Mts.

DDB & KNG BCA, BBA, Commerce and PGDCA College–

Amrapur (Dhanani)

Subject: CS-26 FUNDAMENTALS of IoT

Assignment Questions Class: BCA SEM-4

Each Question has 5 Marks:

Unit-1 Introduction to IoT

1. What is IoT? Explain Main Components Used in IoT?

2. Give the example of IoT. Explain One of the IoT Case Studies
3. Write down Advantage and Disadvantage of IoT.
4. Explain Challenges in IoT

Unit-2 IoT Architecture and Technologies

1. Explain Architecture of IoT.

2. Explain Conceptual framework Of IoT
3. What is M2M? How does M2M compare to IoT?
4. Where is M2M used? What are the Tye of M2M ?

Unit-3 Hardware for IoT

1. What is Sensors?. What is the Use of Sensors?

2. What is Digital Sensor? What are the use of Digital Sensor?
3. What Are Actuators in IoT? explain Different types of actuators?
4. What is Wireless Sensor Network? What is Arduino?

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 UNIT-1 Introduction to IoT

 Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such as appliances
and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to
connect and exchange data. This technology allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast
network of devices, creating opportunities for more efficient and automated systems.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics embedded within
their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or with respect to
the external environment. In the upcoming years, IoT-based technology will offer advanced levels of
services and practically change the way people lead their daily lives. Advancements in medicine, power,
gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities, and smart homes are just a few of the categorical examples
where IoT is strongly established.

IOT is a system of interrelated things, computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects,
animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers. And the ability to transfer the data over a
network requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

 History of IOT
Here you will get to know about how IOT is involved and also from the explanation of each will let you
know how IOT plays a role in this innovations !
 1982 – Vending machine: The first glimpse of IoT emerged as a vending machine at Carnegie Mellon
University was connected to the internet to report its inventory and status, paving the way for remote
monitoring.

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 1990 – Toaster: Early IoT innovation saw a toaster connected to the internet, allowing users to
control it remotely, foreshadowing the convenience of smart home devices.
 1999 – IoT Coined (Kevin Ashton): Kevin Ashton coined the term “Internet of Things” to describe the
interconnected network of devices communicating and sharing data, laying the foundation for a new era
of connectivity.
 2000 – LG Smart Fridge: The LG Smart Fridge marked a breakthrough, enabling users to check and
manage refrigerator contents remotely, showcasing the potential of IoT in daily life.
 2004 – Smart Watch: The advent of smartwatches introduced IoT to the wearable tech realm,
offering fitness tracking and notifications on-the-go.
 2007 – Smart iPhone: Apple’s iPhone became a game-changer, integrating IoT capabilities with apps
that connected users to a myriad of services and devices, transforming smartphones into hubs.
 2009 – Car Testing: IoT entered the automotive industry, enhancing vehicles with sensors for real-
time diagnostics, performance monitoring, and remote testing.
 2011 – Smart TV: The introduction of Smart TVs brought IoT to the living room, enabling internet
connectivity for streaming, app usage, and interactive content.
 2013 – Google Lens: Google Lens showcased IoT’s potential in image recognition, allowing
smartphones to provide information about objects in the physical world.
 2014 – Echo: Amazon’s Echo, equipped with the virtual assistant Alexa, demonstrated the power of
voice-activated IoT, making smart homes more intuitive and responsive.
 2015 – Tesla Autopilot: Tesla’s Autopilot system exemplified IoT in automobiles, introducing semi-
autonomous driving capabilities through interconnected sensors and software.

 Main Components Used in IoT

- Low-power embedded systems: Less battery consumption, high performance are the inverse
factors that play a significant role during the design of electronic systems.

- Sensors: Sensors are the major part of any IoT application. It is a physical device that measures and
detects certain physical quantities and converts it into signal which can be provided as an input to
processing or control unit for analysis purpose.

 Characteristics of IoT

 Massively scalable and efficient

 IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming future.
 An abundance of physical objects is present that do not use IP, so IoT is made possible.
 Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they should be automatically programmed to
sleep.
 A device that is connected to another device right now may not be connected in another instant of
time.
 Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always connected. In order to save bandwidth and
battery consumption, devices will be powered off periodically when not in use. Otherwise, connections
might turn unreliable and thus prove to be inefficient.

