WTW 164

MATHEMATICS
STUDY GUIDE

2023

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Contents

Statement on Anti-Discrimination 5

1 ORGANIZATION 6

1.1 Course Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2 Textbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.3 Lecturers and administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.4 Consultations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.5 Calculators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.6 Announcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.7 Contact Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.8 Tutorial Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Rules of Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 RULES OF ASSESSMENTS 7

2.1 INSTRUCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2 Absence from tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.3 Disciplinary Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.4 Semester test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.5 Tutorial sessions and class tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.6 Semester Mark Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.7 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.8 Final Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.9 Supplementary Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.10 Test Enquiries and Quireis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.11 Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.12 Technique Mastering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.13 Study Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3 STUDY PLAN 11

3.1 Use of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.2 Module Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

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 3.3 Module outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4 MODULE STRUCTURE 13

THEME 1: LINES AND PLANES IN SPACE 13

Unit 1.1 Lines and planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Unit 1.2 Systems of linear equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Unit 1.3 Gaussian elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Unit 1.4 Matrix algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Unit 1.5 The inverse of a square matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Unit 1.6 The determinant of a matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

THEME 2: INTEGRATION AND APPLICATIONS 17

Unit 2.1 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Unit 2.2 Indenite integrals and the Net Change Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Unit 2.3 Integration Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Unit 2.4 Trigonometric substitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Unit 2.5 Integration by partial fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Unit 2.6 Improper integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Unit 2.7 Area between two curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Unit 2.8 Volume of a solid of revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Unit 2.9 Arc length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Unit 2.10 Area of a surface of revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

THEME 3: COMPLEX NUMBERS 22

Unit 3.1 Operations, conjugate and modulus of a complex number . . . . . . . . 23

Unit 3.2 Polar form and DeMoivre's theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Unit 3.3 Factorization of polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

THEME 4: MORE WAYS OF DESCRIBING CURVES 25

SUBTHEME 4.1 Parametric and polar equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Unit 4.1.1 Parametric equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Unit 4.1.2 Calculus with parametric curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Unit 4.1.3 Polar coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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 Unit 4.1.4 Conic sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

SUBTHEME 4.2 Vector Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Unit 4.2.1 Vector functions and space curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Unit 4.2.2 Derivatives of vector functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

THEME 5: PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 29

Unit 5.1 Functions of several variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Unit 5.2 Limits and continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Unit 5.3 Partial derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Unit 5.4 Tangent planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

THEME 6: APPROXIMATION OF FUNCTIONS BY POLYNOMIALS 32

5 APPENDICES 34

APPENDIX 1: STANDARD INTEGRALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

APPENDIX 2: TECHNIQUE MASTERING EXERCISES . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

INTEGRATION BY INSPECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

LINEAR SUBSTITUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

INTEGRATION BY PARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

PARTIAL FRACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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Statement on Anti-Discrimination

The University of Pretoria is committed to building an inclusive, arming and trans-

formed institutional culture, curriculum and campus life. It rejects and condemns racism,
sexism, homophobia, transphobia, xenophobia, ethnic chauvinism, religious intolerance,
unfair discrimination, hate speech, sexual harassment, gender-based violence and retali-
ation, and all other forms of discrimination. The University has committed itself to the
eradication of these practices, and in 2019 adopted an Anti-Discrimination Policy, in or-
der to realise procedural and substantive equality in all respects. As the lecturer and
presenter of this course, I acknowledge the extreme harm that racism, sexism, xenopho-
bia and other forms of discrimination have inicted and continue to inict on our society
and communities. I commit to ensuring that there is an open dialogue between myself
and all the students in the module on curriculum content and teaching method which
may be interpreted as discriminatory or exclusive. I undertake to ensure that any such
concerns are raised without fear of intimidation or recrimination. Moreover, I resolve to
continuously improve the teaching of this course in a way that allows the inclusion of all
the students enrolled for this course, building their self-condence and self-ecacy, and
supporting the ultimate goal of substantive equality for all persons. The choices that we
make about curriculum content and pedagogy (what and how we teach) are also choices
about what kind of society we wish to build. In this declaration of intent, I resolve to
be part of and give substance to the University's anti-discrimination and transformation
endeavours.

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1 ORGANIZATION

1.1 Course Information

The prerequisite for WTW164 is WTW158.

1.2 Textbooks
a. J Stewart, Calculus, Early Transcendentals, Ninth Edition, Metric Version.
This is the ocial prescribed textbook for this course.

b. Linear Algebra Notes.

The Linear Algebra notes are posted on ClickUP.

c. Ron Larson, Elementary Linear Algebra.

This textbook is recommended for further reading.

1.3 Lecturers and administrator

Name Oce Tel. number E-mail
Dr BM Simelane Botany 2-8 (012) 420 3632 [email protected]
Dr Q van der Hof Mathematics 2-11 (012) 420 2785 quay.vanderho@up.ac.za
Dr H Thackeray Mathematics 2-25 (012) 420 3558 [email protected]
Mr W van Amstel Mathematics 2-16 (012) 420 8396 [email protected]
Prof R Rodrigues Botany 2-10 (012) 420 2738 [email protected]
Ms W Conradie Mathematics 2-5 (012) 420 5879 [email protected]
Coordinator : Dr BM Simelane
Administrator : Ms W Conradie
All administrative queries must be directed to Ms W Conradie..

