Transformations of

3.7 Linear Functions

Learning Target: Graph transformations of linear functions.

Success Criteria: • I can identify a transformation of a linear graph.

• I can graph transformations of linear functions.
• I can explain how translations, reflections, stretches, and shrinks
affect graphs of functions.

EXPLORE IT Comparing Graphs of Functions

Work with a partner.
a. The graph of f(x) = x is shown. Graph f and g on the same set of coordinate axes.
Compare the graphs of f and g.

−4 −2 2 4

−2

i. g(x) = x + 4 ii. g(x) = 2x iii. g(x) = −x

b. Write any linear function m in terms of x. Compare the graphs of m and n.

Explain your reasoning.
i. n(x) = m(x) + 3 ii. n(x) = m(x) − 3
5 USE
⋅ ⋅
MTR
STRUCTURE iii. n(x) = —13 m(x) iv. n(x) = 3 m(x)
How can you use the
right side of each v. n(x) = −m(x) vi. n(x) = m(−x)
equation in part (b) to
compare the values of
n(x) and m(x)? What
c. Discuss your results in part (b) with other students. What do you notice?
does this tell you about
the graph of n?
d. How does the graph of a function p compare to the graph of each of the following
functions? Explain your reasoning.
i. q(x) = p(x) + k ⋅
ii. q(x) = k p(x), where k > 0

iii. q(x) = −p(x) iv. q(x) = p(−x)

Algebraic Reasoning
MA.912.F.2.1 Identify the effect on the graph or table of a given function after replacing f (x) by f (x) + k,
kf (x), f (kx) and f (x + k) for specific values of k.
H MA.912.F.2.3 Given the graph or table of f (x) and the graph or table of f (x) + k, kf (x), f (kx) and f (x + k), state
the type of transformation and find the value of the real number k.
GO DIGITAL Also MA.912.AR.2.4, MA.912.AR.2.5

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 Translations and Reflections
A family of functions is a group of functions with similar characteristics.
The most basic function in a family of functions is the parent function. For
WORDS AND MATH nonconstant linear functions, the parent function is f(x) = x. The graphs of all other
Used as an adjective, nonconstant linear functions are transformations of the graph of the parent function.
parent can refer to “being A transformation changes the size, shape, position, or orientation of a graph.
the original source.” A
parent function is the
original source of the
KEY IDEAS
family of functions. A translation is a transformation that shifts a graph horizontally or vertically.
Horizontal Translations Vertical Translations
The graph of y = f(x − h) is a The graph of y = f (x) + k is a vertical
Vocabulary horizontal translation of the graph translation of the graph of y = f (x),
family of functions, p. 148 of y = f (x), where h ≠ 0. where k ≠ 0.
parent function, p. 148 y y = f(x) y
transformation, p. 148 y = f(x − h), y = f(x) + k, y = f(x)
translation, p. 148 h<0 k>0
reflection, p. 149
x x
horizontal shrink, p. 150
y = f(x − h), y = f(x) + k,
horizontal stretch, p. 150
h>0 k<0
vertical stretch, p. 150
vertical shrink, p. 150
Subtracting h from the inputs before Adding k to the outputs shifts the
evaluating the function shifts the graph graph down when k < 0 and up when
left when h < 0 and right when h > 0. k > 0.

EXAMPLE 1 Describing Horizontal and Vertical Translations

Let f(x) = 2x − 1. Graph (a) g(x) = f (x) + 3 and (b) t(x) = f (x + 3).
Describe the transformations from the graph of f to the graphs of g and t.

SOLUTION
a. The function g is of the form b. The function t is of the form
y = f (x) + k, where k = 3. So, the y = f(x − h), where h = −3. So, the
graph of g is a vertical translation graph of t is a horizontal translation
3 units up of the graph of f. 3 units left of the graph of f.
y y
4 5
t(x) = f(x + 3)
g(x) = f(x) + 3
2 3
f(x) = 2x − 1 f(x) = 2x − 1
1
−2 2 x
−2 2 x

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Using f, graph (a) g and (b) h. Describe the transformations from the graph of f to the graphs
of g and h.

