Question 1 (30 %)

The pipe heat spiral as shown in Figure Q1 is made of copper (Thermal conductivity of 395
W/m.oC) pipe with an internal diameter di=16 mm and an outer diameter do=18 mm. The
water from the collector flows inside the pipe in counter flow and the ground water flows
round the spiral pipe outside.

The design of the heat exchanger (Spiral pipe) is done according to the following data:

Heat flow rate for the spiral oQ=16 kW.

The convection heat transfer coefficient for the water outside the spiral pipe ho= 850 W/
m2.oC

Temperatures and pressure:

Water from Solar collector:

Pressure, P=200 kPa

Inlet temperature Twi=60 oC
Outlet temperature Two=50 oC

Ground water:
Inlet temperature Tgi=8 oC
Outlet temperature Tgo=45 oC

Calculate:
a. The mass flow rate for the water inside the spiral pipe
b. The convection heat transfer coefficient for the water inside the spiral pipe
c. The overall heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger
d. The length of the spiral pipe required

NEED TO SOLVE
Question 2 (20%)

A Carnot heat pump as shown in Figure Q2 is to be used to heat the house and maintain the
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temperature inside the house at 20 oC. During one day in winter, the outside temperature is
NEED TO SOLVE
Question 2 (20%)

A Carnot heat pump as shown in Figure Q2 is to be used to heat the house and maintain the
temperature inside the house at 20 oC. During one day in winter, the outside temperature is
-3 oC. The rate at which heat is lost from the house is estimated to be 16 kW for this day.

Determine:

a. The COP of the heat pump

b. The minimum electrical power required to drive the heat pump
c. The rate of heat that the heat pump absorbs from outside.

Figure Q2

TH ≔ 20 °C TL ≔ -3 °C

N ≔ 16 kW

a) COP

TH
COP ≔ ――― = 12.746
TH - TL

b) Minimn electrical power required to drive heat pump

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b) Minimn electrical power required to drive heat pump

N
Wimput ≔ ――= 1.255 kW
COP

c) The rate of heat that the heatpumps absorbed from outside

Q2 ≔ N

Q1 ≔ Q2 + Wimput = 17.255 kW

Question 3 (30%)
Figure Q3 shows a combined heat and power plant in which steam is circulated. The
boiler fired with wood chips (Calorific value of 13 MJ/kg) to produce superheated steam,
which flows to the turbine to generate electrical power of 85 MW after the generator. In
the condenser, the steam is condensed to water, and the released heat is used for district
heating. The condensed water is then pumped back to the boiler. The plant operating
conditions and the components properties are listed in TableQ3.
The system is insulated so you can disregard heat transferred to surroundings.

a. Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam required to produce 85 MW of electrical power
after the generator
b. The amount of wood chips required for 1 day
c. Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle consider only the electrical output power as
a useful power
d. Determine the surface area of the cooling water tubes inside the condenser if the overall
heat transfer coefficient for the tubes is 2200 W/m2.oC

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c. Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle consider only the electrical output power as
a useful power
d. Determine the surface area of the cooling water tubes inside the condenser if the overall
heat transfer coefficient for the tubes is 2200 W/m2.oC

Key points:

1. Actual work input to the pump is more than the ideal work input.

2. Actual work output of the turbine is less than the ideal work output.

3. Power output from the generator is less due to generator efficiency, that is, net work
output is more than the generator output.

4. The heat released by burning wood chips would be more than the heat supplied to the
steam in the boiler due to boiler efficiency.

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2. Actual work output of the turbine is less than the ideal work output.

3. Power output from the generator is less due to generator efficiency, that is, net work
output is more than the generator output.

4. The heat released by burning wood chips would be more than the heat supplied to the
steam in the boiler due to boiler efficiency.

a)
P2 ≔ 80 bar P1 ≔ 0.8 bar

T2 ≔ 500 °C x4 ≔ 0

ηgen ≔ 0.92 ηt ≔ 0.86

ηp ≔ 0.78 ηboil ≔ 0.8

J
Cv ≔ 13 ⋅ 10 6 ⋅ ―
kg
Wºnet_gen ≔ 85 MW

From superheated steam tables:

J J
Tsteam ≔ 500 °C h2 ≔ 3398.8 ⋅ 1000 ⋅ ― s2 ≔ 6.726 ⋅ 1000 ⋅ ――
kg kg ⋅ K

From saturated steam tables:

P3 ≔ 0.8 bar P4 ≔ P3
m3
uf_4 ≔ 0.001039 ――
kg

J J
hf ≔ 391.7 ⋅ 1000 ⋅ ― sf ≔ 1.233 ⋅ 1000 ⋅ ――
kg kg ⋅ K

J J
hfg ≔ 2274.1 ⋅ 1000 ⋅ ― sfg ≔ 6.202 ⋅ 1000 ⋅ ――
kg kg ⋅ K

Process 2 to 3, Isentropic s=constant

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Process 2 to 3, Isentropic s=constant

s2 - sf
s2 ＝ s3 ＝ sf + x3 ⋅ sfg x3 ≔ ―― = 0.886
sfg

J
h3 ≔ hf + x3 ⋅ hfg = ⎛⎝2.406 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞⎠ ― h4 ＝ hf ((0.8 bar))
kg
J
h4 ≔ 391.7 ⋅ 1000 ―
kg

Ideal pump work

J
Wp ≔ uf_4 ⋅ ⎛⎝P2 - P1⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝8.229 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ―
kg

Actual pump work

Wp J
Wp_act ≔ ―― = ⎛⎝1.055 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠ ―
ηp kg

J
hp_act ≔ h4 + Wp_act = ⎛⎝4.022 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ ―
kg

Ideal turbine work

J
WT ≔ h2 - h3 = ⎛⎝9.93 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ ―
kg

Actual turbine work

J
WT_act ≔ ηt ⋅ WT = ⎛⎝8.54 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ ―
kg

Net work

J
Wnet_act ≔ WT_act - Wp_act = ⎛⎝8.434 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ ―
kg

Generator output

Wgen ≔ 85 MW
Wgen
Wºnet ≔ ――= ⎛⎝9.239 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠ kW
ηgen

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Mass flow rate

Wºnet kg
mº ≔ ――― = 109.546 ―
Wnet_act s

b)

Heat added to the boiler

Qboiler ≔ mº ⋅ ⎛⎝h2 - hp_act⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝3.283 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ kW

Mass flow of wood

solve , mºwood 0.031563362276222256731 ⋅ kW ⋅ kg
mºwood ⋅ Cv ⋅ ηboil ＝ Qboiler ―――― → ――――――――――――
J

kW ⋅ kg ⎛ ton
mºwood ≔ 0.03156336227 ――― = ⎝3.006 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ――
J day

c) Thermal Efficiency

Wgen
ηthermal ≔ ―― = 0.259
Qboiler

d) Heat rejected in the condenser

Qout_condenser ＝ mº ⋅ ⎛⎝h3s - h4⎞⎠ ＝ U0 ⋅ Area ⋅ ΔT

W
U0 ≔ 2200 ――― ΔT ≔ 1 °C
m2 ⋅ K
J
h3s ≔ h2 - WT_act = ⎛⎝2.545 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞⎠ ―
kg

mº ⋅ ⎛⎝h3s - h4⎞⎠
Area ≔ ――――― = 391.073 m 2
U0 ⋅ ((ΔT))

Question 4 (20%)

Oil with properties listed in Table Q4 entering at 10°C is to be heated to 50°C in a tube of
internal diameter of 50 mm at a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s. The outside of the tube is wrapped
with an insulated electric-heating element as shown in Figure Q4 that produces a uniform
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heat flux of 500 W/m2 over the surface.
Question 4 (20%)

Oil with properties listed in Table Q4 entering at 10°C is to be heated to 50°C in a tube of
internal diameter of 50 mm at a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s. The outside of the tube is wrapped
with an insulated electric-heating element as shown in Figure Q4 that produces a uniform
heat flux of 500 W/m2 over the surface.
Oil in 10 oC 1 kg/s Oil Out 50 oC

Figure Q4
Table Q4 Oil properties
Density, ρ=882 kg/m3
Specific heat, cp=1922 J/kg k
Kinematic viscosity, ν=4.677 x 10 -4 m2/s
Thermal conductivity, k=0.1437W/m.k
Prandtl, Pr=5520

Neglecting any entrance effects and losses, determine:

a) The Reynolds number for the flow of oil

b) The convection heat transfer coefficient for the oil inside the pipe
c) The length of the pipe required to get the oil outlet temperature of 50 oC
d) The inner tube surface temperature at the outlet

NEED TO SOLVE

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