1.4 Consultations
Hours of consultation with lecturers will be displayed on their oce doors, and on the
ClickUP. Students may consult lecturers only during the consulting hours as indicated,
or by appointment.

This policy also holds before tests and examinations. This policy aims at encour-
aging students to plan their work and to work continuously.

1.5 Calculators
Calculators are not allowed in this course.

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1.6 Announcements
Announcements will be posted on the WTW 164 ClickUP page. The announcements may
also be repeated in the lectures and tutorial sessions.

1.7 Contact Time

Number of lectures per week: 4 (50 minutes long)
Number of tutorials per week: 1 (180 minutes long)

1.8 Tutorial Sessions

Tutorial sessions are 180 minutes long. You will be assigned to one of the tutorial sessions
listed in the timetable book during the rst week of the semester. The groups will be posted
on ClickUP. This will be your group for the whole semester.

NB: You may not attend any other tutorial group or switch groups without written per-
mission from Ms Conradie.
Tutorial Sessions are structured as follows:
Each tutorial session addresses material covered in the lectures of the previous week.

The material for the session are listed on the Lecture schedule, any changes will be an-
nounced on ClickUP or during lectures.
In preparation for each tutorial session, you are expected to:

ˆ prepare the theoretical part thoroughly before the tutorial session.

ˆ do most of the assigned problems for the tutorial beforehand and
ˆ use the tutorial sessions to sort out any problems and make sure you are up to date.

It is compulsory to attend one tutorial class per week.

2 RULES OF ASSESSMENTS

2.1 INSTRUCTIONS
The examination and test instructions of the University of Pretoria must be followed.
Students must also follow all the instructions given by an invigilator when a test or exam
is written.

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2.2 Absence from tests
You must notify the Ms Wand Conradie within three days of the class or semester test if
you were absent due to illness. In the case of the exam, the relevant faculty oce should
be informed of the absence.

Valid original sick notes are accepted if issued by a medical doctor registered at the
Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). The only other type of sick note
that is accepted are those issued by an Advanced Practice Nurse (a registered nurse with
a postgraduate qualication) as determined by the South African Nursing Council who
has a BHCF practice number, provided that the diagnosis falls only within their specic
eld of specialisation.

An adavit will only be accepted if supported by substantiating documentation, e.g. case

report or criminal charge with case number obtained from a police station, valid medical
certicate for injuries, a death certicate for a funeral, etc. Please note that submission
of fraudulent sick notes and adavits is a criminal oence, which will lead to disciplinary
action and may result in dismissal.

There will be no sick tests for class tests and clickUP tests

If you miss one or both of the semester tests (and you have submitted the relevant doc-
uments) then you may write the special test towards the end of the semester. The scope
of this test will consist of the combined scopes of the rst and second semester tests.

Students with special assessment needs (for example: extra time) must contact
the UP disability centre for a letter and hand it in to the course administrator before
the rst test.

2.3 Disciplinary Policy

The policy of the Department is to refer all incidents in which an irregularity is suspected
to the Disciplinary Committee of the University.

2.4 Semester test

Semester tests are written during the engineering test weeks. The semester test dates are
available on the UP Website and are also announced on ClickUP. Note that sick tests
will be scheduled for those students with acceptable sick notes. Students with spe- cial
assessment needs (for example: extra time) must contact the UP disability centre for a
letter and hand it in to the course administrator before the
rst test. The material for the test is announced on ClickUP.

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2.5 Tutorial sessions and class tests
ˆ The material for the tutorials is indicated in the course timetable posted on ClickUP.
Class tests will be written in the tutorial sessions, see the course timetable posted
on ClickUP and dates of these tests.

2.6 Semester Mark Calculations

The semester mark is calculated as follows:
Semester tests 70%
Assignments and Class tests 30%
Total 100%

2.7 Examination
Exam entrance: You must have a semester mark of at least 40% to be allowed to write
the exam.
No exceptions or negotiations will be allowed.

2.8 Final Mark

The nal mark is calculated as follows:
Semester mark 50%
Examination mark 50%
100%
To pass this course a minimum of at least 50% is required for the nal mark, as well as
a subminimum of at least 40% in the exam.

2.9 Supplementary Examination

A student qualies for a supplementary examination if he/she complies with one of the
following criteria:

ˆ the nal mark is between 45% and 49%.

ˆ the nal mark is between 40% and 44% and either the examination mark or the
semester mark is at least 50%.

The nal mark for a supplementary examination is the average of the semester mark and
the supplementary examination mark but cannot be more than 50%.
To pass the module a student must obtain a nal mark of 50% and a subminimum of 40%
in the supplementary examination.

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2.10 Test Enquiries and Quireis
All queries concerning the marking of tests must be done within three days after the graded
tests have been handed back. Please indicate the number of the question that you have a
query about on the cover of the script and return it to Ms Conradie, Dr Simelane or any
of the WTW 164 lecturers involde in the module.

2.11 Grades
After each semester test your marks are published on ClickUP. Queries must be followed
up within three days after publication of the list. No changes or additions are made
after three days.

File all practical and semester tests. It is your only proof that you did indeed write the
test. Tutorial test marks can be queried only on the day they are returned and only in the
in the tutorial session where you wrote it.

2.12 Technique Mastering

In order to make satisfactory progress it is essential that certain techniques are being
mastered as soon as possible. Exercises are given at the back of this guide and will be part
of every test as well as the examination.

