems.

Keywords: planetary surface, space program, aviators, E-glass, muscle soreness, astronauts,
micrometeoroids, hybrid suits.

INTRODUCTION products /components for the space suits.

Any space suit is designed to provide all The space exploration started first in the
the necessary environmental conditions year 1950 and the space suits were
like oxygen, temperature control, introduced in that period. With the time
removing CO2, protection from the sun past on, lot of development took place
rays, solar radiation and micro-meteoroids with the design and model modification of
to keep the astronauts alive. Under the the spacecrafts. With the advancement of
pressurized enclosure, the astronauts time, modifications took place rapidly.
should have natural limb movements. The
space suits must have to do many
important tasks while they are on the As more and more complicacies are
orbital work. [01] arising in the unique pieces of technology
related to the manufacturing of space suits,
The Extra Vehicular Mobility Units varies improvements are also coming in
(EMU) is the alternate name for space the picture. Experiments are conducted at
suits, because the astronauts take space miniature level through personal aircraft to
walk outside the orbital spacecraft [02]. habituate the astronauts regarding the
National Aeronautical Space Agency conditions and protection they need to
(NASA), at their Headquarters in Houston, survive in the space during their orbital
developed and manufactured varieties of expedition. Due this reasons, many

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 Journal of Advancements in Material Engineering
Volume 4 Issue 1

components and materials have been observations, conclusion was drawn that
developed/designed for the space suits better suits to be designed to protect the
[03]. astronauts who used to stay inside the
spacecrafts and worked from there. A
The miniature form of the garment had space suit must perform several functions
three inner most layers with liquid cooling to allow its occupant to work safely and
ventilation system. This was made of comfortably inside or outside a spacecraft
Spandex fibre. This garment was to provide a stable internal pressure and
fabricated from a 300 feet tube and cold mobility [07].
water was circulated over the spandex
surface to help cool the body of the Depending on the functional and technical
astronauts. Above this layer was the performance, Technical Textiles have been
bladder layer to maintain the proper developed. Aerospace comprises the
pressure dynamic to protect the astronaut. atmosphere of the Earth and surrounding
The final layer was composed of three space. Aerospace is actually a compression
fabrics, one to works as a general purpose of aeronautics and space flight. Aerospace
for protection and other two layers to embraces the full specimen spectrum of
opposite functions [04]. flight and the aerospace industry
manufacturers the components and
All most every astronaut of space faces equipment for things that fly. Technical
some problems at their space suit and must textiles have wide applications in
have to overcome these obstacles and as aerospace manufacturing and it is the field
such many parts of the space suit are even of technical textiles in the form of
more specific function related with respect engineered textiles. The functional items
to its functionalities. For example, the are like, aircrafts, space shuttles, space
visor assembly contains gold in order to suits, space transportation system
help filter the intense sunlight that exists in including lunar and mars mission [08].
space without the Earth‟s atmospheric
condition [05]. According to the author [09], aerospace
textiles is a section of technical textiles
Researchers are constantly looking for new that include special products to engineered
materials to build the space suit of the textiles including g-suits for pilot and
future and we may not be too far from entry suits for space shuttles, to be used in
redesigned of the modern space suit. Shape aircrafts, lunar and mars mission and space
memory alloy coils are essentially springs transportation. G-suit a specialised textile
that return to their original un-stretched product for aerospace operation is a form
shape when they are heated. The pressure of light fitting trousers worn by aviators
created by using these shape memory coils and is used to control blood circulation at
in tandem in a cuff matched the pressure higher level of acceleration resisting the
needed to support a human in space [06]. blood draining from brain and upper body
parts to legs. Space suits help astronauts to
According to the literature reviewed, the walk on the lunar surface and have
earliest space suits were made of rubber specialised nature in design, material
and cloth and were by nature stiff, bulky development, fabrication and quality
and hard also and as a result had the assurance and also anti-gravity suits are
problem of movement around by the some other special garments designed for
astronauts. There was a competition aerospace use [09].
between America and Russia regarding to Some NASA engineers and contractors are
reach first in the space. The scientists developing the Orion Spacecraft to support