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 Modern Applications
 Smart Grids and energy saving
 Smart cities
 Smart homes/Home automation
 Healthcare
 Earthquake detection
 Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
 Smartphone detection
 Water flow monitoring
 Traffic monitoring
 Wearables
 Smart door lock protection system
 Robots and Drones
 Healthcare and Hospitals, Telemedicine applications
 Security
 Biochip Transponders (For animals in farms)
 Heart monitoring implants (Example Pacemaker, ECG real time tracking)
 Agriculture
 Industry

IOT Case studies: Smart City Street lights control & monitoring.
Introduction-Automate street lights are necessary while we are trying to survive in the era of smart world.
Automation provides perfection and efficiency. The goal is to automate street lighting; as current system
is facing many problems. A user has to deal with numerous problems like maintenance problem, timer
problem, connectivity problem, display problem. The solution to these problems is IoT Based Street Lights.

“street lights are one of the main city’s assets which provide safe roads, inviting public areas, and
enhanced security in homes, businesses, and city centers. As they use in average 40% of a city’s electricity
spending which leads to power consumption.

Following are the issues of existing electric system. Connectivity issue-In existing system, connections of
street light are done manually. As each connection requires different contractors and if any one of them
is not available then it will leads to functionality problem of street lights.
1. Timer Problem-Contractors needs to manage timer settings manually. As timer requires twelve hour
of continuous electricity supply, and if in case it is not available, it will delay further timer settings.
2. Maintenance problem-If any of the streets light gets failed or any problem occurs, it’s not
resolved immediately.
3. Incorrect Readings-Sometimes exact readings are not shown on to the display. So we cannot conclude
how much energy is being consumed which give rise in high billing.

“streetlights are among a city’s strategic assets providing safe roads, inviting public areas, and enhanced
security in homes, businesses, and city centers. However, they are usually very costly to operate, and they
use in average 40% of a city’s electricity spending.

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This project describes a new economical solution of street light control systems. The control system
consists of wireless technology. Base server can control the whole city’s street lights by just sending a
notification using network.

1. Energy efficiency
2. Embedded Platform
3. Electrical power
4. Fully controlled street
5. System
1.

 Advantages of IoT
 Improved efficiency and automation of tasks.
 Increased convenience and accessibility of information.
 Better monitoring and control of devices and systems.
 Greater ability to gather and analyze data.
 Improved decision-making.
 Cost savings.

 Disadvantages of IoT
 Security concerns and potential for hacking or data breaches.
 Privacy issues related to the collection and use of personal data.
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  Dependence on technology and potential for system failures.
 Limited standardization and interoperability among devices.
 Complexity and increased maintenance requirements.
 High initial investment costs.
 Limited battery life on some devices.
 Concerns about job displacement due to automation.
 Limited regulation and legal framework for IoT, which can lead to confusion and uncertainty.

 Challenges in Internet of things (IoT)

Security challenges in IoT :

1. Lack of encryption – Although encryption is a great way to prevent hackers from accessing data, it is
also one of the leading IoT security challenges. These drives like the storage and processing capabilities
that would be found on a traditional computer.

2. Insufficient testing and updating – With the increase in the number of IoT(internet of things) devices,
IoT manufacturers are more eager to produce and deliver their device as fast as they can without giving
security too much of although. Most of these devices and IoT products do not get enough testing and
updates and are prone to hackers and other security issues.

3. IoT Malware and ransomware – Increases with increase in devices. Ransomware uses encryption to
effectively lock out users from various devices and platforms and still use a user’s valuable data and info.

4. Brute forcing and the risk of default passwords – Weak credentials and login details leave nearly all
IoT devices vulnerable to password hacking and brute force. Any company that uses factory default
credentials on their devices is placing both their business and its assets and the customer and their
valuable information at risk of being susceptible to a brute force attack.

5. Unsecured data transmission: Unsecured data transmission refers to the transfer of data over a
network or the internet without adequate protection. This can leave the data vulnerable to interception,
tampering, or theft by malicious actors. Unsecured data transmission can occur when data is transmitted
over an unencrypted network connection or when insecure protocols are used. To protect sensitive data
during transmission, it is important to use secure protocols such as SSL/TLS or VPN, and to encrypt the
data before sending it.