1. f(x) = 3x + 1; g(x) = f(x) − 2; h(x) = f(x − 2) 2. f (x) = −2x; g(x) = f (x) + 1; h(x) = f (x + 1)
GO DIGITAL

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 KEY IDEAS
A reflection is a transformation that flips a graph over a line called the
line of reflection.
STUDY TIP Reflections in the x-Axis Reflections in the y-Axis
A reflected point is the same The graph of y = −f(x) is a reflection The graph of y = f (−x) is a reflection
distance from the line of in the x-axis of the graph of y = f(x). in the y-axis of the graph of y = f (x).
reflection as the original
y y
point but on the opposite
y = f(x) y = f(−x) y = f(x)
side of the line.

x x
y = −f(x)

Multiplying the outputs by −1 Multiplying the inputs by −1

changes their signs. changes their signs.

EXAMPLE 2 Describing Reflections in the x-Axis and the y-Axis

Let f(x) = —12 x + 1. Graph (a) g(x) = −f(x) and (b) t(x) = f (−x). Describe
the transformations from the graph of f to the graphs of g and t.

SOLUTION
a. To find the outputs of g, multiply the b. To find the outputs of t, multiply the
outputs of f by −1. The graph of g inputs by −1 and then evaluate f.
consists of the points (x, −f(x)). The graph of t consists of the points
(x, f(−x)).
x −4 −2 0
x −2 0 2
f (x) −1 0 1
−x 2 0 −2
−f(x) 1 0 −1
f (−x) 2 1 0
y
g(x) = −f(x)
2 t(x) = f(−x)
y

2
−4
4 −2
2 2 x
x
1 −2
−
f(x) = 2 x + 1 −4
4 −2
2 2

1 −2
−
f(x) = 2 x + 1
The graph of g is a reflection in
the x-axis of the graph of f.
The graph of t is a reflection in
the y-axis of the graph of f.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Using f, graph g. Describe the transformation from the graph of f to the graph of g.
3
3. f(x) = —2 x + 2; g(x) = −f(x) 4. f (x) = −4x − 2; g(x) = f (−x)

5. OPEN-ENDED Write a linear function for which a reflection in the x-axis has the same graph
as a reflection in the y-axis.
GO DIGITAL

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 Stretches and Shrinks
You can transform a function by multiplying all the inputs (x-coordinates)
by the same factor a. When a > 1, the transformation is a horizontal shrink
because the graph shrinks toward the y-axis. When 0 < a < 1, the transformation
is a horizontal stretch because the graph stretches away from the y-axis. In each
case, the y-intercept stays the same.
You can also transform a function by multiplying all the outputs ( y-coordinates) by the
same factor a. When a > 1, the transformation is a vertical stretch because the graph
stretches away from the x-axis. When 0 < a < 1, the transformation is a vertical
shrink because the graph shrinks toward the x-axis. In each case, the x-intercept stays
the same.

KEY IDEAS
Horizontal Stretches and Shrinks Vertical Stretches and Shrinks
The graph of y = f(ax) is a horizontal
1
⋅
The graph of y = a f(x) is a vertical
stretch or shrink by a factor of a of
stretch or shrink by a factor of — of
a the graph of y = f(x), where a > 0
STUDY TIP the graph of y = f(x), where a > 0 and a ≠ 1.
When a < 0 and a ≠ −1, the and a ≠ 1.
graphs of y = f (ax) and y = a ∙ f(x),
a>1
⋅
y = a f (x) represent a stretch
or shrink and a reflection in
y = f(ax),
a>1 y y = f(x)
y y = f(x)
the x- or y-axis of the graph y = a ∙ f(x),
y = f(ax), 0<a<1
of y = f(x).
0<a<1 x
x
The x-intercept
The y-intercept stays the same.
stays the same.