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 Journal of Advancements in Material Engineering
Volume 4 Issue 1

human exploration missions in deep space revolved around four main themes:
and others are defining the logistics of architecture, civilization, clothing and
such missions. mobility. Among the exhibits, functional
apparel textiles and space inspired fashion
Currently, crew clothing can be divided were displayed.
into two categories; the space suit system
for outside activities and the cabin clothes Modern day use of synthetic fibres,
for work, exercise, sleep and special especially in the protective garments is to
occasions such as public appearances. The save the life of the wearer. It is known to
special suit assembly is modular system, us that both the astronauts and the fire
has an upper torso, lower torso, gloves, fighters wear uniforms which are made of
limbs, helmet and boots [10]. high performance fibres like Kevlar,
spandex, etc but their jobs are specific in
NASA‟s next generation space suits will their own fields. The peculiarity of the
be developed as part of the Extra dress material is that it is flexible in nature
Vehicular Activity System. NASA will be due to the material used but it is equally
developing the xEMU space suit pressure important from the view point of
garment system (PGS) in house at the insulation either from the heat/temperature
Johnson Space Centre (JSC), Houston, or from the accidental debris [13].
Texas The NASA team assigned to
develop advanced space suit have to work Due to the Sun‟s radiation the temperature
jointly with the textile industry and the in the special orbit may vary in wider
academia‟s to employ the state-of-art range between 121 degree C and 233
technologies related textiles into their degree C. From the view point of cooling
present projects. The team must have to the space suit must provide proper
keep in mind that the primary need of the insulation to cool down the huge
xEMu PGS is to protect the astronauts temperature of Sun‟s Ray, so as to help
from the harsh environment in cislunar work by the astronauts under such
space of the expedition [11]. conditions. In order to prevent chemical
processes in the body from overreacting, it
Future of textiles from and for space has is necessary to develop a suit that counter
been discussed by Expert Opinion, Jane act against the pressure in space. Various
Bukolvska [12]. The biggest ever edition effects have been confirmed through
of Teeh Textil, the leading international various accidents reported [15]. Many
trade fair for technical textiles and space suits design are taken from the U. S
nonwovens concluded under the main Air Force suits, which are designed to
theme „Living in Space‟. The main object work in higher altitude aircrafts pressures,
of the exhibition was to stress upon the such as the Mercury IVA suit or the
importance of technical textiles in every Chinese G4C or the Advanced Crew
sphere of our activities. Apart from the Escape Suits {16]. Among the Chinese suit
importance of daily life use of technical models, the astronauts could use the First
textiles, the more emphasis was drawn on generation EVA suit developed by China
the use high-tech textiles in space travel. in 1967 inside the cabin and conduct an
Using the concept of life saving element of EVA as well [17]. Shenzhou IVA space
the products from textile fibres, while suit is believed up to be a Chinese-made
astronauts were travelling on the space, the version rather than an actual Russian suit
idea was to develop how they could be [18]. Fieitian EVA space suit was designed
effectively used in daily life. The display for a spacewalk mission of up to seven
in the Living Space Exhibition area hours [19]. Final Frontier Design (FFD)

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 Journal of Advancements in Material Engineering
Volume 4 Issue 1