Design challenge in IoT:

Design challenges in IoT (Internet of Things) refer to the technical difficulties and trade-offs involved in
creating connected devices that are both functional and secure. Some of the key design challenges in IoT
include:

1. Interoperability: Interoperability refers to the ability of different systems, devices, or components

to work together seamlessly and exchange data effectively. In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT),
interoperability is a critical challenge, as a large number of diverse devices are being connected to the
internet.

2. Security: Security is a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT) as it involves the protection of
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sensitive data and systems from unauthorized access, theft, or damage. IoT devices are often vulnerable
to cyberattacks due to their increased exposure to the internet and their limited computing resources.

3. Scalability: Scalability refers to the ability of a system to handle increasing workloads or numbers of
users without a significant decline in performance. In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), scalability
is a major challenge as the number of connected devices is rapidly growing, leading to an increased
volume of data and communication.

4. Reliability: Reliability refers to the ability of a system to perform its intended function consistently
and without failure over time. In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), reliability is a critical concern,
as the failure of even a single IoT device can have significant consequence.

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 UNIT-2 IoT Architecture and Technologies
 Conceptual Framework of IoT
At its core, the IoT conceptual framework is nothing but a well-structured ecosystem that describes the
interconnection between various technologies. It tells us how data moves from sensor collection to
analysis stage and how the bridge between physical and digital world is formed. Let us see how the
framework can be categorized into four layers-

1. Connectivity Layer:
This layer comprises all the physical devices included in the framework and the established
interconnectivity between them. It also includes allocating low-range networking tools like actuators,
RFID tags, sensors, etc. There is also resource management which verifies the availability of devices’
physical resources and networks present in the core architecture. Anyhow, these devices entail a limited
number of resources and resource management makes sure that there is maximum utilization with
minimum overhead. It also enables sharing and distribution of data among numerous networks. It can
also share data over a network that is divided into numerous domains.

2. Access Layer:
Context data reaches the internet through the IoT gateway as collected by short range devices in the form
of raw information. Access layer basically includes network initiation, topology definition, and creation of
domains, etc. This layer also comprises intra-inter domain communication, connection setup, scheduling,
and packet transmissions between IoT gateway and flow sensors. There is feature management that has
a feature filter that takes in only acceptable data and automatically removes redundant data.

3. Abstraction Layer:
It is a critical layer in the conceptual framework of IoT. It masks the complexities of the process and
provides a simplified interface for the interaction between different components. It is an important
architectural concept that converts complex technological interaction into a more simplified version by
hiding the details of the sub-systems. It enables IoT developers to ensure complex interactions without
having to go through the intricacies of complex technological communication.
The core objectives of the abstraction layer is to minimize complexity, ensure faster integration, improve
flexibility, and reduce direct dependencies on technologies. The key characteristics include management
of device-level interactions, translation of protocol languages, providing support to diverse
communication standards, and ensuring a uniform communication interface.

4. Service Layer:
This is also a vital layer responsible for storing and securing data. It also enables data accessibility
effectively. Its notable characteristics include integrating information to improve service intelligence,
supporting data transformation, providing service discovery, handling data processing, etc. Apart from
that, it also facilitates communication between devices. The core components of the service layer include
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resource allocation, data processing services, security management, communication protocols, and
service discovery mechanisms. The service layer can be implemented using cloud-enabled service
platforms, edge computing services, API management, middleware solutions, etc.

 Architecture of IoT
The architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i.e. Sensing Layer, Network Layer, Data processing
Layer, and Application Layer.
 Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet of Things architecture and is
responsible for collecting data from different sources. This layer includes sensors and actuators that are
placed in the environment to gather information about temperature, humidity, light, sound, and other
physical parameters. Wired or wireless communication protocols connect these devices to the network
layer.

 Network Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for providing communication
and connectivity between devices in the IoT system. It includes protocols and technologies that enable
devices to connect and communicate with each other and with the wider internet. Examples of network
technologies that are commonly used in IoT include WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks such
as 4G and 5G technology.

 Data processing Layer: The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to the software and
hardware components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data from IoT
devices. This layer is responsible for receiving raw data from the devices, processing it, and making it
available for further analysis or action. The data processing layer includes a variety of technologies and
tools, such as data management systems, analytics platforms, and machine learning algorithms

 Application Layer: The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer that interacts directly
with the end-user. It is responsible for providing user-friendly interfaces and functionalities that enable
users to access and control IoT devices. This layer includes various software and applications such as
mobile apps, web portals, and other user interfaces that are designed to interact with the underlying IoT
infrastructure. It also includes middleware services that allow different IoT devices and systems to
communicate and share data seamlessly. The application layer also includes analytics and processing
capabilities that allow data to be analyzed and transformed into meaningful insights .