2.13 Study Time

Reccomended devoted time for this module is as follows:
8 hrs of lectures + 2 hrs of tutorials + 6 hrs study time = 16 hrs devoted time.

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3 STUDY PLAN

3.1 Use of the Study

The objective of this study guide is to provide general information and to guide you through
the module content and the textbooks. Working through the problems listed at the end of
each study unit is essential for a good understanding of the subject matter.

3.2 Module Objectives

ˆ To acquire skills for determining equations of lines and planes in space.
ˆ To acquire skills of direct methods for solving systems of linear equations.
ˆ To master matrix algebra.
ˆ To discover determinants and their properties as well as their application in solving
linear equations.
ˆ To have knowledge of integration techniques, including improper integrals and ap-
plications.
ˆ To become acquainted with complex numbers, their polar form, as well as application
of DeMoivre's theorem.
ˆ To sketch conic sections.
ˆ To factorise polynomials into indecomposable factors over the real numbers as well
as over the complex numbers.
ˆ To approximate functions by polynomials.
ˆ To have a knowledge of polar equations, vector functions and functions of two vari-
ables, including partial derivatives.

3.3 Module outcomes

After completion of this module a student should

ˆ be able to determine lines and planes in space for dierent cases.

ˆ be able to nd the solution of systems of linear equations by row reduction and back
substitution.
ˆ be able to explain the geometric meaning of systems of equations in three unknowns
and their solutions.
ˆ be able to identify an invertible matrix and compute its inverse.

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ˆ be able to expand a determinant according to any row or column.
ˆ be able to apply the properties of determinants.
ˆ be able to use integration techniques for determining a variety of integrals.
ˆ be able to to use integration in solving area, volume and arc length problems.
ˆ be able to perform all operations with complex numbers and to give their geometric
representations.
ˆ be competent to use De Moivre's theorem for calculating the nth roots of a given
complex number and to interpret the result geometrically.
ˆ be able to factorize polynomials over R and over C.
ˆ be able to convert Cartesian equations to polar equations and vice versa.
ˆ be knowledgeable about parametric curves.
ˆ be knowledgeable about vector functions.
ˆ be knowledgeable of functions of two variables and be able to nd partial derivatives.
ˆ be able to identify and sketch conic sections.
ˆ be able to nd polynomial approximations for functions.
ˆ have worked from the textbook and thus learned how to read mathematics, which is
an ability that you will apply in further studies as well as your career.
ˆ be competent in fundamental skills for creative problem solving in mathematics and
applications.

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4 MODULE STRUCTURE

THEME 1: LINES AND PLANES IN SPACE

Unit 1.1 Lines and planes (3 lectures)

Source: Stewart 12.5 pp 864 - 874
Learning outcomes

On completion of this unit you should

1. be able to nd the vector equation of a line in space.

2. be able to nd the parametric equations of a line in space.
3. be able to nd symmetric equations (where applicable) of a line in space.
4. know what direction numbers of a line are.
5. know what a normal vector of a plane is.
6. be able to nd a vector equation of a plane in space.
7. be able to nd a scalar equation (Cartesian equation) of a plane in space.
8. be able to determine whether two planes are parallel and if not, nd the angle between
the planes and determine the equation of the line of intersection.
9. be able to calculate the distance from a point to a plane.

Remark

Take note that if planes do not intersect they are parallel. This is not the case with lines.
It is possible to nd lines that are not parallel and do not intersect either. Look at Example
3 on p 867.
Problems to do:

Stewart p 872 no 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20, 21, 28, 30, 31, 45, 47, 61, 67.

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Unit 1.2 Systems of linear equations (1 lecture)
Source: Lecture notes 1.1 - 1.2
Learning outcomes

On completion of this unit you should

1. know what a linear equation in n variables is and know what is meant by a system
of equations.
2. know what is meant by the solution of a linear system.
3. know that there are three possibilities for a system of linear equations : exactly one
solution (consistent system), no solution (inconsistent system) or an innite number
of solutions (consistent system).
4. understand the notion of a matrix, coecient matrix, augmented matrix.
5. know what is meant by back substitution and upper triangular.
6. know what is meant by the parametric representation of a solution set.

Problems to do:

Lecture notes Exercise 1.1 and 1.2.

Unit 1.3 Gaussian elimination (3 lectures)

Source: Lecture notes 1.3
Learning outcomes

On completion of this unit you should

1. know what equivalent systems are

2. know what operations on a system will render an equivalent system.
3. know that elementary row operations on the augmented matrix correspond to ele-
mentary row operations on the corresponding system of equations.
4. know what is meant by row-echelon form and reduced row-echelon form.
5. know the process of Gaussian elimination and back substitution.
6. know how to determine the solution of a system with innitely many solutions.
7. be able to determine the number of solutions of a system given in row-echelon form
and be able to calculate all the solutions by using back substitution.

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 8. be able to explain the three cases geometrically in terms of lines and planes in two
and three dimensions.
9. know what a homogeneous system is and that every homogeneous sytem is consistent.
10. know the equivalent statements of Unique solution theorem (1).
11. be able to perform Gauss-Jordan elimination.

Problems to do:

Lecture notes Exercise 1.3.