EXAMPLE 3 Describing Horizontal and Vertical Stretches

( )
Let f (x) = x − 1. Graph (a) g(x) = f —13 x and (b) h(x) = 3f(x). Describe the
transformations from the graph of f to the graphs of g and h.

SOLUTION
y f(x) = x − 1
a. To find the outputs of g, multiply the inputs by —13 .
3 x −3 0 3
Then evaluate f. The graph of g consists of the
1
1 ( ( ))
points x, f —31 x . —3 x −1 0 1

−3 −1 3 x
The graph of g is a horizontal stretch of
f ( )
1
—3 x −2 −1 0
the graph of f by a factor of 1 ÷ —13 = 3.
−3
(1 )
g(x) = f 3 x

y
b. To find the outputs of h, multiply the x 0 1 2
1 outputs of f by 3. The graph of h consists
of the points (x, 3f (x)). f (x) −1 0 1
−3
3 −1
1 3 x
3f(x) −3 0 3
f(x) = x − 1 The graph of h is a vertical stretch of the
graph of f by a factor of 3.
−3
− h(x) = 3f(x)
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 Describing Horizontal and
EXAMPLE 4
Vertical Shrinks

Let f (x) = x + 2. Graph (a) g(x) = f (2x) and (b) h(x) = —14 f(x). Describe the
transformations from the graph of f to the graphs of g and h.

SOLUTION
a. To find the outputs of g, multiply the inputs by 2. Then evaluate f. The graph of g
consists of the points ( x, f (2x) ).

x −1 0 1 g(x) = f(2x)
y
2x −2 0 2 5

f (2x) 0 2 4 3

f(x) = x + 2

The graph of g is a horizontal shrink −3 1 3 x

of the graph of f by a factor of —12.

b. To find the outputs of h, multiply the outputs of f by —14 . The graph of h consists of
(
the points x, —41 f(x) . )
y
x −2 0 2 3
1
f(x) = x + 2 h(x) = 4 f(x)
f (x) 0 2 4
1
1 1
—4 f (x) 0 —2 1
−1 1 x

−3
The graph of h is a vertical shrink
of the graph of f by a factor of —14 .

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Using f, graph (a) g and (b) h. Describe the transformations from the graph of f to the
graphs of g and h.

( )
1
6. f(x) = 4x − 2; g(x) = f —2 x ; h(x) = 2f(x) 7. f (x) = −3x + 4; g(x) = f (3x); h(x) = —2 f (x)
1

8. WRITING How does the value of a in the equation y = h(ax) affect the graph
⋅
of y = h(x)? How does the value of a in the equation y = a h(x) affect the
graph of y = h(x)?

9. REASONING The functions f and g are linear functions. The graph of g

y
y = f(x)
is a vertical shrink of the graph of f. What can you say about the intercepts of
the graphs of f and g? Is this always true? Explain.
y = g(x)
x

GO DIGITAL

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 Describing Transformations
EXAMPLE 5 Describing a Transformation H
The table represents two linear functions
x −1 0 1 2 3
f and g. Describe the transformation from
the graph of f to the graph of g. f(x) −4 −1 2 5 8
g(x) −2 1 4 7 10
SOLUTION
To determine the transformation, compare values of f (x) and g(x).

x −1 0 1 2 3
f(x) −4 −1 2 5 8
For each input, g(x) is 2 more
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 than f (x). So, g(x) = f (x) + 2.

g(x) −2 1 4 7 10

The graph of g is a translation 2 units up of the graph of f.

