1

Introduction to the Power System

Part One: Lesson Summary

1.1 Introduction
This chapter introduces the reader to the fundamental ideas of power system
analysis. Sinusoidal steady-state, phasor representation, power definition,
concepts of leading and lagging phase, concepts of production and consump-
tion power, types of load models, power and impedance triangles, Y-∆ or
star-delta transform, three-phase systems, power factor correction, per-unit,
transmission power, generator and motor connected, and relevant numerical
approximations are some of the concepts discussed in this chapter. Three-
phase systems are believed to be balanced in the study of power systems.
Single-phase analysis may be used to examine these balanced three-phase
systems. By combining an inductance and a capacitor, large single-phase
loads that generate severe phase imbalances may be transformed into three
balanced phases at once.
Voltage and frequency fluctuations affect the quantity of electric energy
consumed. The effects of voltage and frequency on motor and impedance
loads are depicted.
Power transmission formulae are also completely described in this section.
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

The link between active and reactive power, production and consumption
methods, and their varied modes has been studied.

1.2 Sinusoidal Steady-State
The instantaneous voltage and current:

i ( t ) = I m cos (ω t + θ i ) v ( t ) = Vm cos (ω t + θ v ) (1.1)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003394433-1 1

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 2 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

The RMS value or effective value of a voltage or current:

Vm Im
Ve = V = , Ie = I = (1.2)
2 2

1.3 Phasor Representation
It must be determined from the question form which type of display was
used. Electrical circuit type:

V =|V |∠θ v , I =|I |∠θ i (1.3)

Power system type:

V̂ = V∠θ v , Iˆ = I∠θ i (1.4)

1.4 Power Definition
The instantaneous power:

p ( t ) = v ( t ) ⋅ i ( t ) , p ( t ) = V ⋅ I ⋅ cosϕ ( 1 + cos ( 2ω t )) + V ⋅ I ⋅ sin (ϕ ) sin ( 2ω t ) (1.5)

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The angle between voltage and current:

ϕ = θv − θi (1.6)

The average power:

T
1
Pav =
T ∫ 0
p(t) ⋅ dt (1.7)

The real or active power (Watt or W):

P = Pav = V ⋅ I ⋅ cos (ϕ ) (1.8)

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 Introduction to the Power System 3

FIGURE 1.1
Phasor diagram of lagging load.

FIGURE 1.2
Phasor diagram of leading load.

The imaginary or reactive power (Volt-Ampere reactive or VAr):

Q = V ⋅ I sin (ϕ ) (1.9)

The complex power (Volt-Ampere or VA):

S = P + jQ = Vˆ ⋅ Iˆ * = V ⋅ I∠ϕ = S ∠ϕ = ( )
P 2 + Q 2 ∠ϕ (1.10)

The apparent power or the magnitude of the complex power (VA):

S = P2 + Q2

1.5 Concepts of Leading and Lagging Phase

Assume voltage as the reference.
An inductive load has a current angle less than its voltage angle, so the cur-
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rent lags the voltage and the power factor is thus lagging (Figure 1.1).
A capacitive load has a current angle much larger than its voltage angle, so
the current leads the voltage and the power factor is thus leading (Figure 1.2).

1.6 Concepts of Production and Consumption Power

The following power relationship exists in both producer and consumer
cases.

S = P + jQ = Vˆ ⋅ Iˆ * = V ⋅ I∠ϕ

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 4 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

FIGURE 1.3
Figure of a producer element.

FIGURE 1.4
Figure of a consumer element.

Current flows from the positive terminal of a producer element.

(P) is production active power and (−P) is consumption active power.
(Q) is production reactive power and (−Q) is consumption reactive power
(Figure 1.3).
Current enters the positive terminal of a consumer element.
(P) is consumption active power and (−P) is production active power.
(Q) is consumption reactive power and (−Q) is production reactive power
(Figure 1.4).
It should be noted that every producer is also a consumer, that is, it con-
sumes in proportion to its negative production, and vice versa.
Generators are producers with P > 0 and consumers with P < 0.
Motors are consumers with P > 0 and producers with P < 0. Note: In prac-
tice, we work with positive sign.

1.7 Types of Load Models

1.7.1 A n Impedance Load or a Constant Impedance Load
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They are modeled with Z = R + jX like an incandescent lamp or heater.

The relationship between active power and frequency:

∆P ∆f
= −2 ( sin ϕ ) ×
2
(1.11)
P f

The relationship between active power and voltage:

∆P ∆V
=2 (1.12)
P V

Voltage and frequency change together, so the aforementioned relationships

add up.

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 Introduction to the Power System 5

1.7.2 A Constant Power Load

They are modeled with S = P + jQ like an AC induction motor.
The relationship between active power and frequency:
Power consumption increases with increasing frequency and vice versa.
The relationship between active power and voltage:
The amount is almost constant and does not change.

1.8 Power and Impedance Triangles

The following can be done to convert a constant impedance load to a constant
power load, and vice versa (Figures 1.5 and 1.6):

V2
P = V ⋅ I ⋅ cos(ϕ ) = R ⋅ I 2 , Q = V ⋅ I ⋅ sin(ϕ ) = X ⋅ I 2 , S = Vˆ ⋅ Iˆ ∗ = Z ⋅ I 2 = ∗ (1.13)
Z

The power triangle is obtained by multiplying the impedance triangle by I2.

FIGURE 1.5
Impedance triangle.
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FIGURE 1.6
Power triangle.