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 Internet of Things (IoT) Enabling Technologies
IoT(internet of things) enabling technologies are
1. Wireless Sensor Network
2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
4. Communications Protocols
5. Embedded System

I. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) :

A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the environmental and
physical conditions. A wireless sensor network consists of end nodes, routers and coordinators. End
nodes have several sensors attached to them where the data is passed to a coordinator with the help of
routers. The coordinator also acts as the gateway that connects WSN to the internet.
Example –

 Weather monitoring system

 Indoor air quality monitoring system
 Soil moisture monitoring system
 Surveillance system
 Health monitoring system

II. Cloud Computing:
 It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over the internet.
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Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.
 With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like databases,
webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the internet.
Characteristics –

 Broad network access

 On demand self-services
 Rapid scalability
 Measured service
 Pay-per-use

III. Big Data Analytics:
 It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection of data whose
volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive and tough to store, control, process and examine the data using
traditional databases.
 Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network videos, digital images,
sensors and sales transaction records.
 Several steps involved in analyzing big data -
1. Data cleaning
2. Munging
3. Processing
4. Visualization

Examples –

 Bank transactions
 Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
 E-commerce and in Big-Basket
 Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands

IV. Communications Protocols :

 They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and linking to
applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network. Multiple
protocols often describe different aspects of a single communication. A group of protocols designed to
work together is known as a protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a protocol stack.
 They are used in
 Data encoding
 Addressing schemes

V. Embedded Systems :
 It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.
 It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units (Ethernet Wi-Fi
adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and storage devices (flash memory).
 It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
 Embedded systems used in Examples –

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 Digital camera
 DVD player, music player
 Industrial robots
 Wireless Routers etc.

 M2M Communication
M2M, short for machine-to-machine, refers to the ability of networked devices to exchange information and
perform actions without human intervention. It encompasses any technology that enables seamless
communication between machines, allowing them to make autonomous decisions. M2M is facilitated by artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques, which enable systems to interpret data and make
informed choices.
 M2M compare to IoT?
While often used interchangeably, M2M and the Internet of Things (IoT) are not the same. M2M serves as a
building block for IoT but can also function independently. It typically involves isolated, stand-alone networked
equipment that communicates point-to-point over cellular or wired networks.

On the other hand, IoT takes M2M to the next level by integrating disparate systems into a connected ecosystem.
It relies on IP-based networks to collect and transmit data from connected devices to gateways, the cloud, or
middleware platforms. While M2M affects business operations, IoT impacts both business operations and end
users.

 Where is M2M used?

M2M has found applications in various industries, enabling significant advancements. Some of them include:

 Manufacturing: M2M helps in remotely managing and controlling data from equipment, leading to
improved productivity and reduced maintenance costs.
 Healthcare: M2M devices enable real-time monitoring of patient vital stats, dispensing medicine
when needed, tracking healthcare assets, and enhancing patient care.
 Utilities: M2M is utilized in harvesting energy, billing customers through smart meters, and
monitoring factors such as pressure, temperature, and equipment status.
 Telemedicine: M2M plays a vital role in remote patient monitoring, allowing healthcare providers to
deliver timely care and medications.
 Transportation: M2M contributes to logistics and fleet management by enabling asset tracking,
optimizing routes, and improving safety and security measures.
 Smart grid: M2M facilitates the collection and analysis of data from smart meters, helping to manage
energy distribution better and minimize waste.
 Types of M2M
M2M can be categorized into various types based on the communication and applications involved. Some
common types of M2M systems are:

 Cellular-based M2M: Utilizes cellular networks such as 4G or 5G for communication between devices.
 Satellite-based M2M: Relies on satellite networks for global coverage and remote locations where
terrestrial networks are unavailable.
 RFID-based M2M: Uses radio frequency identification technology for tracking and monitoring assets.
 Industrial M2M: Specifically tailored for industrial applications, typically involving large-scale systems
and equipment.