7 EXAMPLE 6 Modeling Real Life H

MTR

The cost (in dollars) of cable service for m months is represented by the function f.
Cable Service
To attract new customers, the cable company multiplies the monthly fee by a factor of
y c. Use the graph to find and interpret the value of c.
200

160 SOLUTION
Cost (dollars)

120 To find c, compare f and g. The function g(m) = c • f (m) indicates that the graph of g
g(m) = c ∙ f(m)
is a vertical stretch or shrink of the graph of f. The graphs of f and g show that for any
80 number of months, the new cost is one-half of the original cost. For example, the cost
for two months (m = 2) decreases from $120 to $60. So, c = —12 .
40 f(m) = 60m
The factor c = —12 indicates that the monthly price is halved.
0
0 2 4 6 8 m
Months

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

10. The table represents two linear functions f and g. Describe

x 0 2 4 6 8
the transformation from the graph of f to the graph of g.
f(x) −8 −4 0 4 8
g(x) −2 −1 0 1 2

11. A company pays x dollars per unit for a product. The selling price is represented by the function p.
a. What does f (x) = x represent in this situation? y
Describe a transformation of the graph of f that
18
results in the graph of p. p
b. How does the company determine the selling 12
f
price of a product?
6

0
0 4 8 12 x
GO DIGITAL

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 3.7 Practice WITH AND

In Exercises 1– 6, use the graphs of f and g to describe 11. f(x) = −5 − x; h(x) = f (−x)
the transformation from the graph of f to the graph
of g. (See Example 1.) 1
12. f(x) = —4 x − 2; h(x) = −f(x)
1. g(x) = f(x) + 2 2. g(x) = f(x + 4) In Exercises 13–18, use the graphs of f and r to describe
y y the transformation from the graph of f to the graph
2 2 of r. (See Example 3.)
f(x) = −2x
13. 3 14. f(x) = −x
−2 2x −3 1 x f(x) = 2 x − 1
−2 −2 y y
4
f(x) = x − 3 2 r(x) = f ( 14 x)
1
2 x
3. f(x) = —3 x + 3; g(x) = f(x) − 3
−3 −1
−2 2 4x −2
4. f(x) = −3x + 4; g(x) = f(x) + 1
r(x) = 2f(x)
5. f(x) = −x − 2; g(x) = f(x + 5)

1
15. f(x) = −2x − 4; r(x) = f —2 x ( ) 1

6. f(x) = —2 x − 5; g(x) = f(x − 3)

16. f (x) = 3x + 5; r(x) = f ( — x ) 1
3
7. MODELING REAL LIFE You and your friend start biking
2
from the same location. Your distance (in miles) after 17. f(x) = —3 x + 1; r(x) = 3f(x)
t minutes is represented by d(t) = —15 t. Your friend starts 1
biking 5 minutes after you. Her distance is represented 18. f(x) = −—4 x − 2; r(x) = 4f(x)
by f(t) = d(t − 5). Describe the transformation from
In Exercises 19–24, use the graphs of f and h to describe
the graph of d to the graph of f.
the transformation from the graph of f to the graph
of h. (See Example 4.)
8. MODELING REAL LIFE The total cost (in dollars)
to bowl n games is represented by C(n) = 4.5n + 2.5. 19. 20.
The shoe rental price increases $0.50. The new total h(x) = f(3x) 1
h(x) = 3 f(x)
cost is represented by T( n) = C(n) + 0.5. Describe the y y
5
transformation from the graph of C to the graph of T. −5 −1 1x
3
−3
3
Bowling: $4.50 per game f(x) = x + 2
Shoe Rental: $2.50 1 3x
f(x) = −2x − 6

1
21. f(x) = 3x − 12; h(x) = —6 f(x)

In Exercises 9–12, use the graphs of f and h to 22. f(x) = −x + 1; h(x) = f (2x)
describe the transformation from the graph
of f to the graph of h. (See Example 2.) 23. f(x) = −2x − 2; h(x) = f (5x)

y 3
9. 2 10. 24. f(x) = 4x + 8; h(x) = —4 f (x)
f(x) = 3 x + 4 y

2 h(x) = f(−x) 25. MODELING REAL LIFE The temperature (in degrees
1

−2 2 x
Fahrenheit) x hours after 5 p.m. is represented by
−4 −2 x t(x) = −4x + 72. The temperature x hours after
−2 10 a.m. is represented by d(x) = 4x + 72. Describe
h(x) = −f(x) the transformation from the graph of t to the
f(x) = −3x + 1 graph of d.
GO DIGITAL

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 38.