1.9 Y-∆, Star-Delta Transform

Symmetric Star-Delta (Y-∆) conversion:

Z∆ = 3 ⋅ ZY (1.14)

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 6 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

1.10 Three-Phase Systems
Instantaneous power in three asymmetric phases:

P3 ph ( t ) = va ( t ) ⋅ ia ( t ) + vb ( t ) ⋅ ib ( t ) + vc ( t ) ⋅ ic ( t ) (1.15)

A balanced three-phase voltage (equal magnitude and ±120° phase shift) -

time display:

va (t) = 2V ⋅ cos (ω t + θ v )

vb (t) = 2V ⋅ cos (ω t + θ v − 120 ) (1.16)

vc (t) = 2V ⋅ cos (ω t + θ v + 120 )

A balanced three-phase current (equal magnitude and ±120° phase shift) -

time display:

ia (t) = 2 I ⋅ cos (ω t + θ i )

ib (t) = 2 I ⋅ cos (ω t + θ i − 120 ) (1.17)

ic (t) = 2 I ⋅ cos (ω t + θ i + 120 )

A balanced three-phase voltages and currents, phasor representation:

V̂a = V∠θ v , Vˆb = V∠ (θ v − 120 ) , Vˆc = V∠ (θ v + 120 ) (1.18)

Î a = I∠θ i , Iˆb = I∠ (θ i − 120 ) , Iˆc = I∠ (θ i + 120 )

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Line-to-line voltage or line voltage:

Vˆ ab = Vˆ a − Vˆb = 3V∠ (θ v + 30 ) = VL ∠ (θ v + 30 )

Vˆbc = Vˆb − Vˆc = 3V∠ (θ v − 90 ) = VL ∠ (θ v − 90 ) (1.19)

Vˆca = Vˆc − Vˆ a = 3V∠ (θ v + 150 ) = VL ∠ (θ v + 150 )

For balanced three-phase voltages:

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 Introduction to the Power System 7
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sunderland/detail.action?docID=7273797.
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 8 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

FIGURE 1.7
Power triangle with two reactive powers Q1 and Q2.

The capacitor impedance and capacitor size in stars are equal to:

V2 QC
XC = , C= (1.26)
QC 2πfV 2

In a single-phase system, V is the phase voltage and QC is the reactive power

of one phase, and in a three-phase system, V is the line voltage and QC is the
reactive power of three phases.

1.12 Per-Unit (p.u.)
Parameters are per-unit by dividing them by parameter bases. Parameters
and base parameters:

S(VA), P(W), Q( VAr), Z(Ω), R(Ω), X (Ω), Y ( ), G( ), B( ) , V (V), I (A) (1.27)

Sb (VA) Zb ( Ω ) Yb ( ) Vb (V) Ib (A)

1.12.1 Per-Unit System for Single-Phase

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Vb phase voltage and Sb single-phase power are generally the two main bases
used. All other bases can be calculated from the following equations. The
nominal values are usually equal to these values. It is usually assumed that
the system’s maximum rated power is Sb. In the first generator, the voltage is
Vb. This voltage is passed through the transformers with a conversion ratio.

Vb2 V 1
Zb = , Ib = b , Yb = (1.28)
Sb Zb Zb

1.12.2 Per-Unit System for Three-Phase

Sb three-phase power and Vb line-to-line voltage are usually known as the
main bases. All other bases can be calculated from the following equations:

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 Introduction to the Power System 9

Vb2 Vb 1
Zb = , Ib = , Yb = (1.29)
Sb 3.Zb Zb

Three-phase per-unit systems eliminate coefficients 3 and 3 in power and

voltage, such as P = V·I·cos(φ) for three-phase power.

1.12.3 Base Changes in the Per-Unit System

2
Sbnew  V old 
Znew (p.u.) = Zold (p.u.) ⋅ ⋅  bnew  (1.30)
Sbold  Vb 

1.13 Transmission Power
In the aforementioned system (Figure 1.8):
Sgi is the generator production power in the ith bus;
Sdi is the load demand power in the ith bus;
Si is the complex power injected into the ith bus;

And Si = Sgi − Sdi

The phase difference between V1 and V2:

δ = δ 12 = δ 1 − δ 2 (1.31)

Line current from bus 1 to bus 2:

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Vˆ − Vˆ2
Iˆ = Iˆ12 = 1 (1.32)
Z

FIGURE 1.8
A two-bus network.

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 10 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

The complex power injected into the bus:

S1 = Vˆ1 × Iˆ * = P1 + jQ1 , S2 = Vˆ2 × Iˆ * = P2 + jQ2 (1.33)

The active power injected into bus 1:

P1 =
(
R V12 − V1V2 × cos (δ ) ) + XV V 1 × sin (δ )
2
(1.34)
2 2
R +X R + X2
2

The reactive power injected into bus 1:

Q1 =
(
X V12 − V1V2 × cos (δ ) ) − RV V × sin (δ )
1 2
(1.35)
R2 + X 2 R + X2
2

You can determine the injection power of bus 2 by converting 1 in the above
equation to 2 and vice versa (δ becomes −δ).
The active power injected into bus 2:

P2 =
(
R V22 − V1V2 × cos (δ ) ) − XV V 1 2× sin (δ )
(1.36)
2 2
R +X R + X2
2

The reactive power injected into bus 2:

Q2 =
(
X V22 − V1V2 × cos (δ ) ) + RV V × sin (δ )
1 2
(1.37)
2 2
R +X R + X2
2
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1.13.1 First Special Conditions (R = 0)

V1V2 V1V2
P1 = sin (δ ) , P2 = − sin (δ ) (1.38)
X X

V12 − V1V2 × cos (δ ) V22 − V1V2 × cos (δ )

Q1 = , Q2 = (1.39)
X X

Active and reactive power consumption in the line:

Qline = Q1 + Q2 = X × I 2 , Pline = P1 + P2 = 0 (1.40)

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 Introduction to the Power System 11

The average of reactive power on the line:

Q1 − Q2 V12 − V22
Qav = = (1.41)
2 2X

1.13.2 S econd Special Conditions (R = 0, V1 = V2 = V)

V2
P = P1 = − P2 = sin (δ ) (1.42)
X

Q = Q1 = Q2 = =
2
(
Qline V 1 − cos (δ ) ) (1.43)
2 X

In a stable power system: 0 ≤ δ ≤ 90°

P ≥ Q = QG − QD ≥ 0 (1.44)

• In other words, both buses produce reactive power.