has a Space Act Agreement with NASA‟s used for the construction of space suits, a
Commercial Space Capabilities Office to variety of textile materials including
develop and execute a Human Rating Plan different synthetic polymers were also
for FFD IVA suit [20]. FFD categories employed. Among the different layers in a
their IVA suits according to their mission: space suit, the inner most layer was a
Terra for Earth-based testing, Stratus for nylon tricot material and another layer was
high altitude flights and Epos for orbital made of spandex. A layer of urethane
space flights. Each suit category has coated nylon is also used. Dacron a variety
different requirements for manufacturing of polyester is employed as a pressure
controls, validations and materials but is of restraining layer. Among many other
a similar architecture. synthetic materials used, spandex rubber in
the form of neoprene, aluminized Mylar,
HISTORY OF SPACE SUITS Gore Tex, Kevlar, Nomex, etc, are there.
Lot of technological improvements have
taken place in the field of textile fibre, Three types of spandex suits exist for
electronics and material science and as a different purposes: IVA (Intra Vehicular
result which space suits have come on the Activity), EVA (Extra Vehicular Activity)
way to a new development in space and IEVA (Intra/Extravehicular Activity).
research. As compared to the earlier space Pressurized space suits are functionally
suits today‟s suit are much more light and more comfortable, usually known
complicated due to the development in the as IVA suits. It is known that Gemini
technological science. The suit worn by G4C suit is a type of suit which is used by
Alan Shepherd on the First U S suborbital the astronauts both inside and outside the
expedition was also a pressure suit but spacecrafts. For any planetary exploration,
small in size as compared to one that was EMU are used for expedition in the outside
used by the American Navy [02]. Then a for spacewalk or expedition. It is required
lot of changes took place in the design part to protect the astronauts on the space from
of the space suit and improve functional all types of environmental conditions [01].
attachment was the depressurization Pressurized suits are needed at the high
chamber. However, spacewalks were not altitude of 19,000 m (Known as
possible they did not protect against the Armstrong‟s Limit), where water boils at
harsh environment of space. These suits body temperature to keep the astronauts
were made up of five layers. This was remain fit. As per the information received
comprised of a cotton layer, a nylon layer, from the literature surveyed, the first
a pressurized neoprene-coated nylon layer, pressurized suit was developed in the year
a Teflon layer and the final one was a 1930. The first space was worn by a Soviet
nylon layer. astronaut Yuri Gagarin in 1961 and the
suit was SovietSK-1.
It is learnt from the literature that the first
spacewalk performed during the Gemini It has been observed through space
Mission in the year 1965, in which a seven exploration that a spacecraft performs
layered designed suit was worn by the many functions through its astronauts and
astronaut for extra protection. The extra therefore it is necessary that each work
layers were made of Aluminized Mylar should be done safely and comfortably
had a total weight of 15 kg and was able to both inside and outside the spacecraft.
protect it from the damage of thermal and Works categorized as temperature
micrometeoroid. Sally Ride is best known regulation, communication system,
as the first American woman sent into controlling the means of collection of solid
outer space. Among the various materials and liquid bodily wastes and protection

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 Journal of Advancements in Material Engineering
Volume 4 Issue 1

against UV rays, particle radiation and space suits design are taken from the U. S.
micrometeoroids. The Apollo / Skylab Air Force suits, which are designed in the
A7L suit included eleven layers in all: an high altitude aircraft pressures, such as the
inter liner; and LCVG; a pressure bladder; Mercury IVA suit or the Gemini G4C or
a restraint layer; another liner and a the Advanced Crew Escape suits [16]. As
Thermal Micrometeoroids Garment the for extravehicular activity grew, suits
consisting of five aluminized insulation such as the Apollo A7L included gloves
layers and external layer of White Ortho- made of a metal fabric called Chrome-R in
fabric. During the exploration of Moon or order to prevent punctures. In order to
Mars, there will be the potential for Lunar retain a better sense of touch for the
/ Martian dust to be retained on the space astronauts, the finger tips of the gloves
suit. When the space suit is removed on were made of silicon. The EMU space
return to spacecraft, there will be the suits used for the spacewalks to allow the
potential for the dust to contaminate astronauts to manually control the internal
surfaces and increase the risks of environment of the suit. The Mark III suit
inhalation and skin exposure. In the NASA has a backpack filled with about 12 pounds
space suits, communication is provided via of liquid air, as well as pressurization and
a cap worn over the head, which includes heat exchange. The development of the
ear phones and a microphone. spheroid shape dome helmet was the key
to balancing the need for field of view,
There are four main conceptual approaches pressure compensation and low weight
to suit design: Soft suits; Hard-shell suits; [19].
Hybrid suits; and Ski-night suits. Soft suits
are typically made of fabrics. All soft suits EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
have some hard parts and some even have There are certain difficulties in designing a
hard joint bearings. Intra-vehicular activity dexterous space suit glove and there are
and early EVA suits were soft suits. Hard limitations to the current designs. Due to
suits are usually made of metal or this reason, the Continental Astronaut
composite materials and do not use fabric Glove challenge was created to build a
for joints. The NASA Ames Research better glove. On board computing network
Centre experimental AX-5 Hybrid shell to increase the situational awareness is the
space suit had a flexibility rating of 95%. new development by the Australian Space
Hybrid suits have hard shell parts and forum. Since 2009, they were developing
fabric parts. NASA‟s extravehicular the system of advanced human-machine
Mobility Unit (EMU) uses a fibre glass interface through their Aouda. X an
Hard Upper Torso (HUT) and fabric limbs. experimental Mars analogue space suits.
When space suits below a specific The outcome was the development of a
operating pressure are used from craft that pressure suit designed for studying the
are pressurized to normal atmospheric contamination vectors in the planetary
pressure, this requires astronauts to pre- exploration analogue environments and to
breathe before donning their suits and simulate the limitation of the
depressurising in the air with the help of contamination on the pressure regime.
Ski-night suits.
Bio-suit is a space activity suit, under
CONTRIBUTING TECHNOLOGIES development at Massachusetts Institute of
Related preceding technologies include the Technology and which as of 2006 consists
gas mask used in World War II, the of several lower leg prototypes. Bio-suit is
oxygen mask used by pilots of high flying custom fit to each wearer, using laser body
bombers in the World War II and many scanning. NASA foresees a single suit

