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GCSE
PHYSICS
Higher Tier Paper 2
H
Friday 16 June 2023 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For Examiner’s Use
For this paper you must have:
• a ruler Question Mark
• a scientific calculator
1
• a protractor
• the Physics Equations Sheet (enclosed). 2
3
Instructions 4
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Pencil should only be used for drawing.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 6
• Do not write outside the box around each page or on blank pages. 7
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to
be marked. 8

• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 9
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
TOTAL
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer.

Information
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100.
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in
your answers.

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Answer all questions in the spaces provided. box

0 1 Infrared waves are transverse waves.

0 1 . 1 Complete the sentence.

[1 mark]

In a transverse wave, the direction of oscillation is

to the direction of energy transfer by the wave.

A student investigated how the colour of a surface affects the rate at which the
surface emits infrared radiation.

Figure 1 shows some of the equipment used.

Figure 1

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0 1 . 2 The student wrote the following hypothesis: box

‘The black-coloured flask will emit more infrared radiation than the
silver-coloured flask during 10 minutes of cooling.’

Describe a method to test this hypothesis.

[6 marks]

Question 1 continues on the next page

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0 1 . 3 When will the flasks emit infrared radiation at the greatest rate? box

Give a reason for your answer.

[2 marks]
Tick () one box.

During the 1st minute

During the 5th minute

During the 9th minute

Reason

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Another student investigated the absorption of infrared radiation by different box
surface colours.

The student filled four hollow metal cubes with cold water.

Each cube was the same size but had a different surface colour.

The cubes were then placed the same distance from an infrared heater.

After 10 minutes, the student measured the temperature increase of the water inside
each cube.

0 1 . 4 What was the dependent variable in this investigation?

[1 mark]

0 1 . 5 Table 1 shows the results.

Table 1

Temperature increase after

Surface colour of the cube
10 minutes in °C

Matt white 3.0

Shiny white 2.0

Matt black 6.5

Shiny black 4.0

Give two conclusions that can be made from the results in Table 1.
[2 marks]

Turn over ►

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Figure 2 shows one of the cubes. The cube is filled with water. box

The weight of the water exerts a pressure on the bottom of the cube.

Figure 2

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 01.6 and 01.7.

0 1 . 6 Which equation correctly links area, force and pressure?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

pressure = force × area2

pressure = force × area

force
pressure =
area
area
pressure =
force

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0 1 . 7 The water pressure at the bottom of the cube is 1500 Pa. box

Calculate the force of the water on the bottom of the cube.

[4 marks]

Force = N 17

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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0 2 Figure 3 shows the route an aeroplane takes as it travels from an airport terminal to box
the runway.

Figure 3 has been drawn to scale.

Figure 3

0 2 . 1 Determine the magnitude of the aeroplane’s displacement from the start point to the
finish point on Figure 3.
[2 marks]

Displacement = m

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Figure 4 shows the direction of the horizontal forces acting on the aeroplane as it box
moves in a straight line towards the runway.

Figure 4

0 2 . 2 Determine the magnitude of the resultant horizontal force on the aeroplane.

[1 mark]

Resultant horizontal force = N

0 2 . 3 Describe the motion of the aeroplane as it moves towards the runway.

[1 mark]

0 2 . 4 Air resistance and friction are contact forces.

Give one other example of a contact force.

[1 mark]

Turn over ►

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0 2 . 5 The aeroplane stops for a short time and then accelerates along the runway. box

Figure 5 shows a distance–time sketch-graph for this stage of the journey.

Figure 5

Draw the velocity–time sketch-graph for this stage of the journey on Figure 6.
[2 marks]

Figure 6

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0 2 . 6 The aeroplane takes off from the runway, so its height above the ground increases. box

Figure 7 shows how atmospheric pressure varies with the height of the aeroplane
above the ground.