✗ 4

2
y
f(x) = −x + 3

−2 1 4 x

−2
g(x) = f(–x)

26. MODELING REAL LIFE The cost (in dollars) of

a basic music streaming service for m months is
In Exercises 39– 46, describe the transformation from
represented by B(m) = 5m. The cost of the premium
the graph of f to the graph of g. (See Example 5.)
service is represented by P(m) = 10m. Describe the
transformation from the graph of B to the graph of P. 39.
x −2 −1 0 1 2
In Exercises 27–32, use the graphs of f and g to describe f (x) 14 11 8 5 2
the transformation from the graph of f to the graph of g.
g(x) = f (x + k) 11 8 5 2 −1
27. f(x) = x − 2; g(x) = f(x + 4)
40.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1
28. f(x) = −4x + 8; g(x) = −f(x)
f (x) −10 −6 −2 2 6
29. f(x) = −2x − 7; g(x) = f(x − 2)
g(x) = f (x) + k −5 −1 3 7 11
30. f(x) = 3x + 8; g(x) = f ( )
2
—3 x
41. y 42.
31. f(x) = x − 6; g(x) = 6f(x) g(x) = f(ax) y
4 3

32. f(x) = −x; g(x) = f(x) − 3 −1 3 5x

2
f(x) = 3x − 6
In Exercises 33–36, write a function g in terms of f so
1 4 6x −12
that the statement is true.
g(x) = af(x)
33. The graph of g is a horizontal translation 2 units right f(x) = −3x + 5
of the graph of f.
43.
34. The graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis of the x −1 0 1 2 3
graph of f. f (x) 6 7 8 9 10

35. The graph of g is a vertical translation 4 units up of g(x) −6 −7 −8 −9 −10

the graph of f.
44.
1 x 3 5 7 9 11
36. The graph of g is a horizontal shrink by a factor of —5
of the graph of f. f (x) 2 0 −2 −4 −6
g(x) −2 −4 −6 −8 −10
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 37 and 38, describe and
correct the error in graphing g.
45. y 46. y
37. f

✗
y 2
−2 2 x
−1
g(x) = f(x – 2)
−2 2 x f g
1
g
−1 1 3 5 x

f(x) = x − 3
GO DIGITAL

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 47. MODELING REAL LIFE The cost (in dollars) of a 50. WRITING How does the value of p in the equation
gym membership for m months is represented by the y = g(x) + p affect the graph of y = g(x)? How does
function g. In January, the gym multiplies the monthly the value of p in the equation y = g(x + p) affect the
fee by a factor of a. Use the graph to find and interpret graph of y = g(x)?
the value of a. (See Example 6.)

Gym Membership
51. STRUCTURE The graph of g(x) = a f(x − b) + c is ⋅
a transformation of the graph of the linear function f.
y Complete each statement.
80
Cost (dollars) g a. The graph of g is a vertical ______ of the graph of
60 f when a = 4, b = 0, and c = 0.
b. The graph of g is a vertical translation 1 unit up of
40
h(m) = a ∙ g(m) the graph of f when a = 1, b = 0, and c = ____.
20 c. The graph of g is a reflection in the ______ of the
graph of f when a = −1, b = 0, and c = 0.
0
0 2 4 6 m
Months
52. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
Match each function with its graph. Explain.
48. MODELING REAL LIFE The function
y
m(x) = 360x Job Earnings 5
represents the A
y n(x) = m(x) + c
amount of money
Money earned