Unit 1.4 Matrix algebra - operations and properties (1 lecture)

Source: Lecture notes 2.1 - 2.3
Learning outcomes

On completion of this unit you should

1. know the concepts matrix, m × n matrix, size of a matrix, entry, row and column.
2. know what is meant by a square matrix and its main diagonal, identity matrix, zero
matrix, symmetric matrix, upper triangular matrix and diagonal matrix.
3. know what the transpose of a matrix is and know the properties of transposes.
4. know the denition of equality of two matrices.
5. know the denitions of matrix addition and subtraction, scalar multiplication, matrix
multiplication and be able to perform these calculations.
6. be able to write a system of linear equations by using matrix multiplication.
7. know the properties of matrix addition and matrix multiplication.
8. know what the null matrix is and know that an m×n null matrix the additive identity
is for m × n matrices.
9. know the properties of the zero matrix.
10. know that −A is the additive inverse of A.
11. be able to solve matrix equations that involve addition and scalar multiplication.
12. know the properties of matrix multiplication.
13. know that matrix multiplication is associative but not commutative.
14. know that the cancellation property does not necessarily hold.

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 15. know what the identity matrix of order n is and know the properties thereof.
16. know that for a square matrix the same exponent notation can be used as for real
numbers.
17. be able to use matrix properties in problem solving.

Problems to do:

Lecture notes Exercise 2.2 and 2.3.

Unit 1.5 The inverse of a square matrix (2 lectures)

Source: Lecture notes 2.4.
Learning outcomes

On completion of this unit you should

1. know the denition of an invertible (non-singular) matrix.

2. know what is meant by a singular matrix.
3. know that the inverse of a matrix is unique and know the notation for it.
4. be able to calculate the inverse of a matrix (if it exists) by using Gauss-Jordan
elimination.
5. know the properties of inverses.
6. know what the property of the inverse of a product of matrices is.
7. know when the cancellation property holds.
8. know the equivalent statements of Unique solution theorem (2).
9. be able to use the inverse to solve matrix equations.
10. know the formula for calculating the inverse of an invertible 2 × 2 matrix.
11. know what is meant by orthogonal and diagonal matrices and their inverses.

Remarks:

You need to be able to solve a large variety of matrix equations for example:
Solve for X if all matrices are invertible:
(i) A2 X + I = AB
(ii) AXB + B = A
(iii) A(X + I)A = B

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Problems to do:

Lecture notes Exercise 2.4.

Unit 1.6 The determinant of a matrix (2 lectures)

Source: Lecture notes 3.1 - 3.6
Learning outcomes

On completion of this unit you should

1. know the denition of the determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix.

2. know the denitions of a minor and a cofactor of a matrix.
3. know the denition of the determinant of a square matrix of order n.
4. be able to calculate the determinant of a 3 × 3 and a 4 × 4 matrix.
5. know how to calculate the determinant of a (upper or lower) triangular matrix.
6. know what the eect of elementary row operations is on the determinant of a matrix.
7. be able to use row operations to calculate a determinant.
8. know that row operations and column operations have the same eect on determi-
nants.
9. know conditions that result in a zero determinant.
10. know the theorems regarding the determinant of (1) a product and (2) a scalar
multiple of matrices.
11. know that a matrix is invertible (non-singular) if and only if the determinant is
non-zero.
12. know what the relationship is between the determinant of a matrix and the determi-
nant of its inverse.
13. know the equivalent statements of Unique solution theorem (3).
14. know Cramer's rule and be able to use it on 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 systems.
15. know the geometric applications of determinants.

Problems to do:

Lecture notes Exercise 3.1 to 3.6.

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THEME 2: INTEGRATION AND APPLICATIONS

Unit 2.1 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (1 lecture)

Source: Stewart 5.3 pp 399 - 409
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. be able to explain and use the Fundamental Theorem Part 1,

2. be able to explain and use the Fundamental Theorem Part 2,
3. be able to explain why dierentiation and integration are inverse processes.

Remark

You may leave out the proofs of the Fundamental Theorem Parts 1 and 2.
Problems to do:

Stewart p 406 no 2, 10, 12, 13, 17, 33, 37, 41, 46, 53, 64, 67, 70, 72, 79, 84.

Unit 2.2 Indenite integrals and the Net Change Theorem (1 lec-
ture)
Source: Stewart 5.4 pp 409 - 418
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. know the notation for an indenite integral,

2. know that the answer to an indenite integral is a family of functions but that a
denite integral has a unique answer,
3. be able to use anti-derivatives to nd denite integrals,
4. know that the integral of the rate of change gives the total change of the function.

Remark

Make sure that you know the content of the table on p 403.
Problems to do:

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Stewart p 415 no 2, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 27, 28, 39, 41, 42, 45, 46, 49, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58,
61, 69, 71, 73.

Unit 2.3 Integration Techniques (3 lectures)

Source: Stewart 5.5 pp 419 - 427, 7.1 and 7.2 pp 485 - 500
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. be able to use the substitution rule to evaluate integrals and you must know how this
rule follows from the chain rule for dierentiation,
2. know how to change limits of integration,
3. know that the rule for integration by parts follows from the product rule for dier-
entiation,
4. know how to use integration by parts to evaluate denite and indenite integrals,
5. be able to use trigonometric identities to integrate powers and products of sin and
cos,
6. be able to use trigonometric identities to integrate powers of sec and tan,
7. know the integrals of all the six trigonometric functions.

Remark

Most of the integrals in Section 5.5 must be done without substitution. In some cases (see
numbers 73 and 79 on p 426) substitutions must be used.
Problems to do:

Stewart p 425 no 1 to 43 (without substitution) 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 73, 79 (with substitu-
tion) 83 and 93.
Stewart p 490 no 3, 5, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 28, 32, 354, 45, 46.
Stewart p 498 no 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 27, 43, 63.