Figure 7

Estimate the atmospheric pressure when the height of the aeroplane above the
ground is 10 km.
[2 marks]

Atmospheric pressure = kPa

Question 2 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

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0 2 . 7 What happens to the air surrounding the aeroplane as the height of the aeroplane box
above the ground increases?
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

The average density of the air above the aeroplane decreases.

The mass of air above the aeroplane increases.

The temperature of the air increases.

The volume of air below the aeroplane decreases. 10

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0 3 Some cars have a lever that is used to apply the handbrake. box

Figure 8 shows the handbrake lever in a car.

Figure 8

0 3 . 1 The driver applies the force shown in Figure 8. The force produces a moment about
the pivot.

How could the driver increase the moment about the pivot without increasing the size
of the force?
[1 mark]

Question 3 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

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The driver releases the handbrake. box

Figure 9 shows how the velocity of the car changes during the first 5 seconds of
a journey.

Figure 9

0 3 . 2 After 3 seconds, the momentum of the car is 24 000 kg m/s.

Calculate the mass of the car.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

[4 marks]

Mass = kg

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0 3 . 3 Determine the distance travelled by the car during the first 5 seconds of the journey. box

Use Figure 9.
[3 marks]

Distance travelled by the car = m

Question 3 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

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0 3 . 4 In an emergency the driver needs to apply the brakes suddenly to stop the box

car quickly.

The driver of the car is distracted.

Explain why the distraction will increase the stopping distance.

[3 marks]

0 3 . 5 Explain why the temperature of the brakes increases as they are used.
[2 marks]

13

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Turn over for the next question box

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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

Turn over ►

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0 4 A megaphone uses a loudspeaker to amplify sounds that are detected by box
a microphone.

Figure 10 shows a megaphone and microphone.

Figure 10

0 4 . 1 Complete the sentence.

[1 mark]

The microphone is used to convert the pressure variations in sound waves into

variations in .

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0 4 . 2 The loudspeaker contains a permanent magnet. box

Which diagram in Figure 11 shows the direction of the magnetic field between the
north pole and the south pole of the magnet?

The magnets are shown in cross-section.

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Figure 11

0 4 . 3 Some magnets are permanent magnets and some are induced magnets.

What is an induced magnet?

[1 mark]

Turn over ►

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Figure 12 shows the parts of the loudspeaker in the megaphone. box

Figure 12

A current in the coil of the loudspeaker causes the coil to move.

0 4 . 4 What is the name of the effect that causes the coil to move?
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Electromagnet effect

Induction effect

Motor effect

Speaker effect

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0 4 . 5 When the current in the coil is 16 mA, the force on the coil is 0.013 N. box

The length of the wire that makes up the coil is 6.5 m.

Calculate the magnetic flux density around the coil in the electromagnet.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

[4 marks]

Magnetic flux density = T

Question 4 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

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0 4 . 6 Megaphones can produce very loud sounds. box

A person’s hearing can be affected by age and by working in a loud environment.

Figure 13 shows how frequency affects the minimum sound level that can be heard
by three different people, A, B and C.

Figure 13

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Compare how different factors affect the minimum sound level that these box
people can hear.
[4 marks]

12

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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0 5 Figure 14 shows some bumper cars. box

Bumper cars are designed to withstand collisions at low speeds.

Figure 14

0 5 . 1 During a collision between a bumper car and the barrier, the bumper car and barrier
act as a closed system.

What is meant by a ‘closed system’?

[1 mark]

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0 5 . 2 How does Newton’s Third Law of motion apply to the collision between the box
bumper car and the barrier?
[1 mark]

0 5 . 3 During the collision, the change in momentum of the bumper car is 700 kg m/s.

The time taken for the collision is 0.28 s.

Calculate the force on the bumper car during the collision.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

[2 marks]

Force = N

Question 5 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

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0 5 . 4 The bumper car has a flexible bumper. box

Explain how the flexible bumper reduces the risk of injury to the people in the
bumper car during the collision.
[3 marks]

0 5 . 5 A bumper car moved with an initial constant velocity and then accelerated
at 2.0 m/s2.