• This line consumes reactive power.
• The reactive power produced by each bus is greater than the reactive
power consumed by the same bus.
• In the line, the active power injected is greater than the reactive
power injected.
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1.13.3 Double-Sided Feeding Line, or Line Connecting

Both Ends of the Power Supply
When both V1 and V2 are constant, the line is called a double-sided feeding
line. Any reactive power controller, such as a capacitor, generator, or synchro-
nous capacitor (condenser), will keep the line voltage constant.
The maximum active power is calculated as follows:

 X
R ≠ 0 ⇒ δ = tan −1   ⇒ P2 is maximum (1.45)
 R

V1V2
R = 0 ⇒ δ = 90° ⇒ P1 = − P2 is maximum = (1.46)
X

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 12 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

1.13.4 One-Sided Feeding Line or Radial Transmission Line

When the bus voltage 2(V2) varies according to the load, the line is called a
one-sided feeding line.
It is possible that bus 2 has a reactive power controller, but it is out of con-
trol. In this case, we have Q2 = 0 in relation to equation (1.39) as follows:

V1V2 V 2 sin δ cos δ V2

V1 cos δ = V2 ⇒ P1 = sin δ ⇒ P1 = 1 ⇒ P1 = 1 sin 2δ (1.47)
X X 2X

V12
R = 0 ⇒ δ = 45° ⇒ P1 is maximum = (1.48)
2X

1.14 Generator and Motor Connected

A source that generates positive active power is a generator, and one that
consumes positive active power is a motor. Their reactive power has nothing
to do with their active power.

1.14.1 Generator and Motor Relations – Similar to Double-

Sided Feeding Line, First Special Conditions (R = 0)
V1 is a generator and V2 is a motor if:

δ > 0 ⇒ δ1 > δ2 (1.49)

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V1 produces reactive power if:

V1 > V2 ⋅ cos (δ ) (1.50)

V2 produces reactive power if:

V2 > V1 ⋅ cos (δ ) (1.51)

Both V1 and V2 cannot be motors or generators at the same time.

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 Introduction to the Power System 13

1.14.2 Generator and Motor Relations – Similar to Double-

Sided Feeding Line, Second Special Conditions (X = 0)

V12 − V1V2 ⋅ cos (δ )

P1 = , The active power injected into bus 1 (1.52)
R

V22 − V1V2 ⋅ cos (δ )

P2 = , The active power injected into bus 2 (1.53)
R

V1V2
Q1 = − sin (δ ) , The reactive power injected into bus 1 (1.54)
R

V1V2
Q2 = sin (δ ) , The reactive power injected into bus 2 (1.55)
R

V1 > V2 ⋅ cos (δ ) , If V1 is a generator (1.56)

V2 > V1 ⋅ cos (δ ) , If V2 is a generator (1.57)

δ > 0 ⇒ δ 1 > δ 2 , V2 produces and V1 consumes reactive power (1.58)

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1.15 Important Numerical Approximations

sin ( 37° ) = cos ( 53° ) = 0.6

cos ( 37° ) = sin ( 53° ) = 0.8
3
tan ( 37° ) = 0.75 =
4 (1.59)
4
tan ( 53° ) =
3
1∠0 + 1∠60° = 3 ∠30°
1∠60° − 1∠0 = 1∠120°

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 14 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

Part Two: Answer Question

1.16 Four-Choice Questions – 47 Questions

1.1. What is the production reactive power of bus 2 in Figure 1.9 system?

FIGURE 1.9
Question network 1.1.

1. −0.6 2. 0.6 3. −0.4 4. 0.4

1.2. In question 1.1, what is the reactive power loss?
1. 0.8 2. −0.8 3. 0 4. 0.6
1.3. In the absence of the neutral of the generator, what is the short cir-
cuit current from one phase to the ground of a balanced three-phase
source of 10 A?
1. 10∠0 2. 20∠120 3. 0 4. 10∠0
1.4. Using a three-phase line with a voltage of 220 V, a triangle with
impedance Z = 30 Ω + j0 in every phase is connected. Find the line-
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to-line voltage of the source terminal if the transmission line imped-

ance is Z1 = j10 Ω .

(
1. 220 1 + j 3 ) 2. 220(3 + j)
220 3
3.
3
(1 + j ) 4. 220(1 + j)

1.5. A single-phase voltage source of 220 V is connected in parallel with

two impedances and a single-phase generator. How much can this
resource produce all at once? (cos 36 = 0.8)

Z1 = 4840 Ω∠36°, Z2 = 9680 Ω∠ − 53°, G : 5 VA, 0.8 lead

1. 7 − j5 2. 15 − j 3. 7 + j5 4. −7 − j5

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 Introduction to the Power System 15
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sunderland/detail.action?docID=7273797.
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 16 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 Introduction to the Power System 17

FIGURE 1.13
Question network 1.13.

1. 2 2. − 3 3. 4 − 3 4. 3 3

FIGURE 1.14
Question network 1.14.

2 3 2 3
1. 1, 1 2. , 3. 2, 4. 2,
2 2 3 2
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FIGURE 1.15
Question network 1.15.

1. 2 MW 2. 4 MW 3. 16 MW 4. 8 MW

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 18 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

Ê1 = 100∠30, Eˆ 2 = 120∠0, Z = 2 + j5 Ω

1. E1 motor, E2 generator 2. E2 motor, E1 generator

3. E1 motor, E2 motor 4. E1 generator, E2 generator

FIGURE 1.16
Question network 1.17.

3 2 3
1. ∠60 2. ∠30 3. 3 ∠30 4. ∠30
4 3 2

2 2 4 1
1. 2. − 3. 4.
3 3 3 3

2 3 1
1. 2. 1 3. 4.
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3 2 2

FIGURE 1.17
Question network 1.20.

1. 0.5 p.u. 2. 1 p.u.