Unit 2.4 Trigonometric substitutions (1 lecture)

Source: Stewart 7.3 pp 500 - 506
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

19
 1. be able to recognise integrals that must be done by trigonometric substitution,
2. know what substitution to use in dierent cases,
3. be able to adjust the limits of integration when using a substitution to determine a
denite inegral.

Remark

The table on p 500 is very useful.

Problems to do:

Stewart p 505 no 1, 10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 24.

Unit 2.5 Integration by partial fractions (2 lectures)

Source: Stewart 7.4 pp 507 - 517
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. know what is meant by partial fractions,

2. be able to distinguish between the four types of partial fractions,
3. be able to decompose a given rational function into partial fractions and then perform
integration.

Remarks

If a rational function is given with the degree of the numerator greater than or equal to
the degree of the denominator, then you must do long division before resolving into partial
fractions.
Section 7.5 on p 517 is self study and examinable. Do master the strategy for integration
outlined in it.
Problems to do:

Stewart p 515 no 1, 2, 11, 20, 23, 27, 29, 30, 35.

20
Unit 2.6 Improper integrals (2.5 lectures)
Source: Stewart 7.8 pp 542 - 552
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. know what an improper integral is and be able to distinguish between type 1 and type
2,
2. know what is meant by convergence/divergence of integrals, and be able to investigate
integrals for convergence/divergence,
3. be able to use the comparison test to decide (in certain cases) about convergence/divergence.

Remark

Take note of the warning on p 547.

Problems to do:

Stewart p 549 no 1, 2, 7, 19, 33, 36, 50, 57, 63, 64, 69, 70.

Unit 2.7 Area between two curves ( 21 lecture)

Source: Stewart 6.1 pp 436 - 445
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. have a basic idea of how the formula for the area between two curves is derived,
2. be able to calculate the area between two curves.

Problems to do:

Stewart p 442 no 2, 4, 17, 21, 22, 23, 36.

Unit 2.8 Volume of a solid of revolution (1 lecture)

Source: Stewart 6.2 pp 446 - 459
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

21
 1. have a basic idea of how the formula for the volume of a solid of revolution is derived,
2. be able to calculate the volume if a given region is rotated about one of the coordinate
axes.
Remarks

You may omit p 454 and 455. (Examples 7, 8 and 9.)

Problems to do:

Stewart p 456 no 11, 13, 16, 20.

Unit 2.9 Arc length ( 12 lecture)

Source: Stewart 8.1 pp 560 - 567.
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. have a basic idea of how the arc length formula is derived,
2. be able to calculate arc lengths.
Remark

Take note of the arc length function, but you may omit example 4. (p 564).
Problems to do:

Stewart p 565 no 13, 16, 20, 24.

Unit 2.10 Area of a surface of revolution (1 lecture)

Source Stewart 8.2 pp 567 - 573
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should be able to use the formulas to compute areas when
a given surface revolves about one of the co-ordinate axes.
Remark

You will note that applications rely very much on your integration skills. It is therefore
important to brush up on this.
Problems to do:

Stewart p 573 no 10, 13, 19, 33.

22
THEME 3: COMPLEX NUMBERS

Unit 3.1 Operations, conjugate and modulus of a complex number

(2 lectures)
Source : Linear Algebra Lecture notes 4.1 - 4.4
Learning outcomes

On completion of this unit you should

1. know what the standard form, the real part and the imaginary part of a
complex number is.
2. know when two complex numbers are equal.
3. be able to perform operations (addition and multiplication) on complex
numbers.
4. know what is meant by the complex plane and be able to represent com-
plex numbers geometrically on it.
5. know what a complex matrix is and be able to calculate the determinant
of it.
6. know the denition of the conjugate of a complex number.
7. know the properties of complex conjugate numbers.
8. know the denition of the modulus of a complex number.
9. be able to calculate the quotient of two complex numbers (division).
10. be able to nd complex zeros of a quadratic polynomial with real coe-
cients.
11. know that the zeros of polynomials with real coecient come in conju-
gate pairs.

Problems to do:

Lecture notes Exercise 4.1 to 4.4.

23
Unit 3.2 Polar form and DeMoivre's theorem (2 lectures)
Source : Lecture notes 4.5 - 4.6
Learning outcomes

On completion of this unit you should

1. know how to graph inequalities on the complex plane and the meaning
thereof.
2. know what the polar form (rcisθ) of a complex number is
3. know what the modulus and argument (also principal argument) of a
complex number is.
4. be able to convert a complex number from standard form to polar form
and vice versa.
5. be able to calculate the product and quotient of two complex numbers in
polar form.
6. know and be able to apply DeMoivre's theorem for integers.
7. be able to apply DeMoivre's theorem to calculate the nth roots of a com-
plex number as well as solve related problems.
8. be able to represent the nth roots of a complex number geometrically.
9. know the exponential form of a complex number.

Problems to do:

Lecture notes Exercise 4.5 and 4.6

Unit 3.3 Factorization of polynomials (1 12 )

Source: Lecture notes 5.1 - 5.2
Learning outcomes

On completion of this unit you should

1. know that a polynomial equation of degree n with coecients in C always

has exactly n roots in C.
24
 2. be able to solve polynomial equations fully.
3. be able to factorize polynomials fully.