3000 3
(in dollars) you f
B
(dollars)

make at your job 2000 1

after x weeks. You
1000 −2 4 x
earn a bonus of c m(x) = 360x
2
dollars. Use the 0 C
graph to find and 0 2 4 6 x
−3
interpret the value Weeks D
of c.
a. a(x) = f(−x) b. g(x) = f(x) − 4
49. B.E.S.T. TEST PREP Which of the graphs are related
by only a translation? Explain. c. h(x) = f(x) + 2 d. k(x) = f(3x)

y y
A 3 D OPEN-ENDED In Exercises 53 and 54, write a function
2 whose graph passes through the given point and is a
1
transformation of the graph of f(x) = x.
−2 2 x 2 x
−2
53. (4, 2) 54. ( —, — )
3 7
2 2
−3
In Exercises 55– 58, graph f and g. Write g in terms of f.
Describe the transformation from the graph of f to the
B y E y graph of g.
2 2
55. f(x) = 2x − 5; g(x) = 2x − 8
−3 −1 1 x −2 2 x
56. f(x) = 3x + 9; g(x) = 3x + 15
−2 −2

57. f(x) = −x − 4; g(x) = x − 4

C y F y 58. f(x) = x − 1; g(x) = 3x − 3

2 2
59. REASONING The graph of f (x) = x + 5 is a vertical
−3 1 3x −2 2 x
translation 5 units up of the graph of f (x) = x. How
can you obtain the graph of f (x) = x + 5 from the
−2 −2
graph of f (x) = x using a horizontal translation?
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 60. REASONING A swimming pool is filled with water 61. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Is it true that for all
by a hose at a rate of 1020 gallons per hour. The linear functions, a horizontal stretch by a factor of c
amount (in gallons) of water in the pool after t hours produces the same result as a vertical shrink by a
is represented by the function v(t) = 1020t. How does 1
factor of —? Explain.
the graph of v change in each situation? c
a. A larger hose is found. Then the pool is filled at a 62. THOUGHT PROVOKING
rate of 1360 gallons per hour. When is the graph of y = f(x) + w the same as the
b. Before filling up the pool with a hose, a water graph of y = f(x + w) for linear functions? Explain
truck adds 2000 gallons of water to the pool. your reasoning.

REVIEW & REFRESH

63. The red figure is y 73. MODELING REAL LIFE The linear function
similar to the blue m = 55 − 8.5b represents the amount m (in dollars)
figure. Describe 2 4 6 x of money that you have after buying b books.
a similarity −2
a. Find the domain of the function. Is the domain
transformation
−4 discrete or continuous? Explain.
between the figures.
b. Graph the function using its domain.
−6

In Exercises 74 and 75, graph f and h. Describe the

In Exercises 64 and 65, solve the inequality. Graph transformation from the graph of f to the graph of h.
the solution, if possible. 1
74. f(x) = x; h(x) = —3 x
64. 5∣ x + 7 ∣ < 25 65. −2∣ x + 1 ∣ ≥ 18
75. f(x) = x; h(x) = x − 4
66. REASONING Complete the inequality
−—16 n 2
—3 with <, ≤, >, or ≥ so that the 76. STRUCTURE The graph of the equation
solution is n ≤ −4. Ax + By = 15 is shown. Find the values of A and B.

1 y
67. Evaluate g(x) = —4 x − 5 when x = 12 and when
x = −2. 2 6x
−4
68. MODELING REAL LIFE An elevator on
the top floor of a building begins to descend to −8
the ground floor. The function h(t) = −8t + 250
models the situation, where h(t) is the height
(in meters) of the elevator t seconds after it begins
77. Determine whether the relation is a function.
to descend.
Explain.
a. Graph the function, and find its domain and
(−10, 2), (−8, 3), (−6, 5), (−8, 8), (−10, 6)
range.
b. Interpret the terms and coefficient in the 78. Solve the formula for h.
equation, and the x-intercept of its graph.
r
In Exercises 69–72, solve the equation. Check your h
solution.
c
69. 2.5b = 10 70. — + 1 = −2
5 V = πr 2h
71. 14 − 3q = 4q − 14 + q 79. Write an inequality that represents the graph.

72. ∣ −4r + 6 ∣ − 5 = 13
−1 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

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156 Chapter 3 Graphing Linear Functions

FL_hs_alg1_se_0307.indd 156 2/3/21 11:57 AM