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 What are Examples of IoT Devices?
IoT is a new and developing technology. And this technology has changed the way of living by improving human
lifestyles. Industrial devices, homes, and cities are becoming smarter. Some of the most significant examples of IoT
devices are as follows:

 Smart and secure home

 Digital AR Glasses
 Smart activity trackers
 Smart Farming
 Digital twins
 Automated Self-Healing Machines
 Ingestible electronic devices
 Industrial safety
 Vibration detection

 Real-Life Examples of IoT Devices

 IoT Data Analytics
 Smart supply Chain Management
 IoT Sensors
 Connected Healthcare Systems
 Smart Girds

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 UNIT-3 Hardware for IoT

Sensors:
1.1 What is Sensors?
 Sensor is a physical device that monitors and Collects data from the environment around it. It
then sends that data to an IoT platform for further analysis.
 A sensor converts a physical phenomenon into a measurable analog voltage (or sometimes a
digital signal) converted into a human-readable display or transmitted for reading or further
processing.

1.2 What is the Use of Sensors?

 Sensors can measure a variety of data on the actions
occurring within a system. Thus, the use of sensors is not limited to industries. But, it is everywhere in
home IoT, automation, safety, etc. The information collected by sensors is also useful in:
 Controlling various operations
 Effectively using the resources
 Keeping the system running effectively
 Observing the processes for any anomalies
 Modifying the design to further enhance performance
 Future product portfolio enhancement

1.3 Examples of IoT Sensors

Some common examples of sensors used in IoT are:
 Measurement of indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity.
 Tracking plant growth in controlled environments like greenhouses or nurseries.
 Monitoring motion or tracking movement.
 Measuring light, UV rays, and lux using a light sensor.
 Finding Air quality and content of CO2, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and Particulate
Matter (PM) in the atmosphere.
 Checking Water Quality using water quality sensors for wastewater.
 Finding Soil moisture through a soil moisture sensor. Moreover, sensors play a crucial role in
smart agriculture.
Finding acceleration to measure the effect of bodily collisions with hard objects.
 These are some of the common sensor examples in industries, labs, and also in smart homes.

2. Digital Sensors

2.1 What is Digital Sensor?

 Digital sensors are a vital component in the world of modern technology and data acquisition.
They play a pivotal role in capturing various physical phenomena and converting them into digital
signals that can be processed, analyzed, and used for a multitude of applications.
2.2 What are the use of Digital Sensor?
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  The data collected by sensors are used to monitor and control various systems, including
environmental conditions, traffic patterns, and equipment performance.
 For example: sensors in a smart home monitor temperature, humidity, and occupancy, and adjust
the heating and cooling systems accordingly.
2.3 Characteristics of digital sensors:
Discrete Output

Digital sensors produce discrete, quantized output values. These values are typically represented in binary
code, making them suitable for processing by digital systems, microcontrollers, and computers.
1. Accuracy and Precision

Digital sensors are known for their high accuracy and precision. They can provide highly reliable and
consistent measurements, which is crucial in applications where data integrity is paramount.
2. Digital Signal Processing

Many digital sensors come equipped with built-in digital signal processing capabilities. This means they
can perform tasks such as calibration, filtering, and data compression, making them versatile and
adaptable to various applications.
3. Communication Interfaces

Digital sensors often feature communication interfaces like I2C, SPI, or UART, allowing them to easily
connect with other digital devices or microcontrollers. This facilitates data transfer and integration into
larger systems.
4. Compatibility with Microcontrollers

Digital sensors are well-suited for use with microcontrollers and digital systems. They can directly
interface with these devices, simplifying the integration process.
5. Enhanced Features

Digital sensors often offer additional features such as data logging, real-time clock functionality, and
compatibility with graphical user interfaces, making them ideal for complex applications. Overall, digital
sensors are favoured for their precision, accuracy, and adaptability in a wide range of applications, from
industrial and scientific to consumer electronics. They have revolutionized data acquisition by providing
reliable, quantized data that can be easily processed and analysed in the digital realm.

3. Actuators
3.1 What Are Actuators in IoT?

An actuator is a device that converts energy into motion. It does this by taking an electrical signal and
combining it with an energy source. In an IoT system, the actuator can act on data collected by sensors to
create an outcome as determined by the chosen settings of the user.
3.2 Different types of actuators?