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capable of supporting survivability during year 2013 for the exploration of Mars. The
launch, entry and abort zero- gravity EVA; speciality of the suit was it was knitted
lunar surface EVA and Mars Surface from non-terminating yarns. With use of
EVA. This was planned to meet the needs several techniques of fabric stitching
of the Constellation Program as proposed. methods, the support areas were stitched
Final Frontier Design (FFD) suits by gradient levels of the elements. The
intended as a light-weight, highly mobile stretch elements, flex, rigid and restrictive
and inexpensive commercial space suit and elements were integrated into the fabric
the first suit completed in 2010 [20]. through mapping the appropriate level of
Several design improvements was done by motion or protection necessary while
ILC Dover, through the I-suit of a proto spacewalk or work related to inside
type model, in order to incorporate portion [07]. The knit fabric stitching is
reducing the weight of the upper torso. different from woven fabric stitching. It
MX-2 is a space suit analogue constructed creates varying degrees of flexibility,
at the University of Maryland Space rigidity, open channel, tunnel and special
Systems Laboratory. The MX-2 is used for zones for integrated into the basic fabric.
manned neutral buoyancy testing at the Kevlar monofilaments, spectra, silicon or
Space Systems Lab‟s Neutral Buoyancy other speciality performance yarns were
Research Facility. In May 2006, a new used to knit the fabric to enable the
space suit prototype to demonstrate important regions to perform the combined
techniques which could be incorporated functions of protection, bio-mechanical
into a planetary suit in the name of North range of motion, compression and
Dakota Suit was tested. NASA‟s prototype therapeutic elements integrating into one
exploration suit (PX3) like the Z-series, is single panel or series of panels for the
a rear-entry suit compatible with suit completion of the garment.
sports. Since February 2015, Space X
begun developing space suits for TEXTILES IN SPACE
astronauts to wear within the Dragon 2 Clothing of the astronauts has become a
space capsule. In 2012 NASA introduced challenging matter faced by the
the Z-I space suits, first in the Z-series of researchers regarding the selection of the
space suits prototypes designed by NASA base materials as well as the supporting
specifically for planetary extravehicular elements. There was no exception for the
activity. Fictional suits vary in appearance concerned authorities of the US space
and technology, and range from the highly program. Survival inside a spacecraft
authentic to the utterly importable. needed to be addressed first in terms of use
of textiles in space suits. Clothing in the
PROTECTIVE WEAR AND KNITTED Mercury and Gemini capsules considered
SPACE SUITS to be a pressure suit with added fire and
Knitted garment is one of the latest thermal protection. Chrome R, a Nickel
technologies in the field of fabric Chromium alloy fibre developed by
manufacturing. This Flat knitting was used Hoskins Mfg Co in the mid 1960s was
for producing samples of spacer fabric by used in the form of a woven-metal fabric
using different yarns for different purposes to protect the astronauts‟ legs from hot
like Kevlar, Silicon, Carbon, Spectra, etc gases produced by the astronauts
in 5+ layers for using in the suits making manoeuvring unit. In 1967, in the Apollo
process. NASA, Nike and USAID and US Program, the cabin fire that killed Gus
Department of the State in a collaborative Grissom, Edward White and Roger
project designed the first knitted space suit Chaffee during a launch pad test directly
in the year 2010 and it was launched in the led to the development of the Beta Glass