3. 1 or 0.5 p.u. 4. Cannot be specified

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 Introduction to the Power System 19

7 5
1. Ω, 240 MVAr 2. Ω, 140 MVAr
5 7
15 140 5
3. Ω, MVAr 4. Ω, 420 MVAr
7 3 21

1. 1200 + j400 2. 400 + j1200

3. 480 + j1440 4. 1440 + j480

FIGURE 1.18
Question network 1.23.

X(p.u) V(n)(kV) S (n)(MVA)

G 0.1 20 100
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M 0.2 30 90
T1 0.1 14/140 80
T2 0.1 140/30 90

Z = 0.5 + j2.5 Z = 0.2 + j10

1. 2.
Y2 = 8 + j8 Y2 = 0.2 + j2

Z = 0.02 + j0.1 Z = 0.05 + j0.25

3. 4.
Y2 = 20 + j200 Y2 = 80 + j800

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 20 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

FIGURE 1.19
Question network 1.26.

(
Suppose: cos sin −1 ( 0.1) = 0.995 )
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2. 0.95 3. 1.15 4. 0.05

1. 6 2. 2−j 3. 2 + j 4. 2−2j

1. 5000 μF 2. 4000 μF 3. 0.004 μF 4. 0.005 F

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 Introduction to the Power System 21

FIGURE 1.20
Question network 1.29.

1. The magnitude of (I) increases, and its angle with respect to

E2 increases.
2. The magnitude of (I) decreases, and its angle with respect to
E2 decreases.
3. The magnitude of (I) increases, and its angle with respect to
E2 decreases.
4. The magnitude of (I) decreases, and its angle with respect to
E2 increases.

FIGURE 1.21
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Question network 1.30.

sin ( 15° ) = 0.25, cos ( 15° ) = 0.96

1. P = 0.5 p.u., Q = 0.08 p.u. 2. Q = 0.5 p.u., P=0.8 p.u.

3. Q = −0.5 p.u., P = 0.8 p.u. 4. P = 0.5 p.u., Q = −0.08 p.u.

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 22 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

G: 20 kV, 300 MVA; T1: 20/200 kV, 375 MVA; T2: 180/9 kV, 300 MVA;
Load: 9 kV, 180 MVA

FIGURE 1.22
Question network 1.31.

1. 1.25 2. 1.35 3. 1.45 4. 1.55

1. 3.6% increase 2. 7.2% decrease

3. 7.2% increase 4. 3.6% decrease

1. It increases 0.5 times 2. Almost constant

3. It increases √2 times 4. It increases (2)−0.5 times

1. 0.25 2. 4 3. 2 4. 0.5
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FIGURE 1.23
Question network 1.35.

1. 36 2. 54 3. 45 4. 30

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 Introduction to the Power System 23

v ( t ) = 200 cos ( 2t ) , φ0 > 0, p(t) = 800 + 1000 cos ( 4t − φ0 )

1. 800 + j600 2. 800 − j600

3. 600−j800 4. 600 + j800

1. R = 14, X = 25 2. R = 12, X = 16
3. R = 33.3, X = 25 4. R = 33.3, X = 16

1 1
1 3 2. 3. 4. 3
3 3

π
1. 3600 μF 2. 3300 μF 3. 6800 μF 4. 4000 μF
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 1.24
Question network 1.40.

1. θi < 0 2. θi > 0 3. θ v2 > θ i > 0

4. In the leading load, we always have: V2 > V1

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 24 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

FIGURE 1.25
Question network 1.41.

1. For some loads, V2 is greater than V1, and for others, it is smaller
than V1.
2. V1 is always smaller than V2.
3. V1 is always larger than V2.
4. V2 becomes greater than V1 if the current angle is smaller than the
angle (δ).

FIGURE 1.26
Question network 1.42.

1. 0.4 2. 0.6 3. 0.5 4. 0.808

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1. Qg1 = 1, I = 1 2. Qg1 = 2 , I = 2
3. Qg1 = 2, I = 1 4. Qg1 = 1, I = 0.717

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 Introduction to the Power System 25

FIGURE 1.27
Question network 1.44.

1. δ > 60 2. δ < 60 3. Always 4. Never

FIGURE 1.28
Question network 1.45.

1. 1 + j1.5 2. 2 + j1.5 3. 1 + j2 4. 1 + j2.5

1.46. According to Figure 1.29 network, if generator (G1) is out of service,
the Thevenin admittance of this bus is equal to −j2 p.u. Conversely,
if generator (G2) is out of service, the Thevenin admittance is equal
to −j1 p.u. What is the value of reactance (X)?
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 1.29
Question network 1.46.

1. 2 p.u. 2. 1.5 p.u. 3. 1 p.u. 4. 0.5 p.u.

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 26 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

FIGURE 1.30
Question network 1.47.

1. In the line between 1 and 3, there is no reactive power.

2. In the line between 2 and 3, there is no reactive power.
3. Reactive power generated by the generator (1) accounts for half of
the power consumed between 2 and 3.
4. Reactive power generated by the generator (1) accounts for half of
the power consumed between 1 and 3.

1.17 Key Answers to Four-Choice Questions

Question 1 2 3 4
1. (4) ×
2. (1) ×
3. (3) ×
4. (4) ×
5. (3) ×
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6. (3) ×
7. (2) ×
8. (1) ×
9. (1) ×
10. (3) ×
11. (3) ×
12. (4) ×
13. (3) ×
14. (3) ×
15. (4) ×
16. (2) ×
17. (2) ×
18. (3) ×
(Continued)

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 Introduction to the Power System 27

Question 1 2 3 4
19. (2) ×
20. (2) ×
21. (2) ×
22. (2) ×
23. (4) ×
24. (4) ×
25. (3) ×
26. (1) ×
27. (1) ×
28. (2) ×
29. (3) ×
30. (4) ×
31. (2) ×
32. (2) ×
33. (4) ×
34. (2) ×
35. (3) ×
36. (1) ×
37. (3) ×
38. (4) ×
39. (2) ×
40. (2) ×
41. (3) ×
42. (3) ×
43. (2) ×
44. (2) ×
45. (4) ×
46. (4) ×
47. (4) ×
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