Problems to do:

Lecture notes: Exercise 5.1 and 5.2

THEME 4: MORE WAYS OF DESCRIBING CURVES

SUBTHEME 4.1 Parametric and polar equations

Unit 4.1.1 Parametric equations (2 lectures)

Source: Stewart 10.1 pp 662 - 672

Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. know that curves can be represented by a set of parametric equations,

2. be able to nd parametric equations for straight lines, circles and curves
given by a function y = f (x),
3. be able to sketch a curve when given such a set of equations either by
making a table or by eliminating the parameter to obtain the Cartesian
equation,
4. be able to indicate the direction of the curve.

Remark

Access to a graphing device is very useful when sketching curves given by

parametric equations.
Problems to do:

25
Stewart p 645 no 4, 7, 10, 11, 17, 18 and 47.

Unit 4.1.2 Calculus with parametric curves (2 12 lectures)

Source: Stewart 10.2 pp 673 - 683

Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. know how to get the derivative of y with respect to x when parametric

equations are given and,
2. be able to use this to nd tangent lines, to discuss concavity etc,
3. be able to nd the area under a curve if it is given in parametric form,
4. be able to compute arc length when a curve is given by parametric equa-
tions,
5. know what is meant by surface area when a curve is rotated about the
x-axis, and be able to compute it.

Remark

Note that it is possible for a curve to have more than one tangent line at a
given point, see Example 1.
Problems to do:

Stewart p 679 no 3, 5, 7, 19, 21, 23, 33, 49 and 76.

Unit 4.1.3 Polar coordinates (2 12 lectures)

Source: Stewart 10.3 pp 684 - 694.

Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. know what is meant by the terms `pole' and `polar axis',

2. be able to plot polar coordinates,
26
 3. be able to convert polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates and vice
versa,
4. know what is meant by a polar equation,
5. be able to sketch curves given a polar equation,
6. be able to convert a polar equation to a Cartesian equation (in some
cases),
7. be able to nd equations of tangent lines given a polar equation.

Remark

You may leave the section on graphing polar curves with technology p690.
Problems to do:

Stewart p 692 no 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 25, 33. Stewart p 702
no 65, 68, 72

Unit 4.1.4 Conic sections (1 lecture)

Source: Stewart 10.5 pp 702 - 710

Learning outcomes

On completion of this unit you should

1. know the denitions of the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola.

2. be able to explain what is meant by the directrix and focus of a parabola.
3. know the equation of an ellipse and also the terms foci and vertices of
the ellipse.
4. know the equation of a hyperbola and also the terms foci, vertices and
asymptotes of the hyperbola.
5. be able to sketch conic sections, indicating all relevant points and asymp-
totes where applicable.
6. be able to nd equations of conic sections satisfying given conditions.

27
Remark

You can read p 703 and 704 to see how the equation of the parabola and
ellipse is derived. This is not required for tests or the examination.
Problems to do:

Stewart p 708 no 3, 9, 17, 20, 28, 40, 51.

SUBTHEME 4.2 Vector Functions

Unit 4.2.1 Vector functions and space curves (1 lecture)

Source: Stewart 13.1 pp 890 - 898

Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. know what a vector function is,

2. be able to nd limits of vector functions and know what is meant by
continuity of such functions,
3. be able to explain the concept of a space curve,
4. be able to describe and in some cases sketch space curves.

Remark

The section on drawing curves with a computer is excluded.

Problems to do:

Stewart p 895 no 2, 3, 6, 7, 11, 14, 15, 24, 27, 39.

Unit 4.2.2 Derivatives of vector functions (1 lecture)

Source: Stewart 13.2 pp 898 - 904

Learning objectives

28
On completion of this unit you should

1. be able to nd derivatives of vector functions,

2. know what is meant by the position vector, the tangent vector and the
unit tangent vector at a point, and how to nd them,
3. be able to nd the (parametric) equations of a line tangent to a curve,
4. know how to nd derivatives and integrals of vector functions.

Problems to do:

Stewart p 902 no 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 17, 19, 25, 27 and 41.

THEME 5: PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

Unit 5.1 Functions of several variables (2 lectures)

Source: Stewart 14.1 pp 934 - 951
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. know what a function of two variables is and how to nd its domain
and range,
2. be able to interpret a two variable function as a surface and be able to
sketch surfaces by looking at their intersection curves with the coordinate
planes,
3. be familiar with the well-known surfaces: planes, cones, paraboloids,
spheres, ellipsoids,
4. know what a level curve is,
5. be able to sketch level curves of a function.

29
Remark

The section on functions of three or more variables is not included, but you
may nd it interesting to read on your own.
Problems to do:

Stewart p 946 no 1, 7, 9, 10, 15, 19, 21, 23, 32, 41, 47 and 48.

Unit 5.2 Limits and continuity (SELF STUDY)

Source: Stewart 14.2 pp 951 - 961
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. be able to decide when the limit of a function of two variables does not
exist,
2. be able to decide when such a function is continuous.

Remark

This section is self study and not for examination purposes.

Problems to do:

Stewart p 960 no 1, 2(a), 8, 11, 24, 37, 41, 44.

Unit 5.3 Partial derivatives (1 21 lectures)

Source: Stewart 14.3 pp 961 - 973
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. know the denition of a partial derivative of a function of two variables,

2. be familiar with the various notations for partial derivatives,

30
 3. be able to nd partial derivatives, and be able to interpret them as slopes
of tangent lines,
4. know how to nd higher partial derivatives.