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Fibre [10]. On a multilayer trip in deep matrix systems, adhesive and composite
space, everyday clothing must be structures are used in commercial,
functional, attractive and logistically aerospace, and defence. Freudenberg‟s
sound. Many varieties of flame retardant microfilament textiles offer a high
fibres were developed by the department performance solution for many other
of Defence and NASA during the period of packaging applications including
Cold War and Apollo Program, because of aerospace products. Milliken
the fire hazards concerning the space Manufacturers custom-engineered textiles
programs. According to the information are for a variety of industrial markets and
received, PBI is the first inherently flame their innovations include flame resistance
retardant polymeric fibre developed by fabrics for military personnel. Prima loft
Celanese Corp of America. It was products are also used for military
suggested that for the crew cabin clothing applications. Visionary companies and
and sleeping bags the PBI was the most individuals work with Space Industries in
suitable material for its mechanical and America and Europe to develop the
physical properties which could be clothing of the future for terrestrial use.
considered as the substitute for cotton. Grade Zero Escape (GZE) is the leader in
Performance of the flame retardant treated the field, working both with NASA and
cotton fabrics was not up to the mark for ESA to produce clothing that is
the use in the spacecrafts. Although some transformative and inspirational.
these treated flame retardant made clothing
are still in the International Space Station NEXT GENERATION SPACE SUIT
(ISS) program. It is presumed that a space DEVELOPED BY NASA
suit„s life is minimum three years. NASA has sent un-crewed spacecraft to
Astronauts clothing under goes vigorous Mars and into Interstellar Space but
treatments like special exercise, as Human Missions have not gone beyond
garment for underwear and nightwear and the Moon since the Apollo Program.
some time special appearance for public NASA is setting its sights to send human
facing and therefore they bear huge work beyond the Moon with the Deep Space
load during wearing of the space suit. On a Gateway (DSG) Missions and future
multilayer trip in deep space, everyday Missions to Mars. The DSG will operate
clothing must be functional, attractive and near the Moon and allow NASA to gain
logistically sound. experience for human missions that push
farther into the Solar System in
Vizlite Dual Technology is an ANSI- preparation for missions to Mars. To
approved combination developed to offer achieve the mission NASA is developing
innovation into the personal protective the next generation spacecrafts for
equipment market and was created to save operation on planetary surfaces. NASA‟s
lives in low to no light source situation. next generation space suits will be
VRNA‟s technology features developed as part of the Extra Vehicular
phosphorescent materials that emit light in Activity (EVA) system. The next xEMU is
dark and dimly lit areas improving the precursor for the future Mars Extra
personal safety and recharges with most Vehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU). The
types of lights, including sunlight, xEMU space suit will be utilized in the
floodlight or ordinary office light and first three phases of the missions and its
requires no battery operation or plugs. development requires the inclusion of
Hexcel‟s High Performance Structural advanced textile technologies [11]. In
Materials including carbon fibres order to maintain a balance between the
reinforcements prepegs, honey combs state of-the-art textiles technology and