1.18 Descriptive Answers to Four-Choice Questions

V1V2 1× 1
P12 = sin δ = ( 3.2 − 2 ) = sin δ ⇒ sin δ = 0.6
0.5 0.5

V2 2 − V1V2 ⋅ cos δ 1 − 0.8

Q2 = = = 0.4
X 0.5

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 28 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

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 Introduction to the Power System 29

3 0.5 3 × 1
Pnew = Pold = = sin δ new ⇒ sin δ new = 1 ⇒ cos δ new = 0
2 1

( )
2
E 2 − Vt ⋅ E cos δ 0.5 3 −0
Qnew = = = 0.75
X 1

Q2 − Q1 0.75 − 1.5
% ∆Q = = × 100 = −50%
Q1 1.5

1.7. Option 2 is correct. From equations (1.11) and (1.12) we have:

∆P ∆V 2 ∆f −1 2 −1
=2 − 2 ( sin (ϕ ) ) =2 − 2 ( sin ( 45° ))
P V f 100 100
2
−2  2 −1 −2 1 −1
= − 2  × = + = = −1%
100  2  100 100 100 100

1.8. Option 1 is correct. From equation (1.46), we have:

S* 1− j
Iˆ = ˆd*2 = = 1 − j ⇒ V1 = 1∠0 + j ( 1 − j ) = 2 + j = 5
V2 1

V1V2 5
Pmax = = = 5
X 1

1.9. Option 1 is correct. From equation (1.48), we have:

S* 1 V2 2
Sd 2 = 1 + j0 ⇒ Iˆ = ˆd*2 = = 1∠0 ⇒ Vˆ1 = j1 + 1 = 2 ∠ 45° ⇒ P = 1 = = 1
V2 1 2X 2

1.10. Option 3 is correct. From equation (1.41), we have:

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V12 − V22 
Pav = 
2R  Pav X
⇒ =
Qav =
V12 − V22  Qav R
2X 

Note:

2
 V − V2  V1 − V1V2 
P1 = V1I = V1  1  = 
 R  R  P1 + Pd 2 V12 − V22
 ⇒ Pav = =
 V − V2  V1V2 − V2
2
 2 2R
Pd 2 = V2 I = V2  1  =
 R  R 


Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 30 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

1.11. Option 3 is correct. If Vb1 is the base voltage of the initial side of
transformer T1:
11.5 12 kV  10 MVA   240  2
= ⇒ Vb1 = 240 kV ⇒ % X new = 5%    = 10%
230 Vb1  5 MVA   240 
1.12. Option 4 is correct. From equations (1.40) and (1.41), we have:
1
Qav =
2X
(
V12 − V2 2 )
1 1
Production: Q1 =
X
(
V12 − V1V2 ⋅ cos δ , Q2 =
X
) (
V2 2 − V1V2 ⋅ cos δ )
1 δ =0 (V − V ) 2
QLine = Q1 + Q2 =
X
(
V12 + V2 2 − 2V1V2 ⋅ cos δ = 1 )
X
2

1.13. Option 3 is correct.

The first solution:

1 × 1 sin (δ 1 + 60 ) 1
P12 = 1 = ⇒ sin (δ 1 + 60 ) = ⇒ δ 1 = −30°
0.5 2

1 × 1 sin ( −30 − δ 3 )
P13 = 2 − 1 = ⇒ sin ( −30 − δ 3 ) = 0.5 ⇒ δ 3 = −60°
0.5

3
V3 2 − V1V3 cos ( −30 + 60 ) 1 − 2
Production: Q3 = = =2− 3
0.5 0.5

Q3 = QC − 2 ⇒ QC = Q3 + 2 = 2 − 3 + 2 = 4 − 3

The second solution:

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From equation (1.44) should QC > 2 and (QC − 2) < 1.

First mode with a capacitor (stage A)

1 × V2
P12 = 1 = sin ( 0 − δ 2 ) ⇒ 0.5 = V2 ⋅ sin ( −δ 2 )
0.5
V2 2 − V2 × 1cos ( 0 − δ 2 )
Production: Q2 =
0.5
(
= 2 V2 2 − V2 ⋅ cos (δ 2 ) = 2 − 3 )
0.5 
V2 = − 
sin δ 2 
⇒  ⇒ Guess: V2 A = 1, δ 2 A = −30
3 
V2 2 − V2 cos δ 2 = 1 −
2 


Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 Introduction to the Power System 31

Second mode without a capacitor (stage B)

V2 sin ( 0 − δ 2 )
P12 = 1 = ⇒ 0.5 = V2 sin ( −δ 2 )
0.5

V2 2 − V2 cos ( 0 − δ 2 )
Q2 = 0 = ⇒ V2 = cos (δ 2 )
0.5

0.5 = − sin (δ 2 ) cos (δ 2 ) ⇒ 1 = −2 sin δ 2 cos δ 2 ⇒ sin 2δ 2 = −1 ⇒ δ 2 B = −45°

2 V 1 δ −30 2
⇒ V2B = ⇒ 2A = = 2 , 2A = =
2 V2B 2 δ 2B −45 3
2

SD = 200 MW PLOSS = 1MW, PLOSS ∝ ( I )2

SD = 400 MW ⇒ PLOSS = 4 MW

So the loss of the whole network (loss of two lines) is 8 MW.

1.17. Option 2 is correct. With the help of the power relationship and a
KVL, we have

1× 1
P12 = Pd 2 − Pg 2 = 2 − 1 = 1 = sin δ ⇒ δ = 60°
3
2
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Vˆ − Vˆ2 1∠60 − 1∠0 1∠120 1∠120 2

Iˆ = 1 = = = = ∠30
3 3 3 3 3
j j j ∠90
2 2 2 2

1 1
1− 1× 1×
V 2 − V1V2 ⋅ cos δ 2 = 2 = 1
Production: Q2 = 2 =
X 3 3 3
2 2

1 4
Q2 = Qg2 − 3 ⇒ Qg 2 = + 3=
3 3

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 32 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

1.19. Option 2 is correct.

1× 1 3
max δ = 60° ⇒ Pmax δ =60 = × =1
3 2
2
1.20. Option 2 is correct.

