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Le4b Hydropower Basics

Hydropower is the energy generated from moving water, utilizing various physical features of water streams such as river bends, deep gorges, and steep slopes. The document discusses the basic theory of hydropower, including power calculations and examples of hydropower development projects. It also addresses reservoir sedimentation issues and management strategies to preserve reservoir capacity.

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11 views46 pages

Le4b Hydropower Basics

Hydropower is the energy generated from moving water, utilizing various physical features of water streams such as river bends, deep gorges, and steep slopes. The document discusses the basic theory of hydropower, including power calculations and examples of hydropower development projects. It also addresses reservoir sedimentation issues and management strategies to preserve reservoir capacity.

Uploaded by

kamranmm1500
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Hydropower Basics

HYDROPOWER BASICS
 Hydro is derived from
Greek word “Hudor”
meaning water.
 Hydropower- is the
energy we make with
moving water.
 We use water energy to
make electricity.
Hydropower
Philosophy?

P.E
• H2O Quantity
• H2O Fall

Mech. Energy • Benefits of


K.E Natural Elevation
A HYDROPOWER SITE
(Physical Features of the Stream)
A hydropower site could be possible by
using following physical features of a
water stream like river, canal etc.

 by using River Bends


 by using Deep Gorge
 by using steep slope of a River
 by using cross valley elevation
difference
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT ON RIVER
BENDS
870 MW Suki Kinari HPP
H=913 m

PH
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT ON RIVER
BENDS

1100 MW Kohala HPP

PH
H=316 m
DISPLAY MAP
H=428 m
7100 MW BUNJI HPP

Location : District Astore


Dam site : 140 km from Sakardu and
85 km from Gilgit
Power house : 60km from Gilgit
Power house is accessible from Jaglot village
on K.K.H through Bunji Suspended Bridge
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT BY USING
DEEP GORGE OF THE RIVER

4320 MW DASU HPP on Indus River


HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT BY USING
STEEP SLOPE OF A RIVER
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT BY USING STEEP
SLOPE OF A RIVER
Asrit Kedam HPP
Kalam Asrit HPP
P=215 MW
P=197 MW
H=214 m
H=210 m

PH
PH

PH

SWAT VALLEY HPPs


PH

Madain HPP
Gabral Kalam HPP P=157 MW
P=137 MW H=150 m
H=205 m
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT BY USING
STEEP SLOPE OF A RIVER (China)
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT BY USING CROSS VALLEY
DIFFERENCE OF A RIVER

TARCHEELA VILLAGE

WEIR JHELUM RIVER

SANDTRAP
KUNHAR RIVER ①
MUZAFFARABAD
HEADRACE TUNNEL

PATRIND VILLAGE POWER HOUSE


ACCESS BRIDGE

②
① WEIR & SANDTRAP ② POWERHOUSE
SURGE TANK
BASIC THEORY OF HYDROPOWER
 which after integration over time reduces to:
𝑃 =𝛾×𝑔×𝑞×ℎ
 This equation actually gives the theoretical power
expressed in kg×m/s2. It is also expressed as
𝑃 = 𝛾 × 𝑔 × 𝑞 × ℎൗ550 (ℎ𝑝)
𝑃 = 𝛾 × 𝑔 × 𝑄 × 𝐻ൗ1000 (𝑘𝑊)
BASIC THEORY OF HYDROPOWER
𝑃=ρ𝑔.𝑄.𝐻⁄1000 (𝑘𝑊)…………theoritical
Where
P = Power capacity, (kW)
Q = Discharge through turbine, m3/s
ρ = Mass of water, kg×s2/m4
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
H = Gross head, m
1000= Number of watts in 1 kW
BASIC THEORY OF HYDROPOWER
 Therefore, the actual output is reduced by the fact that
the turbine and generator have losses in transforming
the potential and kinetic energy into mechanical and
electrical energy. Thus actual power output will be 𝑃 =
𝑄×𝐻
1000 × 9.806 × Ƞ 1000 → (4)
 Where
Ƞ= Overall plant efficiency
Ƞ= Ƞt ×Ƞg×Ƞt( turbine × generator × transformer efficiency)
Example No.1
An overshot water wheel has approaching
canal 1.5 m wide. The water flows in the
canal with a velocity of 1.5 m/s and 200 mm
deep. Determine the power available from
the water wheel, if the waterfall is 20 m and
the efficiency of wheel is 75%.
Given:
 Canal Width (b) = 1.5m
 v=1.5 m/s
 d=200mm= 0.2m
 H= 20 m and
 Ƞ= 75% = 0.75
Solution:
We know that discharge
𝑄 = 𝑎𝑣 = 𝑏. 𝑑 𝑣
𝑄 = 1.5 × 0.2 × 1.5 = 0.45𝑚2
And power available from the water wheel
𝑃 = Ƞρ𝑔𝑄𝐻
20
𝑃 = 0.75 × 1000𝑥9.81 × 0.45 ×
1000
= 66.2𝑘𝑊
• Example No.2
A 12 m high weir above river bed is constructed
with 1.0 m free board. The 2 km long water
conveyance system delivers 5 m3/s of water to a
power plant having Francis type turbine. If the
Elevation of weir crest is 1155 masl and that of
tailrace is 1130 masl. calculate the power
generated by the power plant.
Assume head loss of the water conveyance
system= 2.5m and Turbine Efficiency = 90 %
• Solution
𝐻 =Head pond El. –Tailrace-Losses
= [1155 − 1.0] − 1130 − 2.5 = 21.5𝑚
𝑄 = 5𝑚3/𝑠
Ƞ = 0.90
• We know that
𝜌𝑔Ƞ𝑄𝐻
𝑃=
1000
1000 × 9.81 × 0.90 × 5 × 21.5
𝑃=
1000

𝑃 = 949.1175 𝐾𝑤
Reservoir Sedimentation
 The loss of storage is only one deleterious effect of
sedimentation in reservoirs; others are
 Increased flood levels upstream of the reservoirs
 Retrogression of river bed and water levels downstream
of the dam
 The elimination of nutrients carried by the fine
sediment
 Effect on reservoir water quality

 The reservoir capacity can be preserved by


 Minimizing the sediment input into the reservoir
 Maximizing the sediment through flow
 The recovery of storage

For Preliminary studies, Trap Efficiency Curve is used (Brune 1953)


Reservoir Sedimentation
Brune’s Curve
Sedimentation at Mangla, Tarbela and Chashma
Reservoirs

Source: Water & Power Development Authority (WAPDA)


Sediment Management
 Maximum efforts should be made to release more water so
that less sediments should retain in reservoir. Following
options are:

 Catchment's Vegetation
 Construction of coffer dams/low height barriers
 Flushing and desilting of sediments
 Low level outlets / sediment sluicing
Catchment's vegetation
Catchment vegetation
Wooden barriers
Wooden barriers
Stepped watershed for sediment control
Flushing of sediments from reservoir
Flushing of sediments from reservoir
Mechanical desilting ( Dredging)
Mechanical desilting from reservoir
Sediment sluicing
Sediment sluicing
Sediment sluicing
Thanks for your patience

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