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advanced textiles, the advanced space unit resistance to adhesion of dust, abrasion
team must have to work with textile and penetration. The possible solution may
industry and academiato get benefits from be the introduction of a highly flexible
the latest technological developments fabric with durable coating. It has been
related to material science and new proven that metalized-film insulation
application methods. The objective of the fabric can be the best option for the
space expedition of XEMPUGS was to development of xEMUPGS vehicle.
protect the astronauts from the adverse
environmental conditions in cislunar FUTURE OF TEXTILES FOR SPACE
space. APPLICATIONS
The theme “LIVING IN SPACE”, in the
Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG) biggest ever edition of the Tech Textil
and Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Exhibition arranged in Frankfurt in May
Garment (LCVG) along with a pressure 2017 with 1477 exhibitors from 55
enclosure are the common soft-good countries mainly focused on the items of
architecture of a space suit. Ortho-fabric technical textiles and nonwoven fabrics.
(Rip Stop Woven Fabric) made of 14 oz The leading exhibitions demonstrated the
Nomex/Teflon/Kevlar in the outer shell wide range of applications for high-tech
layer of the TMG of the ISSEMU was textiles and textile processing technology
constructed. This was done for the from and for the aerospace sector, in
thermally controlled space suit with the cooperation with the European Space
required optical properties as well as for Agency (ESA). So far as the
maintaining proper protection from reduction in weight of the space capsules
abrasion, tear and micrometeoroid is concerned the introduction of high-tech
damage. Under the Ortho-fabric are textile materials are essential. In the above
several thermal insulating layers of exhibition many exhibits in the areas like
aluminized polyester-film or Mylar, with a light weight structures for spacecrafts and
bonded polyester scrim. An additional membrane system ventilation were
protection for micrometeoroid was exhibited [12]. Functional apparel textile
provided by a neoprene-coated rip-stop products and inspiring fashion oriented
nylon liner on the TMG. At present the garments were also shown in the show.
pressure enclosure of the EMU made of a
Dacron restraint fabric along with The interesting part of the show was
polyurethane-coated nylon bladder. The concentrated on a virtual reality, journey
LCVG uses a stretch nylon knit fabric through space to Mars. The purpose was to
integrated with ethyl vinyl acetate cooling inspire the visitors, who could appreciate
tubes and nylon tricot comfort layer. the exhibit and under tale the task to
develop new technical textile materials and
The challenge for the xEMU PGS outer their technology related to processing part
layer is to protect against the lunar eolith for setting-up communities in space. Many
or lunar dust, found on the surface of the textile products and processing
Moon. There is a possibility of technologies were exhibited i the Material
contaminating other systems of the Gallery, which were related to space travel
spacecraft due to dust carried by the activities. Many other products like,
clothing fabric and as a result may affect knitted fabric with water based EVO
the performance of the spacecraft. coating for use as clothing and shoes upper
Therefore, it is needed that the outer layer portion shown by Stahi Holdings in their
of the xEMU to be provided with dust pavilion. For the purpose of active cooling
protective system, which will be having or heating the space suit, PES filaments

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with cross and length wise running pressurized enclosure and carbon dioxide
channel space fabric for optimized removal. The manufacture of a space suit
ventilation was shown by Schoeller‟s is a complicated process. Researchers are
Brand Eschier Textile. Light weight constantly looking for new materials to
carbon fibre made high performance fabric build the space suits of the future and we
for space suit was shown in the Karl may not be far from a complete redesign
Mayer Technische enclosure. Three ply of the modern space suit. Aerospace
polyamide and PTFE membrane fabric to textiles include the textile for specific
protect light for survival of the astronauts functional requirements to work in space
exhibited by Alpex Protection. The suits, space shuttles, Lunar and Mars
advantages of the garment are high Missions and space transportation.
mechanical performance and a loft touch. Technical Textile in the area of aerospace
Windproof and rainproof breathe able textiles deals with special textile products
fabrics developed by Kloopman was known as engineered textiles including G-
demonstrated in special area of their suits for the pilots as well as entry suits for
product exhibited. Heath Coat Fabrics the space shuttles. It is expected that space
woven and knitted fabrics producer tourism in the commercialisation form will
announced a project under taken with be deployed by the industry people for
NASA Research Department involving the recreation and travel amusement in the
development of parachute fabrics for the near future. For this purpose the textile
current Mars 2020 Mission. Fabrics industry is getting encouraged by NASA
created under the Decel Air Superlight for a better incentive to utilize more in the
brand are currently undergoing rigorous space tourism business sectors. New and
testing at NASA. more advanced textiles are needed for
developing NASA‟s next generation space
CONCLUSIONS suits for astronauts‟ missions beyond LEO
On Earth, radiation is a danger faced by and into deep space. The most interesting
the military in many different situations. work with the NASA research department
Anatomically correct applications is to develop a fabric for use in the
addressing protection as well as comfort parachute for the next Mar‟s rover landing
will reach people, who need them a much in 2020.
faster as extreme career wear. A space suit
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