Sb = 100 MVA, Vbg 1 = 10 kV ⇒ Zb =

Vb2
=
(10 kV ) = 1Ω ⇒ X p.u. = XL = 1 = 1
2

L
Sb 100 MVA Zb 1

1.21. Option 2 is correct. From equations (1.25) and (1.26), we have:

( ( ) ( )
QC 3 ph = P3 ph tan cos −1 pf1 − tan cos −1 ( pf2 ) , pf1 = 0.6, pf2 = 0.8

 4 3
From equation (1.59): QC3 ph = 240 MW  −  = 140 MVAr
 3 4

XC =
VL2
⇒ XC =
(10 kV ) = 5Ω 2

QC3 ph 140 MVAr 7

1.22. Option 2 is correct.

90kVA
Sn = 3Vn I n ⇒ I n = = 15A
2K 3 × 3

48kW
P = 3VL I L cosϕ ⇒ I = = 10A
3 × 2 K 3 × 0.8
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

1 1 4
Voltage drop on the resistor: = RI n = × 2 K 3 ⇒ 15R = 20 ⇒ R =
100 3 3

1
Voltage drop on the reactance: = XI n = × 3 × 2K 3 ⇒ 15X = 60 ⇒ X = 4
100

4
Pline = 3RI 2 = 3 × × 102 = 400 W
3

Qline = 3XI 2 = 3 × 4 × 102 = 1200 VAr

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 Introduction to the Power System 33

1.23. Option 4 is correct.

We will consider : Sb = 100 MVA, VbG = 20 kV

140
T1 transformer secondary side : Vb 1 = 20 × = 200kV
14

200 kV × 200 kV 20 + 100 j

Line: Zb = = 400 Ω ⇒ Z(p.u.) = = 0.05 + j0.25 p.u.
100 MVA 400

Y2 (p.u.) = (0.2 + j2) × 400 = 80 + j800

1.24. Option 4 is correct. From equations (1.42), (1.43) and (1.44):

δ 2 > δ 1 → E2 is generator.
E1 = E2 → E1 and E2 produce reactive power.

1.25. Option 3 is correct. From equation (1.29):

Zb =
( 20 kV )2 Ω
= 4 , ZL =
( 20 kV )2 = 2 Ω⇒ Z(p.u.) =
2Ω
= 0.5 p.u.
100 MVA 200 MVA 4Ω

1.26. Option 1 is correct.

1× 1
P12 = 1 = sin δ ⇒ sin δ = 0.1
0.1

( )
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

−1
V2 2 − V1V2 ⋅ cos δ 1 − cos sin 0.1
Production: QC − 1 = =
0.1 0.1
1 − 0.995 0.005
= = = 0.05 ⇒ QC = 1 + 0.05 = 1.05
0.1 0.1

1.27. Option 1 is correct.

( )
Q = P ⋅ tan ϕ ⇒ S1 = 2 + j2 tan cos −1 0.8 , S2 = 2 − j2 tan cos −1 0.8 , S3 = 2 ( )
S* 6
⇒ S = S1 + S2 + S3 = 6 ⇒ Y = = =6
V2 1

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 34 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

1.28. Option 2 is correct.

X C∆
( V )2
= L =
( 400 V )2 = 0.8 ⇒ C∆ =
1
=
1

1
QC 200 kVAr 2πfX C 100π × 0.8 100 × 2.5
3
= 4 × 10−3 = 4000 × 10−6 = 4000 µF

δ 2 > δ 1 ⇒ θ 2 < θ 1 ⇒ XI 2 > XI1 ⇒ I 2 > I1

V1V2 1× 1 1
P= sin δ = 0.25 =
X 0.5 2

V2 2 − V1V2 ⋅ cos δ 1 − 0.96 0.04

Production: Q = = = = 0.08
X 0.5 0.5

Consumption: Q = −0.08

 200   9 
Vbload = 20 kV ×  ×
 20   180 
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Vbload = 10 kV, Sb = SG = 300 MVA, Zb =

( 10 kV )
2
1
= Ω
300 M 3

Zload =
( 9kV )2 = 0.45Ω, Z(p.u.) =
0.45
= 1.35
180 MVA 1
3

∆P 10 10
( )
2
= −2 sin cos −1 (0.8) × = −2 × (0.6)2 × = −0.072 = −7.2%
P 100 100

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 Introduction to the Power System 35

1.33. Option 4 is correct. From equation (1.13):

R
Impedanceangle = cos −1 ( pf ) =
Z

If : Z1 = 1 ⇒ Z1 = 0.8 + j0.6

Z2 = 0.8 + j2 × 0.6 = 0.8 + j1.2 ⇒ Z2  2

On the other hand, the voltage is constant.

V12 V2 S1 Z2 2 1
S1 = , S2 = 2 ⇒ = = ⇒ S2 = S1
Z1 Z2 S2 Z1 1 2

∆P ∆V ∆P ∆P
=2 ⇒ =2×2⇒ =4
P V P P

X
δ = tan −1 ⇒ δ = tan −1 1 = 45°
R

V (t) = Vm cos (ω t + θ v ) , i(t) = I m cos (ω t + θ i )

1 1
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

P(t) = Vm I m cos ϕ + Vm I m cos ( 2ω t + θ v + θ i )

2 2

ϕ = θv − θi

We have:

800  θ v + θ i = −φ0 
cos ϕ = = 0.8 ⇒ ϕ = ±36°, φ0 > 0 ⇒   ⇒ θ i = −36°
1000 θv = 0
 

Then Q > 0 and:

S = 800 + j1000 × sin(36) = 800 + j600

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 36 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