While accelerating, the bumper car travelled a distance of 1.5 m.

The final velocity of the bumper car was 2.5 m/s.

Calculate the initial constant velocity of the bumper car.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

[3 marks]

Initial constant velocity = m/s 10

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0 6 Figure 15 shows the Hubble Space Telescope orbiting the Earth. box

Figure 15

0 6 . 1 What name is given to objects that orbit a planet?

[1 mark]

Question 6 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

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0 6 . 2 A space telescope uses microwaves to communicate with the Earth. box

A microwave has a wavelength of 12.5 cm.

The speed of microwaves through space is 3.0 × 108 m/s.

Calculate the frequency of the microwave.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

Give your answer in standard form.

[5 marks]

Frequency (in standard form) = Hz

0 6 . 3 Explain the effect of the Earth’s gravitational force on the motion of the
Hubble Space Telescope.
[3 marks]

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0 6 . 4 The Hubble Space Telescope can detect visible light from distant galaxies. box

The visible light spectra from stars and galaxies include dark lines
at specific wavelengths.

Figure 16 shows the visible light spectra from the Sun and two galaxies.

Figure 16

Explain what conclusions can be made about galaxies A and B.

[3 marks]

12

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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0 7 A student investigated the behaviour of light. box

The student used a mirror with a smooth surface to investigate reflection.

Figure 17 shows the equipment used.

Figure 17

0 7 . 1 What name is given to reflection from a smooth surface?

[1 mark]

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The student measured the angle of reflection for different angles of incidence. box

Table 2 shows the results.

Table 2

Angle of Angle of reflection in degrees

incidence in
degrees Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Mean

10 8 10 11 10

20 20 21 20 20

30 28 29 32 30

40 39 41 41 40

50 49 50 52 50

0 7 . 2 What conclusion can be made from the results in Table 2?

[1 mark]

0 7 . 3 What type of error caused the variation in the results for the angle of reflection?

Suggest one cause of this error.

[2 marks]

Type of error

Cause of error

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The student also investigated the refraction of light. box

0 7 . 4 Figure 18 shows the path of a ray of light through a glass block.

Figure 18

Why has refraction not occurred?

[1 mark]

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0 7 . 5 The student measured the angle of refraction for different angles of incidence. box

Figure 19 shows the protractor used.

Figure 19

When the angle of incidence was 10° the student measured the angle of refraction
four times.

The student recorded the measurements as:

6.0° 6.3° 6.4° 5.8°

Explain why the student should not have recorded these results when using the
protractor in Figure 19 to make the measurements.
[2 marks]

Question 7 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

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0 7 . 6 Figure 20 shows what happens to wave fronts as they pass across the boundary box
between air and glass.

Figure 20

Explain in terms of the wave fronts, why refraction happens at the boundary between
air and glass.
[3 marks]

10

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Turn over for the next question box

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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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0 8 Figure 21 shows a transformer used to power a lamp using the box
mains electricity supply.

Figure 21

0 8 . 1 What material is used to make the core of the transformer?

Give the reason for using this material.

[2 marks]

Material

Reason

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0 8 . 2 Determine the current in the secondary coil when the power output of the transformer box
is 6.9 W.

The transformer is 100% efficient.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

[5 marks]

Current in the secondary coil = A 7

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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0 9 A dynamo is used to generate an electric current. box

Figure 22 shows the inside parts of the dynamo connected to a lamp.

Figure 22

0 9 . 1 The coil is rotated.

Explain why a direct current is induced in the coil.

[5 marks]

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0 9 . 2 Sketch a graph on Figure 23 to show how the potential difference generated across box
the lamp varies for two complete revolutions of the dynamo coil.
[1 mark]

Figure 23

0 9 . 3 The lamp is disconnected from the dynamo.

Explain why the dynamo becomes much easier to turn.

[3 marks]

END OF QUESTIONS

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required.
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