Remark

You may leave the section on partial derivatives of functions of more than
two variables and the section on partial dierential equations.
Problems to do:

Stewart p 969 no 2(a), 6, 9, 10, 17, 23, 37, 73.

Unit 5.4 Tangent planes ( 12 lecture)

Source: Stewart 14.4 pp 974 - 985
Learning objectives

On completion of this unit you should

1. know what is meant by a tangent plane to a surface at a given point,

2. know how to nd the equation of such a plane.

Remark

You only need to study pp 974 - 976 in the textbook. The section from linear
approximations onwards does not form part of this course.
Problems to do:

Stewart p 981 no 1, 3, 4, 5.

31
THEME 6: APPROXIMATION OF FUNCTIONS BY
POLYNOMIALS (1 lecture)

Source: Stewart 11.10 pp 795 - 810.

Learning outcomes:

On completion of this unit you should

1. be able to nd up to the 6th degree Taylor polynomial of a given function,

2. be able to nd up to the 6th degree Maclaurin polynomial of a given
function,
3. be able to explain how polynomials can be used to approximate function
values,

In this course you will need only the following: (Use the textbook for enrichment).
If f has n derivatives at a, then the polynomial
f ′′ (a) 2 f (n) (a)
′
Tn (x) = f (a) + f (a) (x − a) + (x − a) + · · · · · + (x − a)n
2! n!

is the nth degree Taylor polynomial of f at a.

If a = 0 then
f ′′ (0) 2 f (n) (0) n
Mn (x) = f (0) + f ′ (0)x + x +·····+ x
2! n!

is the nth degree Maclaurin polynomial of f.

Remark

We are only looking at polynomials, not at series. Therefore you only need
to study the second half of p798 on the nth degree Taylor polynomial of f at
a. Only Examples 5, 6, 7 and 8 need to be studied and in each case you only
have to nd the polynomial of degree six.
Problems to do:

1. Stewart p 808 no 6, 8, 10, 12, 22, 25, 30 (Find in each case only the
polynomial of degree six).
32
2. (a) Find the 4th degree Maclaurin polynomial for f (x) = ex
√
(b) Use the polynomial in 2(a) to approximate e and e.
3. (a) Find the 5th degree Taylor polynomial for f (x) = sin x about x = π2 .
(b) Use the polynomial in 3(a) to approximate sin 12 .


√
4. (a) Find the 3rd degree Maclaurin polynomial for f (x) = x + 4
√
(b) Approximate 3.8 using M3 (x).

33
5 APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: STANDARD INTEGRALS

1. Integral of a constant function

R
c dx = cx + C, c∈R

2. Integral of a power function

1
[f (x)]n f ′ (x) dx = [f (x)]n+1 + C for each real number n ̸= −1
R
n+1

3. Integral of the natural exponential function

ef (x) f ′ (x) dx = ef (x) + C

R

4. Integral of any exponential function

1 f (x)
af (x) f ′ (x) dx =
R
a + C, a > 0
ln a

5. The integrals of the trigonometric functions

sin(f (x)) f ′ (x) dx = − cos(f (x)) + C

R

cosec(f (x)) f ′(x) dx = ln | cosec(f (x)) − cot(f (x))| + C

R

cos(f (x)) f ′ (x) dx = sin(f (x)) + C

R

sec(f (x)) f ′ (x) dx = ln |sec(f (x)) + tan(f (x))| + C

R

tan(f (x)) f ′ (x) dx = ln |sec(f (x))| + C

R

cot(f (x)) f ′ (x) dx = ln |sin(f (x))| + C

R

sec2 (f (x)) f ′ (x) dx = tan(f (x)) + C

R

cosec2(f (x) )f ′(x) dx = − cot (f (x)) + C

R

sec(f (x)) tan(f (x)) f ′ (x) dx = sec(f (x)) + C

R

cosec(f (x)) cot(f (x)) f ′(x) dx = − cosec (f (x)) + C

R

34
6. The integrals of the inverse trigonometric functions

f ′ (x)
 
R f (x)
p dx = arcsin +C
a2 − [f (x)]2 a
f ′ (x)
 
R 1 f (x)
dx = arctan +C
a2 + [f (x)]2 a a

7. The integrals of logarithmic functions

R f ′ (x)
dx = ln |f (x)| + C
f (x)

8. The integrals of hyperbolic functions

sinh(f (x))f ′ (x) dx = cosh(f (x)) + C

R

cosh(f (x))f ′ (x) dx = sinh(f (x)) + C

R

sech 2(f (x))f ′(x) dx = tanh(f (x)) + C

R

35
APPENDIX 2: TECHNIQUE MASTERING EXERCISES
A. INTEGRATION BY INSPECTION

1. 2. 1
3. x−5/7 d
R R R
s18 ds y5 dy
4. 5. 6.
R p R 1
R4 1
5
y 2 dy 2r3 dr 1 2r3 dr
7. √ 4 dx 8. 3x − 2 (x − 2x + 7)2 dx 9.
R R
3 2
R 3
x+1
(x − 2

√
10. 11. 12.
R1
(r3 − 2r + 7)dr
R
(y 3 − 2y + 7)2 dy
R
0 x2 xd
√
13. (x3 − 2x + 7)2 dx 14. 15.
R1 2
(y −3 +


x2 −
R
y − 3y 1/4 + y 2 )dy
R
−1 3 (x2/3 −
R  √ √ 
16. 7
17. 18.
R
x(1 + x3 )dx
R
x3/4
− 3
x + 4 x3 dx x2 (1 +

19. 20. 21.