1.37. Option 3 is correct.

V 2 200 × 200
R=
P
=
1.2 kW
= 33.33 Ω ⇒ Q = P tan φ = 1.2k tan cos −1 0.6 ( )
V2 (200)2
= 1.2 k × tan(53) = 1.6 kV ⇒ X = = = 25 Ω
Q 1.6 kVAr

2
 VL 
 3  V2
PFY = PF∆ ⇒ QY = Q∆ ⇒ 3 × = 3 × L ⇒ 3X CY = X C∆
X CY X C∆

V 2 ( 10 kV )
2
V 2 − V1V2 ⋅ cos δ VV
Q2 = 2 , P= = = 100 MW = 1 2 sin δ
X R 1 X

100 MW =
( 10 kV )
2

sin δ ⇒ sin δ = 1 ⇒ δ = 90
1

Production: Q =
( 10 kV ) − ( 10 kV ) cos 90
2 2

= 100 MVAr
1

XC =
V2
=
(10 kV ) = 1 2

Q 100 MVAr

1 1 1
⇒C= = = = 33 × 10−4 = 3300µF
2πfXC 100π × 1 300
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Scenario 1 : θ i > 0 ⇒ Iˆ = a + jb ⇒ V2 < θ v = V1 < 0 − jX ( a + jb )

Scenario 2 : θ i < 0 ⇒ Iˆ = a − jb ⇒ V2 < θ v = V1 < 0 − jX ( a − jb )

Scenario 1 : V2 < θ v = (V1 + Xb ) − jXa ⇒ V2 = (V1 + Xb )2 + (Xa)2

Scenario 2: V2 < θ v = (V1 Xb ) − jXa ⇒ V2 = (V1Xb )2 + (Xa)2

In the first scenario, it is always (V1 < V2).

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 Introduction to the Power System 37

At lagging load, V1 always becomes larger than V2.

P2 = P21 = Pg 2 − Pd 2 = 1 − 2 = −1 ⇒ P12 = 1

1 × V2
P12 = 1 = sin δ ⇒ V2 sin δ = 0.5
0.5

V22 − V1V2 ⋅ cos δ

Q2 = = 0 ⇒ V2 = cos δ
X

2
sin δ cos δ = 0.5 ⇒ sin 2δ = 1 ⇒ δ = 45° ⇒ V2 = = 0.5
2

V12 − V1V2 × cos δ 1 − 0.707 × 1 × 0.707

Qg 1 − Qd 1 = Q1 = = = 1 p.u.
X 0.5

Qg 1 − 1 = 1 p.u. ⇒ Qg 1 = 2

We have the figure: Q2 = Qg 2 + Qd2 = 0 + 0 = 0

From equation (1.40):

QLine = Q1 + Q2 = 1 + 0 = XI 2 = 0.5 I 2 ⇒ I 2 = 2 ⇒ I = 2
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V2V1 ⋅ cos δ − V22

Q= > 0 ⇒ (V1 cos δ − V2 ) > 0
X
V2 1
⇒ cos δ > ⇒ cos δ > ⇒ δ < 60
V1 2

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 38 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

In this example, I1 is the current of the generator, I2 is the current

of load 2, and I3 is the current of load 3:

2 S* 1 − j
Iˆ3 = = 2 p.u. ⇒ Vˆ2 = j0.5 × 2 + 1 = 1 + j ⇒ Iˆ2 = 2* = =1
1 Vˆ2 1 − j

Iˆ1 = 1 + 2 = 3 p.u. ⇒ Vˆ1 = Vˆ2 + j0.5 × Iˆ1 = 1 + j + 1.5 j = 1 + j2.5

According to Scenario 1, the line does not affect bus 2 admittance

and then:

Î
Y22 = ˆ2 = − j2 ⇒ Z22 = j0.5 = ZLoad
V2 I1 =0

Current to bus1 voltage ratio in Scenario 2 includes both line and

load admittance.

Î1
Y11 = = − j1 ⇒ Z11 = j1 = jX + Zload ⇒ X = 0.5
Vˆ1 I 2 =0

QLine 13
Q13 = Q31 =
2
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1.19 Two-Choice Questions (Yes – No) – 106 Questions

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sunderland/detail.action?docID=7273797.
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 Introduction to the Power System 39
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sunderland/detail.action?docID=7273797.
Created from sunderland on 2025-02-16 09:22:13.
 40 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

30. Neutral wire resistance change has no effect on the balanced system.
31. In the opposite relation, VPeak is the line voltage.

P3 ph = 1.5 VPeak I Peak cos ϕ

32. Whether you are in triangle mode or star mode has no effect on your
power.
33. Being a star or a triangle of constant impedance load does not affect
the calculations.
34. It doesn’t matter whether you are a star or a triangle with a constant
power load.
35. The transformer can increase or decrease the voltage of the buses by
adjusting the tap changer.
36. To fully define a per-unit system, at least five base quantities must be
defined.
37. We have: P3 ph (p.u.) = 3V (p.u.)I ( p.u.)cos ϕ .
2
V Sbase ∠ϕ
38. We have: Z(p.u.) = l − l × .
Vbase S*3 ph
new
new old Sbase
39. If the base voltages are the same, we have: Zp.u. = Zp.u. × old
.
Sbase
40. In a per-unit system, the primary and secondary currents of the
transformer are equal.
41. The per-unit system maintains the unit of parameters.
42 The base voltage and power on the transformer side are equal.
43. At an angle of 45°, maximum transmission power occurs in a single-
feed power system.
44. The parallel capacitor on the transmission line corrects the power
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factor and increases the voltage.

45. When the load is either inductive or capacitive, the instantaneous
power of the positive and negative half-cycles is the same, and their
mean is zero.
46. Current delay in relation to voltage is the leading power factor.
P
47. Power factor is: cos ϕ =
P2 + Q2
48. Capacitors deliver lagging current or receive leading current.
49. Reactive power consumption is positive in capacitive loads.
50. In a balanced three-phase circuit: Vl − l = 3 × Vph .