Actuators come in different types depending on the energy source and the mechanism they use for
movement. Some common types include:
 Electric

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These use electrical energy to generate motion, often through the use of motors, solenoids, or
piezoelectric elements.
 Hydraulic

Hydraulic actuators utilise pressurised fluid to generate motion, typically employing cylinders or pistons
to move loads.
 Pneumatic

Pneumatic actuators use compressed air to produce motion, often employing cylinders or rotary
actuators.
3.3 What are the use of Actuators?

Actuators come in different types, such as electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic, each using different types of
energy. They are widely used in many industries, like robotics, manufacturing, automotive, aerospace,
and heating and cooling systems in buildings etc.
3.4 What are some common applications of actuators?

Actuators are used in a wide range of applications, including automotive systems (engine control,
suspension, braking), aerospace systems (flight control, landing gear, engine control), industrial
automation (robotics, assembly lines, material handling), and consumer products (appliances, electronic
devices).

4. Radio Frequency Identification(RFID) technology

 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a form of wireless communication that incorporates the
use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object or person. It uses radio frequency to
search, identify, track, and communicate with items and people.
 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that uses electromagnetic fields to
automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. These tags contain electronically stored
information that can be read from several meters away, without requiring direct line-of-sight. RFID
is commonly used in inventory management, asset tracking, access control, and supply chain
logistics due to its efficiency and accuracy in tracking and managing items.
 It is a method that is used to track or identify an object by radio transmission over the web. Data is
digitally encoded in an RFID tag which might be read by the reader. This device works as a tag or
label during which data is read from tags that are stored in the database through the reader as
compared to traditional barcodes and QR codes. It is often read outside the road of sight either
passive or active RFID.

5. Wireless Sensor network

5.1 What is Wireless Sensor Network?
Wireless Sensor Network refers to networks of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors that monitor and
record the physical conditions of the environment and forward the collected data to a central location.

5.2 Where is Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Used?

 environmental monitoring
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  Agriculture
 Healthcare
 Industrial automation
 Smart cities
 Home automation
 Surveillance
 Wildlife tracking

5.3 Features of Wireless Sensor Network:

 A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a distributed network
 It is used to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration,
pressure, motion or pollutants
 A wireless sensor network contains hundreds of thousands of sensor nodes. The sensor nodes
can communicate among themselves using radio Signals.
 They have limited
 processing speed
 storage capacity
 communication bandwidth

5.4 Applications of wireless sensor network:

 Area monitoring
 Transportation
 Health applications
 Environmental sensing
 Industrial monitoring
 Medical Monitoring Home
 Data storage and processing
 Smart sensing

6. IoT Supported Hardware Platforms

6.1 Arduino
What is Arduino?

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and
turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.
 Features of Arduino
There are many features of Arduino UNO such as:
 The board has a USB connection that lets it act like a computer's serial device. This
connection facilitates communication with other devices and supplies power to the board.
 This board is open-source, meaning many users utilize it. This community helps
troubleshoot problems and eases debugging for your projects.
 The board's pins function as oscillators, producing a frequency of around 16 MHz, which is
suitable for most applications. It doesn't alter the microcontroller's speed.
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  The board has voltage regulation features to power it directly or through USB.
 There are thirteen digital and six analog pins on the Arduino UNO. These pins enable you
to connect various hardware components and enhance the board's capabilities.
 There's a handy reset button for restarting programs on the board.

6.2 Netduino
 Netduino is an open source hardware platform that runs applications built with the .NET Micro
Framework. Applications can be built on Windows (with Visual Studio), or on Mac OS (with
Xamarin Studio). Netduino can be used to build nearly any Connected Thing you can dream up.
 It's similar in concept to the Arduino platform, but is generally more powerful and instead of
writing applications in C/C++ or Wiring (essentially, C++ without header files), applications are
written in C#, which brings powerful, high-level language constructs to the toolbox such as
threading, event handling, automatic garbage collection, and more.
 Netduino provides a robust hardware reference platform that allows easy experimentation and
rapid prototyping for hobbyists and professionals alike. Netduino has been used by folks to build
home automation gadgets, industrial machinery like CNCs, and more.
 The Netduino family consists of the Netduino 3, Netduino 2, and the original Netduino 1 lines. The
original Netduino (1st generation) and Netduino Mini (also 1st generation), have been replaced by
the much more powerful Netduino 2 and 3 lines.

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