R2 R R
1 6y 2 (1 + y 3 )dy (1 + x2 )(2 − x)dx (1 + r2

22. 23. 24.

R R R5
y 1/3 (2 − y)2 dy (2 − x)2 dx 1 (2 − s
R√
25. 26. ( θ12 − sin θ) dθ 27.
R R
1 − r2 rdr (2 cos x

28. 29. 30.

R R 2 R ln 4
e3x dx rer dr ln 2 3y 3 ey

31. 32. 33.

4 2
xe−2x dx e−5θ +
R
3y 3 ey dy
R R

34. 2
35. 1
36. 1
R R R
x dx 3x dx 3y 2 dy

37. 1
38. 39.
R R R
2r+1 dr sinh 2x dx sinh (

40. cosh ( 2x 41. 42. x2

R R R
3 + 1) dx tanh 5θ dθ x3 −4 dx

43. 5x4
44. t+1
45. t
R R R
x5 +1 dx t dt t+1 dt

46. x2
47. x3
48.
R R R
x3 +1 dx x2 +1 dx x2 (2 −
Rπ √
49. 50. 51. cos
√ x
R 3 3
R
sin θ(cos θ − 9) dθ 4
0 sin θ(cos θ − 9) dθ x
d

52. sin θ
53. 54.
R R R
1+cos θ dθ tan θ dθ cot 2θ d

36
55. 1
56. ln r
57. 1
R R R
x ln x dx r dr 1+x2 dx

58. 59. 60.

3
√ x dx √ θ dθ √y
R R R
1−x2 1−θ4
dy
1−y 4

61. 62. 63.

2
x3 x √y
R R R
1+x4 dx 2+x4 dx 4−y 4
dy

B. LINEAR SUBSTITUTION

√ R √ √
1. 2. 3.
R R
(x + 1) 1 − x dx x 1 + x dx (r + 1) r − 1 dr

R5 √ R √ √
4. 5. 6.
R
(x + 1) x − 1dx x 1 − 2x dx (x2 + 1) 1 + x d
1

− 32
√ R9 √ √
7. 8. θ 3 θ − 1 dθ 9.
R R
(x + 1) 3 x − 1 dx x 1 − 2x dx
1 0

C. INTEGRATION BY PARTS

1. 2. 3.
R R R
xe2x dx θ cos θ dθ r sin 4r dr

4. 5. 6.
R R R
y ln y dy x cos 3x dx x2 sin 2x d

7. 8. 9.
R R R
(ln x)2 dx arcsin θdθ θ sec2 θ dθ

10. 11. 12. te−t dt

R R R
t2 ln t dt e2θ sin 3θ dθ
R √
13. 14. 15.
R5
te−t dt
R
1 t ln t dt e3θ cos 2θ d
Rπ
16. e2θ cos θ
17.
R
0
2
2 dθ x3 cos x dx

37
D. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRATION

1. 2. 3.
R1
sin2 3x dx sin2 3x dx
R R
sin 7θdθ −1

4. sin3 x dx 5. sin3 4x dx 6. sin3 θ cos θ d

R R R

7. 8. sin2 x cos2 x dx 9. sin3 x cos2 x

R
sin x cos2 x dx
R R

R − π2
10. cos2 3x dx 11. 12.
R
cos3 2x dx
R
π cos4 x dx
2

13. sin4 2x dx 14. 15.

R R R
tan x dx tan2 y dy

16. 17. 18.

R
tan3 4θ dθ
R
tan3 θ sec2 θ dθ
R
tan θ sec θ d

19. 20. 21.

R R R
sin 3θ cos 2θ dθ cos 3θ cos 2θ dθ sec t tan t dt

22. 23. 24.

R
tan3 θ sec θ dθ
R R
sec y dy sec2 5θ dθ

25. 26. sin 5x

27. sin2 5x
R
sec4 x dx
R R
cos 5x dx cos 5x dx

28. sin3 5x
R
cos 5x dx

E. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

dx dx 1
1. 2. 3.
R R R
√ √
1 − 4x2 4 + 9x2 x2 1−
√ √
9 − x2 dx 9x2 −
4. 5. 6.
R3 R R
√
5 dx √
x2 x3 x2 − 16 x
√
R √29 x2 − 4 x3 dx dx
7. 8. 9.
R R
√
13 dx √
x x2 + 4 (x2 + 2x

10. √dx
R
x2 9+x2

38
F. PARTIAL FRACTIONS

x2 x 4x −
1. 2. 3.
R R R
dx dx
x+1 x−5 (x − 1)(x

1 R 6x − 5 R x2 + 1
4. 5. 6.
R
dx dx d
(x + 1)(x − 2) 2x + 3 x2 − x

2x + 3 2x + 3 1
7. 8. 9.
R R R
dx dx
(x + 1)2 (x + 1)2 x(x + 1)(

1 1 x2
10. 11. 12.
R4 R R
2 dx dx
x(x − 1)(x + 3) (x − 1)2 (x + 4) (x − 3)(x

R 5x2 + 3x − 2 x2 1
13. 14. 15.
R R
dx dx dx
x3 + 2x2 (x + 1)3 x3 + 1

dx
16.
R
x4 − x2

39