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sunderland/detail.action?docID=7273797.
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 Introduction to the Power System 41

51. The total power of a three-phase generator or the total power con-
sumed by a three-phase load equals the total power of all three
phases.
52. In a three-phase system: S3 ph = 3Vl − l Il.
53. Vl − l (p.u.) = Vph (p.u.)
54. In the load flow study, the location of relays and circuit breakers does
not matter.
55. When an asymmetric short circuit occurs, knowing the points of con-
nection to ground is not necessary to calculate the ground current.
56. Active and reactive power in a transmission network is almost inde-
pendent of one another.
57. The control of active power depends on voltage control and the con-
trol of reactive power depends on frequency control.
58. The frequency of a system depends on its active power balance.
59. On a per-unit system, balanced generator speed is a display of sys-
tem frequency.
60. Reactive power can be absorbed or fed into overhead transmission
lines through long, lossless lines dependent on the load current.
61. In loads less than natural load (surge impedance loading), reactive
power lines absorb.
62. In loads greater than natural load (surge impedance loading), reac-
tive power lines produce.
63. Due to their high capacitance, underground cables have high natural
loads.
64. Underground cables are always loaded above their normal capacity.
65. Reactive power is always absorbed by transformers regardless of load.
66. A high “leading power factor” causes excessive voltage drops in the
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transmission network.
67. At all levels of the system, voltage level control is achieved by con-
trolling the generation and absorption of reactive power current.
68. The main factor in controlling voltage is the generator.
69. The system voltage is controlled by series capacitors.
70. Synchronous condensers are active compensation devices for mains
voltage control.
71. Shunt reactors compensate for the effects of line inductors.
72. Short circuits are limited by shunt reactors.
73. In high-voltage overhead lines longer than 200 km, shunt reactors are
required.

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sunderland/detail.action?docID=7273797.
Created from sunderland on 2025-02-16 09:22:13.
 42 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

74. If the voltage and frequency drop at the same time at the impedance
load (R = X), the power will also decrease.
75. As a result of the Ferranti effect, the receiver side voltage is reduced.
76. Shunt capacitors increase local voltages and provide reactive power.
77. The main disadvantage of shunt capacitors is that they produce less
reactive power at low voltages.
78. By correcting the power factor, reactive power is provided close to
consumption instead of coming from distant sources.
79. Transmission systems use shunt capacitors to compensate for line
losses.
80. Under high load conditions, shunt capacitors ensure that voltage lev-
els remain stable.
81. For compensation of line reactance, series capacitors are used.
82. With increasing power transfer, a series capacitor’s reactive power
increases.
83. The goal of transmission line compensation is complete compensation.
84. Voltage index and the effect on power transfer capability are criti-
cal factors in choosing the location of the series capacitor.
85. Synchronous condensers rotate without mechanical load.

88. Combining series and shunt capacitors allows independent control

of characteristic impedance and load angle.
89. Passive compensating devices are modeled as fixed admittance ele-
ments in load flow studies.
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

90. Active power can be seen in the relation to average power.

91. Reactive power can be seen in the relation to average power.
92. For a single-phase system: S = Vˆ Î
93. Positive reactive power is produced by the leading load.
94. Currents b and c (+120) have an angle difference with current a in a
three-phase system.
95. In single-phase per-unit system: ZbVb2 = Sb
96. If the base voltage and power are doubled in a per-unit system, the
per-unit impedance is halved.
97. It is possible to determine the active power of an asymmetric three-
phase system without a neutral wire by using two wattmeter.

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
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 Introduction to the Power System 43

98. As far as the two AC machines are concerned, the generator is the
one with the highest voltage.
99. Per-unit systems are assumed to have a base power equal to their
largest rated power.

102. In a dual feed system, maximum active power is transmitted at a 90°

angle if R = X.

104. If the frequency of a resistance load is doubled, the power consump-

tion is also doubled.
105. The thermal limit is more important than the static limit in the short
line.
106. Static limits are less important in long lines than dynamic limits.

1.20 Key Answers to Two-Choice Questions

1. Yes
2. No
3. Yes
4. Yes
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5. Yes
6. No
7. No
8. Yes
9. No
10. Yes

13. Yes
14. No
15. Yes

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sunderland/detail.action?docID=7273797.
Created from sunderland on 2025-02-16 09:22:13.
 44 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

16. No
17. No
18. No
19. No
20. No
21. No
22. No
23. Yes
24. Yes
25. No
26. Yes
27. No
28. No
29. No
30. Yes
31. No
32. No
33. No
34. Yes
35. Yes
36. No
37. No
38. No
39. Yes
40. Yes
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

41. No
42. No
43. Yes
44. Yes
45. Yes
46. Yes
47. Yes
48. Yes
49. No

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sunderland/detail.action?docID=7273797.
Created from sunderland on 2025-02-16 09:22:13.
 Introduction to the Power System 45

52. Yes
53. Yes
54. Yes
55. No
56. Yes
57. No
58. Yes
59. Yes
60. Yes
61. No
62. No
63. Yes
64. No
65. Yes
66. No
67. Yes
68. Yes
69. No
70. Yes
71. No
72. No
73. Yes
74. Yes
75. No
76. Yes
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

77. Yes
78. Yes
79. Yes
80. Yes
81. Yes
82. Yes
83. No
84. Yes
85. Yes
86. Yes
87. Yes

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sunderland/detail.action?docID=7273797.
Created from sunderland on 2025-02-16 09:22:13.
 46 Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1

88. Yes
89. Yes
90. Yes
91. No
92. No
93. Yes
94. No
95. No
96. Yes
97. Yes
98. No
99. Yes
100. No
101. No
Copyright © 2023. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Eidiani, Mostafa, and Vahideh Heidari. Fundamentals of Power Systems Analysis 1 : Problems and Solutions, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sunderland/detail.action?docID=7273797.
Created from sunderland on 2025-02-16 09:22:13.